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{{Redirect|First cousin once removed|the documentary film|First Cousin Once Removed}}
{{short description|Descendant of an ancestor's sibling}}
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{{Close relationships|types}}
[[File:Victoria and her cousin, 1852.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Victoria]] and her cousin [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Princess Victoria, Duchess of Nemours]], 1852]]
A '''cousin''' is a relative that is the child of a parent's sibling; this is more specifically referred to as a '''first cousin'''.
A '''cousin''' is a relative that is the child of a parent's sibling. Cousins have a [[Kinship|familial]] relationship by sharing a blood ancestor. '''Degrees''' and '''removals''' are separate measures used to more precisely describe the relationship between cousins. ''Degree'' measures the separation, in generations, from the most recent common ancestor(s) to a parent of one of{{clarification needed|reason=One of? I'm baffled.|date=September 2023}} the cousins (whichever is closest), while ''removal'' measures the difference in generations between the cousins themselves, relative to their most recent common ancestor(s). To illustrate usage, a '''second''' '''cousin''' is a cousin with a ''degree'' of two; there are three (not two) generations from the common ancestor(s). When the degree is not specified, first cousin is assumed. A cousin "'''once removed'''" is a cousin with one removal. When the removal is not specified, no removal is assumed.<ref name=DictGen>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia =A Dictionary of Genetics |title=Cousin|year =2013 |publisher =Oxford University Press |id =8 |last1=King |first1=Robert C. |last2=Stansfield |first2=William D.}}</ref><ref name=DictWebster>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cousin |title=Definition of Cousin by Merriam-Webster |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref>▼
More generally, in the [[lineal kinship|kinship]] system used in the English-speaking world, a cousin is a type of [[Kinship|relationship]] in which relatives are two or more [[familial generation|generations]] away from their most recent common ancestor. For this definition degrees and removals are used to further specify the relationship.
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Various governmental entities have established systems for legal use that can precisely specify kinship with common ancestors any number of generations in the past; for example, in medicine and in law, a first cousin is a type of [[third-degree relative]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
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{{chart | | | | |PM |y|PF | | | | | | | | |PM=Peter|PF=Anne}}
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{{chart |S1 |y|D1 | |D2 |~|S2 |y|SS2 |D1=Elizabeth|S1=Arthur|D2=Charles |S2=
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{{chart | | |D1 | |Blk | |Blk | |D2 | | |D1=David |D2=
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Step-cousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle, nieces and nephews of one's step-parent, or the children of one's parent's step-sibling.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reference.com/world-view/step-cousin-f79762f39431ac31 |title=What Is a Step Cousin? |website=www.reference.com|date=4 August 2015 }}</ref> A cousin-in-law is the cousin of
==Consanguinity==
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| date=May 2001
| url=http://www.consang.net/images/d/dd/01AHBWeb3.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="Bittles 1994, p. 567">{{cite journal | doi= 10.2307/2137601 | last1= Bittles | first1= Alan H. | date= September 1994 | title= The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable | journal = [[Population and Development Review]] | volume = 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 567 | jstor = 2137601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases |first1 = Alan |last1 = Bittles |first2 = Michael |last2 = Black |journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume = 107 |issue = suppl 1 |pages = 1779–86 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0906079106 |date=Sep 2009 |pmid=19805052 |pmc=2868287|doi-access = free }}</ref> Anthropologists believe it is used as a tool to strengthen the family, conserve its wealth, protect its cultural heritage, and retain the power structure of the family and its place in the community. Some groups encourage cousin marriage while others attach a strong [[social stigma]] to it. In some regions in the [[Middle East]], more than half of all marriages are between first or second cousins (in some of the countries in this region, this may exceed 70%).<ref name=map>{{cite web |url=http://www.consang.net/index.php/Global_prevalence |title
| url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/12/cousinmarriage/
| title = Cousin Marriage OK by Science
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| author = Brandon Keim
|date=23 December 2008
}}</ref> while opponents claim potential [[immorality]].<ref name="slate">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2064227/|title=The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname|first=William|last=Saletan|date=10 April 2002|via=Slate}}</ref>
==See also==
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{{Wiktionary|cousin}}
* [[:File:European kinship system en.svg|European kinship system]]
* [http://www.genealogy.com/16_cousn.html Genealogy.com definition of various cousins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308165006/http://www.genealogy.com/16_cousn.html |date=2015-03-08 }}
* [http://www.genealogy.com/rhonda102501.html Genealogy.com: What makes a cousin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220217/http://www.genealogy.com/rhonda102501.html |date=2015-03-11 }}
* [http://www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk/index.html Genetic Genealogy]
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