Gold-198: Difference between revisions

| alternate_names =

| symbol = Au

| mass_number = 198

| mass = 197.9682437{{AME2016 II|ref}}

| num_neutrons = 119

| num_protons = 79

| abundance =

| halflife = {{val|2.697 d<69464|u=days}}{{NUBASE2020|ref name|page=isodisc />139}}

| image =Gold-198.svg

| decay_product = mercury-198

| decay_symbol = Hg

| decay_mass = 198

| decay_mode1 = [[beta decay|β⁻]]

| decay_energy1 = 1.3735{{AME2016 II|name}}

| decay_mode2 =

| decay_energy2 =

| decay_mode3 =

| decay_energy3 =

| decay_mode4 =

| decay_energy4 =

| parent =

| parent_symbol =

| parent_mass =

| parent_decay =

| parent2 =

| parent2_symbol =

| parent2_mass =

| parent2_decay =

| spin = 2-2−

| excess_energy =

| error1binding_energy =

¹⁹⁸Au was possibly observed for the first time in 1935 by [[Enrico Fermi]] et al., though it was not correctly identified at the time. This isotope was conclusively identified in 1937 following [[neutron capture|neutron irradiation]] of stable [[gold-197|¹⁹⁷Au]] and was ascribed a half-life of approximately 2.7 days.<ref name=isodisc>{{cite journal|last1=Schuh|first1=A.|last2=Fritsch|first2=A.|last3=Ginepro|first3=J.Q.|last4=Heim|first4=M.|last5=Shore|first5=A.|last6=Thoennessen|first6=M.|title=Discovery of the gold isotopes|date=2010|journal=[[Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables]]|volume=96|issue=3|pages=307–314|doi=10.1016/j.adt.2009.12.001|arxiv=0903.1797|bibcode=2010ADNDT..96..307S |s2cid=98691829|url=https://people.nscl.msu.edu/~thoennes/2009/gold-adndt.pdf}}</ref>

¹⁹⁸Au is used for radiotherapy in some cancer treatments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.missouri.edu/~kattik/katti/katres.html |title=Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine: Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer |publisher=Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314121232/http://web.missouri.edu/~kattik/katti/katres.html |archivedate=March 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0005 | title = Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles | year = 2008 | last1 = Hainfeld | first1 = James F. | last2 = Dilmanian | first2 = F. Avraham | last3 = Slatkin | first3 = Daniel N. | last4 = Smilowitz | first4 = Henry M. | journal = Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 977–85 | pmid = 18644191| s2cid = 32861131 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Its half-life and beta [[decay energy]] are favorable for use in medicine because its 4 &nbsp;[[millimeter|mm]] penetration range in tissue allows it to destroy [[tumors]] without nearby non-cancerous tissue being affected by radiation.<ref name=kvk>{{cite conference|last1=Katti|first1=K.V.|last2=Khoobchandanai|first2=M.|last3=Al-Yasiri|first3=A.|last4=Katti|first4=K.K.|last5=Cutler|first5=C.|last6=Loyalka|first6=S.K.|title=Radioactive Gold-198 Nanoparticles In Nanomedicine: Green Nanotechnology and Radiochemical Approaches in Oncology|date=2017|conference=6th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Radiochemistry|location=Jeju|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323525522}}</ref> For this reason, ¹⁹⁸Au nanoparticles[[nanoparticle]]s are being investigated as an injectable treatment for [[prostate cancer]].<ref name=kvk /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/green-tea-and-gold-nanoparticles-destroy-prostate-tumors/81247048/ |title=Green Tea and Gold Nanoparticles Destroy Prostate Tumors |year=2012}}</ref>

Gold has been proposed as a material for creating a [[salted bomb|salted nuclear weapon]] ([[cobalt]] is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of natural ^{{chem|197|Au}} (the only stable [[isotopes of gold|gold isotope]]), irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding [[thermonuclear weapon]], would transmute into the radioactive isotope ¹⁹⁸Au with a half-life of 2.697 days and produce approximately 0.411&nbsp;[[MeV]] of [[Gamma ray|gamma radiation]], significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]] for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.<ref>{{cite journal

| author = D. T. Win
|author2 = M. Al Masum

| year = 2003

| title = Weapons of Mass Destruction

| url = http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf

| journal = Assumption University Journal of Technology

| volume = 6 | issue =4 | pages = 199–2196

[[Category:RadiopharmaceuticalsMedical isotopes]]