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{{shortShort description|Taxonomic rank between genus and order}}▼
{{Distinguish|Gene family|Protein family}}
{{Other uses|Family (disambiguation)}}
▲{{short description|Taxonomic rank between genus and order}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Biological classification}}
'''Family''' ({{lang-la|familia}}, {{plural form}}: '''{{lang|la|familiae}}''') is one of the eightnine major [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1dEimYL2yq9XMLXeGYUrRHbM-WuOdolGOpMHGh6QdBHQ/edit [taxonomic ranksrank]]s in [[Linnaean taxonomy]]. It is classified between [[order (biology)|order]] and [[genus]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-19 |title=Taxonomy - Definition, Classification & Example |url=https://biologydictionary.net/taxonomy/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Biology Dictionary |language=en-US}}</ref> A family may be divided into [[subfamily|subfamilies]], which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are [[Latin]] in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, [[Juglans|walnut trees]] and [[Hickory|hickory trees]] belong to the family [[Juglandaceae]], but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". Sacca Vajje
 
The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active [[taxonomists]]. There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time.
What belongs to a family? A described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists.{{clarify|date=June 2023}} There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opinions often enables adjustments and consensus.
 
==Nomenclature==
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The taxonomic term ''{{lang|la|familia}}'' was first used by French botanist [[Pierre Magnol]] in his ''{{lang|la|Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur}}'' (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families (''{{lang|la|familiae}}''). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the ''{{lang|la|Prodromus}}'' Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger ''{{lang|la|genera}}'', which is far from how the term is used today.
 
In his work ''Philosophia Botanica'' published in 1751, [[Carl Linnaeus]] usedemployed the wordterm ''{{lang|la|familia}}'' in his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia botanica}}'' (1751) to denotecategorize majorsignificant plant groups ofsuch plants:as [[Tree|trees]], [[herb]]s, [[fern]]s, [[Palmae|palms]], and so on. HeNotably, usedhe restricted the use of this term onlysolely inwithin the book's morphological section, ofwhere thehe book,delved discussinginto discussions regarding the vegetative and generative organsaspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from [[Michel Adanson]]'s ''{{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}}'' (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word ''{{lang|fr|famille}}'' was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ''{{lang|la|ordo}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|[[ordo naturalis]]}}'').
 
Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from [[Michel Adanson]]'s ''{{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}}'' (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word ''{{lang|fr|famille}}'' was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ''{{lang|la|ordo}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|[[ordo naturalis]]}}'').
 
In [[zoology]], the family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in his ''{{lang|fr|Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel}}'' (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all [[arthropod]]s).
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==Uses==
Families canserve beas valuable usedunits for evolutionary, palaeontologicalpaleontological, and genetic studies becausedue theyto aretheir morerelatively stablegreater thanstability compared to lower taxonomic levels such aslike genera and species.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sahney S, Benton MJ, Ferry PA | title = Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 544–547 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20106856 | pmc = 2936204 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 }}</ref><ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sahney S, Benton MJ | title = Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 275 | issue = 1636 | pages = 759–765 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18198148 | pmc = 2596898 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
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{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Bullock AA |title=Indicis Nominum Familiarum Angiospermarum Prodromus|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=January 1958|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–35|doi=10.2307/1216226|jstor=1216226}}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Bullock AA |title=Indicis Nominum Familiarum Angiospermarum Prodromus: Additamenta et Corrigenda I|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=August 1958|volume=7|issue=6|pages=158–163|doi=10.2307/1217503|jstor=1217503|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite web|last=ICN|author-link=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title|publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]|access-date=17 January 2016|location=[[Bratislava]]|year=2012}}{{Refend}}
 
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