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Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
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{{Portal|Bible}}
Numghverous '''quotations''' of the [[Hebrevvc
There are in all 283 direct quotations from the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]]) in the [[New Testament]].<ref>Easton's Bible Dictionary, "Quotations" (New and revised ed., T. Nelson and Sons, 1897) "There are in all two hundred and eighty-three direct quotations from the Old Testament in the New, but not one clear and certain case of quotation from the Apocrypha (q.v.).</ref>
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dw Bible]] agvre made in the [[New Testament]]. In general, the New Testament writers quote from the [[Septuagint]] ("LXX") version of the Hebrew Bible, as it was then in common use among Gentiles,cx both Roghvman and Greek, while Jews of the time spoke mainly Aramaic and Hebrew, and would either have read the Hebrew Bible in its original Hebrew, or in an Aramaic translation. However, the quohgvtations quite often are not exact; this can be attributed either to the author using a different source text, or simply to the author [[paraphrasing]] the quotation.
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Thhgvis article is not intended as a complete reference list of Hebrew Bible quotations in the New Testament; merely as an overview of the practice.
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==Quothgvations not using chapter/verse notation==
Becaugvse of the number and disparity of the New Testament authors, there is no uniform standard for these quotes. When the New Testament was written, the Old Testament was not divided into chgvhhapters and verses, and hence the authors had to provide contextual references:
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*When [[Govhgspel of Luke|Luke]] (20:37) refers to [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 3:6, he quotes from "[[Moses]] at the bush", i.e. the section containing the record of Moses at the bush.▼
*[[Gohgvhgspel of Mark|Mark]] (2:26) refers to [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel]] 21:1-6, in the words "in the days of [[Abiathar]]".▼
*[[gvPaul of Tarsus|Paul]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 11:2) refers to [[Books of Kings|1 Kings]] ch. 17-19, in the words, "in Elias", i.e. in the portion of the history regarding [[Elijah|Elias]].▼
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==Literal versus avhgltered quotations==
{{unreferencedvhgsection|date=October 2011}}
Sometimesvgh the quotations do not agree literally either with the LXX or the Hebrew text.
In aboutvg ninety instances, the LXX is literally quoted. However, in around eighty further instances, the quote is corrected or altered in some way. For example, at {{bibleref|Matthew|21:42}} Jesus says "Did vghye never read in the scriptures that the stone which the builders refused is become the [[Keystone_(architecture)|head stone of the corner]]?" - a reference to Psalm 118:22. Likewise, Mark 12:10.
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==Direct qhvguotes from associated religious texts==
Other quvgotations are sometimes made directly from the Hebrew
text ({vh{bibleref|Matthew|4:15–16}}; [[Gospel of John|John]] 19:37; [[1 Corinthians]] 15:54). Besides the quotations made directly, there are found numberless allusions, more or less distinct, showing thavgt the minds of the New Testament writers were filled with the expressions and ideas as well as historical facts recorded in the Old Testament.
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[[File:P. Chester Behvatty XII, leaf 3, verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Chester Beatty]] XII'', Greek manuscript of the ''Book of Enoch'', with the text quoted by ''Epistle of Jude'' (4th century)]]There are in all two hundred avgvnd eighty-three direct quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament, and some quotations from other books. A number of Old Testament books remain unquoted in the New Testamvgent. In Paul's writings, there are three quotations from certain [[ancient Greece|Greek]] poets ([[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 17:28; 1 Corinthians 15:33; [[Apostle Titus|Titus]] 1:12). These quogbghghtations are memorials of his early classical education. The [[Epistle of Jude]] quotes the [[pseudepigraphal]] [[Book of Enoch]] (1 Enoch 1:9) and the [[Assumption of Moses]].
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New Testament authors also quote from other sources. The synoptic gospels have Jesus quoting from or alluding to deutero-canonical works several times, such as the Wisdom of the Son of Sirach. Paul makes three quotations from classical poets. The [[Epistle of Jude]] quotes the [[pseudepigraphal]] [[Book of Enoch]] (1 Enoch 1:9) and the [[Assumption of Moses]].
 
==Formatting==
When the New Testament was written, the Old Testament was not divided into [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapters and verses]], and there is therefore no uniform standard for these quotes and the authors had to provide contextual references:
▲* When [[Govhgspel of {{bibleref2|Luke|Luke]] (20:37)}} refers to [[Book of {{bibleref2|Exodus|Exodus]] 3:6}}, he quotes from "[[Moses]] at the [[burning bush|bush]]", i.e. the section containing the record of Moses at the bush.
▲*[[Gohgvhgspel of {{bibleref2|Mark|Mark]] (2:26)}} refers to [[Books of Samuel{{bibleref2|1 Samuel]] |21:1-6}}, in the words "in the days of [[Abiathar]]".
▲*[[gvPaul of Tarsus{{bibleref2|Paul]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 11:2)}} refers to [[Books of Kings|1 Kings]] ch. 17-1917–19, in the words, "in Elias", i.e. in the portion of the history regarding [[Elijah|Elias]].
 
== In popular culture ==
In November 2022, the game show [[Jeopardy!]] created a controversy after bible experts disagree about which of [[Pauline epistles|Paul's letters]] had the most Old Testament quotations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willingham |first=AJ |publisher=CNN |title=‘Jeopardy!’ fans are frustrated by this controversial Bible clue |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/17/entertainment/jeopardy-bible-controversy-tournament-champions-cec |access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Many people who watch Jeopardy know the Bible better than the show’s writers |url=https://baptistnews.com/article/many-people-who-watch-jeopardy-know-the-bible-better-than-the-shows-writers/#.Y3ecJILMLt0 |author=MARK WINGFIELD |publisher=Baptist News Global}}</ref>
 
The controversy was not the amount of Old Testament scripture was in letters written by Paul, but rather did Paul write the book of Hebrews which Jeopardy said was the correct answer. There was a time when scholars believed Hebrews was written by Paul, but this was not the predominant opinion in the ancient world (Origen), or of Protestant scholars at the time of the Reformation (Luther, Calvin). Most scholars now agree that it was written not by Paul, but by an unknown author.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Bibliography ==
* [[Gregory Beale|Beale, Gregory K.]], and [[D. A. Carson]]. ''[[Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament]]''. Grand Rapids, Mich [u.a.]: Baker Academic [u.a.], 2008. {{ISBN |0-808010-1026932693-8}}
* Archer, Gleason Leonard, Gregory Chirichigno, and Evangelical Theological Society. ''Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament''. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983. {{ISBN |0-8024-0236-4}}
* [[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]]. ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'', 1925, pp. 601-618601–618
 
==External links==
* [http://www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX/NTChart.htm Table of Old Testament quotes in the New Testament]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Quotations From The Old Testament In The New Testament}}
[[Category:New Testament content]]
[[Category:Judeo-ChristianJudaism topicsin the New Testament]]
[[Category:Early Christianity and Judaism]]
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