Republic F-105 Thunderchief: Difference between revisions

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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name= F-105 Thunderchief
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|number built= 833
|produced= 1955–1964
|status= Retired
|variants with their own articles=
}}
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The '''Republic F-105 Thunderchief''' is aan [[supersonic]]American [[fighter-bomber]] that served with the [[United States Air Force]] from 1958 to 1984. Capable of Mach 2, it conducted the majority of strike bombing missions during the early years of the [[Vietnam War]]; it wasis the only American aircraft to have been removed from combat due to high loss rates.<ref>Davies 2010, p. 6.</ref> It was originally designed as a single-seat, nuclear-[[attack aircraft]]; a two-seat [[Wild Weasel]] version was later developed for the specialized [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) role against surface-to-air missile sites. The F-105 was commonly known as the "Thud" by its crews.
 
As a follow-on to the Mach 1 capable [[North American F-100 Super Sabre]], the F-105 was also armed with missiles and a rotary cannon; however, its design was tailored to high-speed low-altitude penetration carrying a single [[nuclear weapon]] internally. First flown in 1955, the Thunderchief entered service in 1958. The single-engine F-105 could deliver a bomb load greater than some American [[heavy bomber]]s of [[World War II]] such as the [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] and [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]. The F-105 was one of the primary attack aircraft of the [[Vietnam War]]; over 20,000 Thunderchief sorties were flown, with 382 aircraft lost including 62 operational (non-combat) losses (out of the 833 produced). Although less agile than smaller MiG fighters, USAF F-105s were credited with 27.5 kills.
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During April 1952, Republic made its contractor proposal, which contained many of the features that the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) would have liked the RF-84F to have been outfitted with had it been technically possible; one month, the Air Staff endorsed its development over that of further developing the RF-84F.<ref name=Knaack_p191/> The USAF promptly issued Republic with an initial contract covering preproduction engineering, tooling, as well as the production of 199 aircraft, the first of which was to be operationally ready by 1955.<ref>Anderton 1983, p. 18.</ref> However, by March 1953, the USAF had reduced the order to 37 fighter-bombers and nine tactical reconnaissance aircraft, citing the approaching end of the [[Korean War]]. In October 1953, the F-105 mock-up was inspected; no major changes were recommended.<ref name=Knaack_p191/> By this point, the aircraft had grown so large that the [[Allison J71]] [[turbojet]] intended for it was abandoned in favor of the more powerful [[Pratt & Whitney J75]]. Anticipating a protracted development of the engine, it was expected that the first aircraft would use the smaller [[Pratt & Whitney J57]]. Near the end of 1953, the entire program was suspended by the USAF due to a number of delays and uncertainties regarding the aircraft.<ref name=Knaack_p191/> However, on 28 June 1954, the USAF officially ordered 15 F-105s (two YF-105As, four YF-105Bs, six F-105Bs, and three RF-105Bs) under the Weapon System designation ''WS-306A''.<ref name=Knaack_p191-192>Knaack 1978, pp. 191-192.</ref><ref name="AIAp86 p186">Peacock 1986, p. 186.</ref><ref>Anderton 1983, pp. 18-19.</ref>
 
===IntoInitial flightflights===
[[File:Republic YF-105A (SN 54-0098, the first of two prototypes) 060831-F-1234S-039.jpg|thumb|Republic YF-105A, AF Ser. No. 54-0098, the first of two prototypes]]
On 22 October 1955, the YF-105A prototype performed its [[maiden flight]]; after 22 hours of flight time, this prototype was returned to the factor for repairs after sustaining major damage.<ref name=Knaack_p192/> The second YF-105A made its first flight on 28 January 1956.<ref name="AIAp86 p186"/> Despite being powered by a less potent J57-P-25 engine with {{convert|15000|lbf|kN|lk=on|sigfig=2}} of [[afterburner|afterburning]] thrust, the first prototype attained the speed of Mach 1.2 on its maiden flight. (The J75 was expected to generate {{convert|24500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} with afterburner.)<ref name="Angel p408,0">Angelucci and Bowers 1987, pp. 408, 410.</ref> Both aircraft featured conventional wing root air intakes and slab-sided fuselages typical of the early jets; Republic viewed the prototypes as not being representative of the true capability of the aircraft due to numerous changes that were enacted prior to production.<ref>Anderton 1983, p. 22.</ref> Specifically, insufficient power and aerodynamic problems with [[transonic]] [[drag (physics)|drag]], as well as [[Convair]]'s experience with their [[Convair F-102 Delta Dagger|F-102]], had led to a redesign of the fuselage to conform to the [[area rule]], giving it a characteristic "wasp waist".<ref>Anderton 1983, pp. 28-32.</ref> {{Citation needed span|The F-105's air intake was designed with a unique shape to allow for increased airflow and better engine performance at supersonic speeds. The engine required a large volume of air to function properly, and the unusual shape of the intake helped to maximize the amount of air that could be ingested by the engine.|date=March 2023}} In combination with the distinctive forward-swept variable-geometry air intakes which regulated airflow to the engine at supersonic speeds and the J75 engine, this redesign enabled the F-105B to attain Mach 2.15.<ref name="IAPR6 p124-5">Davis 2002, pp. 124–125.</ref><ref name="Angel p408">Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 408.</ref>
 
On 22 October 1955, the YF-105A prototype performed its [[maiden flight]]; after 22 hours of flight time, this prototype was returned to the factorfactory for repairs after sustaining major damage.<ref name=Knaack_p192/> The second YF-105A made its first flight on 28 January 1956.<ref name="AIAp86 p186"/> Despite being powered by a less potent J57-P-25 engine with {{convert|15000|lbf|kN|lk=on|sigfig=2}} of [[afterburner|afterburning]] thrust, the first prototype attained the speed of Mach 1.2 on its maiden flight. (The J75 was expected to generate {{convert|24500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} with afterburner.)<ref name="Angel p408,0">Angelucci and Bowers 1987, pp. 408, 410.</ref> Both aircraft featured conventional wing root air intakes and slab-sided fuselages typical of the early jets; Republic viewed the prototypes as not being representative of the true capability of the aircraft due to numerous changes that were enacted prior to production.<ref>Anderton 1983, p. 22.</ref> Specifically, insufficient power and aerodynamic problems with [[transonic]] [[drag (physics)|drag]], as well as [[Convair]]'s experience with their [[Convair F-102 Delta Dagger|F-102]], had led to a redesign of the fuselage to conform to the [[area rule]], giving it a characteristic "wasp waist".<ref>Anderton 1983, pp. 28-32.</ref> {{Citation needed span|The F-105's reworked air intake was designed with a unique forward-swept shape, towhich allowwas forderived increasedfrom airflow[[Antonio andFerri]]'s betterwork engineon performancethe atproposed supersonic[[Republic speedsXF-103]] ramjet-powered interceptor.<ref>{{Cite Thebook engine|last=Davies required|first=Peter aE. large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVKbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 volume|title=Republic F-105 Thunderchief |collaboration=Illustrated by Adam Tooby, Henry Morshead |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781780961743 |quote=One of airthe toF-105's functionmost properlydistinctive features, andits swept-forward air intakes, was also added at this stage. Derived by Antonio Ferri from work on the unusualXF-103 shapeinterceptor, ofthe intakes performed far better than the intakeoriginal helpedtype at high speeds. They included moveable 'plugs' to maximizechange the amountcross-section of airthe thatintake couldand bematch ingestedthe byairflow to the engine's requirements at varying flight speeds.|date=March 2023The plugs and associated internal bleed-air doors were controlled by the aircraft's Bendix central air data computer (CADC).}}</ref> In combination with the distinctive forward-swept variable-geometry air intakes which regulated airflow to the engine at supersonic speeds and the J75 engine, this redesign enabled the F-105B to attain Mach 2.15.<ref name="IAPR6 p124-5">Davis 2002, pp. 124–125.</ref><ref name="Angel p408">Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 408.</ref>
[[File:F-105 Thunderchiefs Mt Fuji.jpg|thumb|A USAF F-105F trainer and a F-105D with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background]]
 
{{external media
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During March 1956, the USAF placed a further order for 65 F-105Bs and 17 RF-105Bs.<ref name=Knaack_p192>Knaack 1978, p. 192.</ref> In order to conduct the nuclear mission, an MA-8 [[fire control system]], [[List of radars#AN/APG Series|AN/APG-31]] ranging [[radar]], and K-19 gunsight to allow for [[toss bombing]] were integrated.<ref>Anderton 1983, p. 25.</ref> On 26 May 1956, the first pre-production YF-105B made its maiden flight.<ref name=Knaack_p192/> Five of the F-105C trainer variant were added to the procurement plan in June 1956, before being canceled during 1957. The RF-105 reconnaissance variant was canceled in July 1956.<ref name=Richardson_p12-3/> The first production F-105B was accepted by the USAF on 27 May 1957.<ref name=Knaack_p193>Knaack 1978, p. 193.</ref> In June 1957, Republic Aviation requested that the F-105 be named ''Thunderchief'', continuing the sequence of the company's Thunder-named aircraft: [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]], [[Republic F-84 Thunderjet|F-84 Thunderjet]], and [[Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]]. The USAF made this name official one month later.<ref name=Richardson_p12-3>Richardson 1992, pp. 12–13.</ref>
 
===Later development===
To fulfill the USAF's requirement for an all-weather attack aircraft, Republic proposed the F-105D variant during 1957.<ref name=Knaack_p193/> This version featured an enlarged nose and radome housing the AN/ASG-19 ''Thunderstick'' bombing/navigation system. The AN/ASG-19 was designed around the [[Autonetics]] R-14A radar, which operated in both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, and the AN/APN-131 Doppler navigation radar. In the cockpit, the F-105D featured vertical-tape instrument displays for adverse weather operation. The ability to carry the [[B43 nuclear bomb|TX-43 nuclear weapon]] was also added. On account of these myriad changes, Republic noted the difficulty of using the same production line as had been used for the F-102B105B; production times would also be extended from 144 days to 214 days.<ref name=Knaack_p196>Knaack 1978, p. 196.</ref>
 
Development of the RF-105 reconnaissance model was restarted during the late 1950s, for a time based on the F-105D, before work on the model was cancelled for the final time on 23 December 1960.<ref name=Knaack_p199/> On 18 March 1959, the planned F-105E twin-seater was also cancelled due to its high cost; it was replaced on a one-to-one basis by additional F-105Ds.<ref name=Knaack_p196/> On 9 June 1959, the first F-105D took its maiden flight.<ref name=Richardson_p12-5>Richardson 1992, pp. 12–13, 15.</ref> Flight testing of the F-105D waaswas somewhat less troubled than the less advanced F-105B, to the point where the more advanced D-model was ready for operational service ahead of its predecessor.<ref name=Knaack_p196-197>Knaack 1978, pp. 196-197.</ref> Category II flight testing in late 1959 identified various key deficiencies on the F-105B, particularly with the MA-8 fire control system and autopilot of this variant.<ref name=Knaack_p194/> While eventually rectified successfully, it took time to develop and deploy appropriate modifications, putting the production programme further behind. By the start of 1960, none of the 56 F-105Bs that had been delivered were considered to be operationally ready.<ref name=Knaack_p194/>
 
[[File:F-105 Thunderchiefs Mt Fuji.jpg|thumb|A USAF F-105F trainer and a F-105D with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background]]
At one point, there were plans in progress to procure in excess of 1,500 F-105Ds; however, production schedules continued to be missed, in part due to [[industrial action|strikes]] by Republic's workforce, that impacted the USAF's plans for the type.<ref name=Knaack_p198>Knaack 1978, p. 198.</ref> Production of the F-105 was heavily impacted by the decision taken by Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] to equip no more than seven combat wings with the type. During November 1961, production of the type was cut in favor of the USAF adopting the Navy's F-4 Phantom II,<ref name="IAPR6 p130">Davis 2002, p. 130.</ref> and in the longer term, the [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark]] of the TFX program.<ref>Anderton 1983, pp. 62-63.</ref> While considerations towards reopening production of the F-105 were discussed in 1967, this interest did not ultimately see any such revival.<ref name=Knaack_p200>Knaack 1978, p. 200.</ref>
 
The final 143 Thunderchiefs built were of the two-seat F-105F trainer variant.<ref name=Knaack_p201>Knaack 1978, p. 201.</ref> Based on the F-105D, this model was 31&nbsp;inches (79&nbsp;cm) longer to provide room for the rear cockpit; otherwise, the aircraft had similar flight performance to the preceding F-105D.<ref name=Richardson_p20>Richardson 1992, p. 20.</ref><ref>Anderton 1983, p. 75.</ref> A total of 833 F-105s were completed before production ended in 1964.<ref name="Angel p410">Angelucci 1987, p. 410.</ref> The F-105 had been designed for a short nuclear campaign, leading to shortcomings that became evident in a lengthy conventional war, such as a poor [[hydraulic]]s layout and fuel tanks that were not [[Self-sealing fuel tank|self-sealing]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Werrell, |first=Kenneth p.|title=Did [USAF Technology Fail in Vietnam? |url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj98/spr98/werrell.pdf "Did USAF Technology Fail in|url-status=dead Vietnam?"] {{Webarchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073700/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj98/spr98/werrell.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2016 }} ''|magazine=Airpower Journal'', |date=Spring 1998. |pages=87–99}}</ref> Subsequent upgrades improved the reliability and weapons capacity of the existing F-105Ds. In response to the [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) threat experienced in the skies above Vietnam, dozens of F-105Fs were converted into anti-radar "[[Wild Weasel]]" aircraft, culminating with the F-105G.<ref name=Richardson_p28_38>Richardson 1992, pp. 28, 32–33, 38.</ref><ref>Anderton 1983, pp. 125-126.</ref><ref name=Knaack_p203>Knaack 1978, p. 203.</ref>
 
==Design==
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[[File:Republic F-105B with avionics layout 060831-F-1234S-046.jpg|thumb|upright|Front view of Republic F-105B with avionics layout]]
 
The F-105 was a mid-wing monoplane with a 45° [[swept wing]] and tail surfaces. The single engine was fed by two intakes in the wing roots, leaving the nose free for a [[radome]] housing the multi-mode [[radar]].<ref name="JAWA66 p243-4">Taylor 1966, pp. 243–244.</ref> Its fuselage provided room for {{convert|1184|gal|L|lk=on|sigfig=3}} of fuel and an internal bomb bay. The bomb bay measured {{convert|15|ft|10|in|m|sigfig=3}} by {{convert|32|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} by {{convert|32|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}; it was originally designed to carry a single [[nuclear weapon]] but typically held an additional {{convert|350|gal|L|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} fuel tank.<ref>''Republic F-105 Thunderchief Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions'' 2008, p. 16.</ref> It featured four under-wing and one centerline pylon; the two inner wing and centerline pylons were capable of accepting fuel from {{convert|450|and|650|gal|L|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} [[drop tank]]s. Two outer dry stations were wired for missiles or bombs.<ref name="Tech p47">Davis and Menard 1998, p. 47.</ref><ref name="IAPR6 p141">Davis 2002, p. 141.</ref> One [[M61 Vulcan]] (initially designated ''T-171E3'') [[20 mm caliber|20 mm]] 6-barrel [[Rotary cannon|Gatling-style cannon]] was installed in the left side of the nose. A short-range [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] air-to-air missile could be carried on each of the outer wing pylons.<ref name=Richardson_p22-4>Richardson 1992, pp. 22–24.</ref>
 
The F-105 was designed primarily for low-level interdiction and its low-altitude speed was its greatest asset when dealing with enemy fighters such as the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]/[[Shenyang J-5|J-5]]s<ref>Toperczer 2001, pp. 65–74.</ref> and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]. The F-105 managed 27.5 air-to-air victories.<ref name="Futrell p157">Futrell et al. 1976, p. 157.</ref> Based on combat experience, the F-105D was updated with a better [[ejection seat]], additional armor, improved gun sights, and [[Electronic countermeasure|Electronic Counter Measures]] (ECM) pods on the wings.<ref name=Knaack_p199>Knaack 1978, p. 199.</ref>
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The initial reaction of the fighter pilot community to their new aircraft was lukewarm. Between its massive dimensions and troubled early service life, the F-105 had garnered a number of uncomplimentary nicknames. In addition to the aforementioned "Thud", nicknames included the "Squat Bomber", "Lead Sled", and the "Hyper Hog" and/or "Ultra Hog".<ref>Anderton 1983, p. 11.</ref> The latter two names arose from the F-105's predecessors, the Republic F-84 Thunderjet and F-84F Thunderstreak, nicknamed "Hog" and "Super Hog", respectively. According to F-105 pilots and crews, the "Thud" nickname was inspired by the character "Chief Thunderthud" from the ''[[Howdy Doody]]'' television series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Laurence |first1=Mike |title=The Thud |url=http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/fishlm/folksongs/thud.htm |date=7 January 1994 |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215417/http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/fishlm/folksongs/thud.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The aircraft's offensive capabilities were sarcastically referred to as a "Triple Threat"—it could bomb you, strafe you, or fall on you.<ref>Hannah,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;C. (2002). ''Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam''. United States:&nbsp;Texas A&M University Press. p. 49.</ref> Positive aspects, such as the F-105's responsive controls, strong performance at high speed and low altitude, and its outfit of electronics won over some pilots. For some, "Thud" was a term of endearment; retroactively the [[Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|RF-84F Thunderflash]] became known as "Thud's Mother".<ref name=Higham>Higham and Williams 1975, pp. 185–190.</ref> F-105 pilot Colonel [[Jacksel M. Broughton|Jack Broughton]] said of the nickname: "The Thud has justified herself, and the name that was originally spoken with a sneer has become one of utmost respect through the air fraternity".{{sfnp|<ref>Broughton| 2006|pages=, pp. 38–39}}.</ref>
 
===Special modifications===
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In 1965, the USAF began operating two-seat [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|North American F-100F Super Sabre]]s specially equipped for [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) missions in Vietnam. Nicknamed the Wild Weasel, these aircraft achieved a number of victories against North Vietnamese surface-to-air missile radars. The second crew member was a [[Combat Systems Officer|Navigator]] trained as an Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO) to decipher sensor information and guide the pilot towards the targets.<ref name="Dorr de p60-1">Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 60–61.</ref> However, the F-100F was an interim solution, since its limited payload often required multiple aircraft to conduct a successful strike; it also lacked the speed and endurance to effectively protect the F-105.<ref name="Lake p31">Lake 2004, p. 31.</ref><ref name="IAPR6 p135">Davis 2002, p. 135.</ref>
 
[[File:Republic F-105F 060928-F-1234S-017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.215|left|F-105F with armament layout in August 1964; including 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon rounds, 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets, Bullpup and Sidewinder missiles, general-purpose bomb, cluster bombs, LAU-3A Launchers, flare and chaff dispensers and drop tanks.]]
 
The resulting EF-105F Wild Weasel III{{#tag:ref|The Wild Weasel IA and II designations referred to experimental conversions of F-105Ds and F-105Fs respectively which were used to evaluate various sensor and [[Electronic countermeasure]] (ECM) equipment. The Wild Weasel III used similar avionics to the Wild Weasel I F-100s.<ref name="Lake p31"/>|group=N}} (the EF designation was popularly used but unofficial<ref name="IAPR6 p135"/>) supplemented its sensors and electronic jamming equipment with [[AGM-45 Shrike]] anti-radiation missiles and conventional bombs, giving it an offensive capability lacking in the F-100F. The first of these aircraft flew on 15 January 1966<ref name="WoF18 p26">Davis 2000, p. 26.</ref> and they began arriving in Southeast Asia in May, flying their first mission on 6 June 1966,<ref name="IAPR6 p135"/> with five assigned to the 13th TFS at Korat RTAFB and six more to the 354th TFS at Takhli RTAFB.<ref name="Lake p31"/>
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===Costs===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:630px;"
!!!F-105B!!F-105D!!F-105F/G
|-
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[[File:Republic F-105 Thunderchief - Vietnam War 1966.jpg|thumb|left|F-105s take off on a mission to bomb North Vietnam, 1966]]
 
In spite of a troubled early service life, the F-105 became the dominant attack aircraft early in the [[Vietnam War]]. The F-105 could carry more than twice the bomb load farther and faster than the F-100, which was used mostly in South Vietnam.<ref>[http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19820064000 "Republic F-105D."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402170946/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19820064000 |date=2 April 2011 }} ''National Air and Space Museum''. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.</ref> In a foreshadowing of its Wild Weasel role, the first F-105D combat mission of the war involved an attack on 14 August 1964 against an anti-aircraft artillery site on [[Plain of Jars|Plaine des Jarres]].<ref name="AIAp86 p189">Peacock 1986, p. 189.</ref><ref name="WoF18 p17-8">Davis 2000, pp. 17–18.</ref> This mission was carried out by aircraft of the 36th TFS, 6441st Tactical Fighter Wing deployed from [[Yokota Air Base]], Japan to [[Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base]], Thailand.<ref>[http://www.yokota.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=6819&page=1 "U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet 374th Airlift Wing: History."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232650/http://www.yokota.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=6819&page=1 |date=28 September 2011 }} ''yokota.af.mil.'' Fact Sheet. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.</ref> The first Thunderchief lost in the war also occurred during this mission, although the pilot managed to return the aircraft to Korat.<ref name="AIAp86 p189"/><ref name="WoF18 p17-8"/> The first strike mission took place on 13 January 1965 with the destruction of the [[BenBan Ken bridge]] in [[Laos]].<ref name="AIAp86 p189-0">Peacock 1986, pp. 189–190.</ref> In early 1965 additional F-105 squadrons were deployed to Korat and [[Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base|Takhli]] air bases in Thailand. At the start of [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] in March 1965, large numbers of F-105Ds were shipped to these bases to participate in intense bombing missions.<ref>Davies 2010, pp. 21–23.</ref>
 
[[File:U.S. Air Force Republic F-105D Thunderchief shot down over North Vietnam, circa in the mid-1960s.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Air Force F-105D Thunderchief shot down over North Vietnam.]]
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On a typical combat mission into North Vietnam, the F-105D carried two {{convert|450|gal|L|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wing-mounted fuel tanks, a {{convert|390|gal|L|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} fuel tank in the bomb bay, and five {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} or six {{convert|750|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} bombs, and required [[Aerial refueling|inflight refueling]] going to and sometimes returning from [[Hanoi]] {{convert|700|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} distant. F-105s flying in the vicinity of Hanoi would routinely travel around mountainous terrain nicknamed ''[[Thud Ridge]]'' to evade the air defenses surrounding the city.<ref>Richardson 1992, pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>Broughton 2006, pp. 26-27.</ref> Colonel [[Jacksel M. Broughton|Jack Broughton]], an F-105 pilot in Vietnam, noted the demands of flying close to Hanoi gave "simply no room for error".<ref>Broughton 2006, p. 31.</ref>
 
[[File:Thud Ridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Location of the [[Thud Ridge]] ({{Coord|21|16|47|N|105|49|37|E}}) and the MiG airfield on its southern tip]]
On 11 August 1967, F-105Ds from 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron with support from F-105 Wild Weasels from 338th Tactical Fighter Squadron made the first of many successful attacks on the [[Long Bien Bridge|Paul Doumer bridge]] over the Red River.<ref>Davies 2010, pp. 50–51.</ref><ref>Sherwood 2004, p. 265.</ref> Flying low-altitude missions and conducting dive bombings forced the F-105s into range of North Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns, sometimes coming under heavy fire.<ref>Davis and Menard 1998, p. 73.</ref>
 
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* USAF Captain [[Leo K. Thorsness]] was awarded the Medal of Honor and Capt Harold Johnson the Air Force Cross for an F-105F Wild Weasel mission on 19 April 1967, flying F-105F, [[United States military aircraft serials|serial number]] ''63-8301''. Thorsness and Johnson protected an attempted rescue of another Wild Weasel crew that had been shot down, in the process destroying two MiG-17s. After running out of ammunition, Thorsness and Johnson continued to act as decoys to draw the MiGs away from the rescue aircraft.<ref>Frisbee, J.L., ed. [http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1985/April%201985/0485valor.aspx " Valor: Wild, Wild Weasel".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130050433/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1985/April%201985/0485valor.aspx |date=30 November 2012 }} ''Air Force magazine'', April 1985. Retrieved: 19 October 2011.</ref>
 
===Phase-out and retirement===
[[File:Hill F-105 24-ship formation.jpg|thumb|The 24-ship flyover formation, Diamonds on Diamonds, flew at the F-105 retirement at [[Hill Air Force Base]], Utah on 4 June 1983]]
 
===Phase-out and retirement===
As production of F-105s had ended, the type was replaced in the Vietnam War by other aircraft, primarily the F-4 Phantom II.<ref>Richardson 1992, pp. 40–41.</ref> In October 1970, the [[355th Fighter Wing|355th Tactical Fighter Wing]], which was based at Takhli RTAFB, Thailand, and was the last F-105D unit in Southeast Asia, began to return to the U.S. The F-105G Wild Weasel versions soldiered on until the end of the war. They were gradually replaced by F-4G Wild Weasel IVs.<ref>Richardson 1992, pp. 41–45.</ref>
 
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==Surviving aircraft==
{{Main|List of surviving Republic F-105 Thunderchiefs}}
[[File:StrikeChief.png|thumb|upright=1.15|F-105 Thunderchief carrying sixteen 750 lb bombs]]
 
==Specifications (F-105D)==
[[File:F105 Schematics.jpg|thumb|Drawings of Republic F-105 Thunderchief]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref= ''The Great Book of Fighters'',<ref name=Green/> ''Quest for Performance'',<ref>Loftin, L.K. Jr. [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft: NASA SP-468".] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210139/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm |date = 13 June 2006 }} ''NASA.''. Retrieved: 22 April 2006.</ref> ''U.S. Standard Aircraft Characteristics: F-105D-31'',<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-105D-31_Thunderchief_SAC_-_June_1970.pdf |title = Standard Aircraft Characteristics: F-105D-31 |publisher = US Air Force |date = June 1970 |access-date = 14 December 2018 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229045849/http://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-105D-31_Thunderchief_SAC_-_June_1970.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70''<ref name=JAWA69-70>{{cite book |title = Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70 |year = 1969 |publisher = Sampson Low, Marston & Company |location = London, UK |edition = 60th |editor1-last = Taylor |editor1-first = John W.R. |page = 325}}</ref>
|prime units?= kts
<!-- General characteristics
Line 233 ⟶ 240:
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio= 3.18
|airfoil= root: [[NACA airfoil|NACA 65A005.5]]; tip: [[NACA airfoil|NACA 65A003.7]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1 = Lednicer |first1 = David |title = The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url = https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website = m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date = 16 April 2019 |archive-date = 26 March 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190326174850/https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
|empty weight lb= 26,855
|empty weight note=
Line 241 ⟶ 248:
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity= {{cvt|770|USgal|impgal l}} in three flexible fuselage tanks <big>+</big> {{cvt|390|USgal|impgal l}} weapon-bay tank, with provision for 1 × {{cvt|650|USgal|impgal l}} or {{cvt|750|USgal|impgal l}} centerline drop tank and 2 × {{cvt|450|USgal|impgal l}} underwing drop tanks; Total maximum fuel {{cvt|2810|USgal|impgal l}}<ref name=JAWA69-70/>
|more general= <br>
* '''[[Zero-lift drag coefficient]]:''' C<sub>D</sub> 0.0173
* '''[[zero-lift drag coefficient|Drag area:]]''' {{cvt|6.65|sqft|1}}
Line 254 ⟶ 261:
-->
|max speed kts= 1,210
|max speed note= / Mach 2.1 at {{cvt|35000|ft|0}}
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
Line 274 ⟶ 281:
|climb rate ftmin= 38,500
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude= {{cvt|35000|ft|0}} in one minute and 42 seconds
|lift to drag= 10.4
|wing loading lb/sqft= 93
Line 286 ⟶ 293:
|hardpoints= 5 total: 4 × under-wing, 1 × centerline pylon stations plus an internal [[bomb bay]]
|hardpoint capacity= up to {{convert|14000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} of ordnance
|hardpoint rockets = <br>
*** LAU-32/LAU-59 rocket pods with 7 × [[Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket|FFAR]]s each
|hardpoint missiles = <br>
*** [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] air-to-air missiles
*** [[AGM-12 Bullpup]] air-to-surface missiles
*** [[AGM-45 Shrike]] anti-radiation missiles
|hardpoint bombs = <br>
*** [[M117 bomb|M117]] and [[Mark 80|Mark 80 series]] of general-purpose bombs
*** [[Mark 118 bomb|M118 demolition bombs]]
Line 330 ⟶ 337:
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Anderton |first=David |title=Republic F-105 Thunderchief |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=1983 |ISBNisbn=0-85045-530-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Angelucci |first1=Enzo |first2=Peter M. |last2=Bowers |author-link2=Peter M. Bowers |title=The American Fighter |location=Sparkford, UK |publisher=Haynes Publishing |date=1987 |ISBNisbn=0-85429-635-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Archer |first=Robert D. |title=The Republic F-105 "Thunderchief": The Story of Republic's Mach 2 Strike Fighter in Peace and at War |location=Fallbrook, California |publisher=Aero Publishers Inc. |date=1969}}
* {{Cite book |title=Thud Ridge |last=Broughton |first=Jack |author-link=Jacksel M. Broughton |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-85979-116-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI33eyMCenQC}}
* {{cite book |last=Crosby |first=Francis |title=Fighter Aircraft |location=London, US |publisher=Lorenz Books |date=2002 |ISBNisbn=0-7548-0990-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Peter E. |title=F-105 Thunderchief Units of the Vietnam War (Osprey Combat Aircraft #84) |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing Limited |date=2010 |ISBNisbn=978-1-84603-492-3}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Davis |first=Larry |title=F-105 in Southeast Asia |magazine=Wings of Fame |volume=18 |date=2000 |location=London, UK |publisher=Aerospace Publishing |pages=16–37 |ISBNisbn=1-86184-061-6 |ISSNissn=1361-2034}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Davis |first=Larry |title=Warplane Classic: Republic F-105 Thunderchief |magazine=International Air Power Review |volume=6 |date=2002 |pages=120–155 |location=Norwalk, Connecticut, US |publisher=AIRtime Publishing |ISBNisbn=1-880588-46-3 |ISSNissn=1473-9917}}
* {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Larry |first2=David |last2=Menard |title=Republic F-105 Thunderchief (Warbird Tech Series, Vol. 18) |location=North Branch, Minnesota, US |publisher=Specialty Press |date=1998 |ISBNisbn=1-58007-011-6}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Donald |editor-first=David |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft |location=New York, US |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |date=1997 |ISBNisbn=0-7607-0592-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dorr |first1=Robert F. |first2=Chris |last2=Bishop |title=Vietnam Air War Debrief |location=London, UK |publisher=Aerospace Publishing |date=1996 |ISBNisbn=1-874023-78-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Futrell |firstfirst1=R. Frank |url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100921-010.pdf |title=Aces and Aerial Victories: The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia, 1965-1973 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127142355/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100921-010.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2011 |location=Washington D.C., USDC |publisher=Office of Air Force History and the Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center |date=1976 |ISBNisbn=0-89875-884-X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |first2=Gordon |last2=Swanborough |title=The Great Book of Fighters |location=St. Paul, Minnesota, US |publisher=MBI Publishing |date=2001 |ISBNisbn=0-7603-1194-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Robin |first2=Carol |last2=Williams |title=Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.1) |location=Rockville, Maryland, US |publisher=Air Force Historical Foundation |date=1975 |ISBNisbn=0-8138-0325-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Hobson |first=Chris |title=Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973 |location=North Branch, Minnesota, US |publisher=Specialty Press |date=2001 |ISBNisbn=1-85780-115-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Dennis R. |title=F-105 Thunderchief: Workhorse of the Vietnam War |location=New York, US |publisher=McGraw-Hill |date=2000 |ISBNisbn=0-07-135511-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Dennis R. |first2=Tony R. |last2=Landis |title=Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters |location=North Branch, Minnesota, US |publisher=Specialty Press |date=2008 |ISBNisbn=978-1-58007-111-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Kinzey |first=Bert |title=F-105 Thunderchief |location=Fallbrook, California, US |publisher=Aero Publishers Inc. |date=1982 |ISBNisbn=0-8168-5020-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knaack |first=Marcelle Size |url=https://books.google.co.ukcom/books?id=145BAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973 |location=Washington D.C., USDC |publisher=Office of Air Force History |year=1978 |isbn=0-912799-59-5 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182633/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-027.pdf |isbn=0-912799-59-5 |oclc=834250508 |ref={{harvid|Knaack|1978}}}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Lake |first=Jon |title=Classics Compared: F-105G & F-16CJ |magazine=Air International |volume=66 |number=2 |date=February 2004 |pages=30–39 |ISSNissn=0306-5634}}
* {{cite book |last=Neubeck |first=Ken |title=F-105 Thunderchief in Action |location=Carrollton, Texas, US |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |date=2002 |ISBNisbn=0-89747-447-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Neubeck |first=Ken |title=F-105 Thunderchief Walk Around |location=Carrollton, Texas, US |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |date=2000 |ISBNisbn=0-89747-418-X}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Peacock |first=Lindsay |title=The Thud ... Republic's Last Fighter |magazine=[[Air International]] |volume=30 |number=4 |date=April 1986 |pages=185–194, 206–207. |ISSNissn=0306-5634}}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=Alfred |title=The History of US Electronic Warfare, Volume III: Rolling Thunder Through Allied Force–1964 to 2000 |location=New York, US |publisher=The Association of Old Crows |date=1989 |ISBNisbn=0-9703794-0-4}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ylVunIVVwC |title=Republic F-105 Thunderchief Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions |location=Los Angeles, US |publisher=Persiscope Films LLC, originally published by the United States Air Force |date=2008 |ISBNisbn=978-1-935327-36-43}}
* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Doug |title=Republic F-105 Thunderchief (Classic Warplanes) |date=1992 |location=New York, US |publisher=Smithmark Publishers Inc. |date=1992 |ISBNisbn=0-8317-1410-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Sherwood |first=John Darrell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRjGKxQrAC |title=Afterburner: Naval Aviators and the Vietnam War |location=New York, US |publisher=NYU Press |date=2004 |ISBNisbn=0-8147-9842-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Stoff |first=Joshua |title=The Thunder Factory: An Illustrated History of the Republic Aviation Corporation |location=London, UK |publisher=Arms & Armour Press |date=1990 |ISBNisbn=1-85409-040-2}}
* {{cite book |author-link=John W. R. Taylor |last=Taylor |first=John W. R. |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67 |location=London, UK |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company |date=1966}}
* {{cite book |last=Toperczer |first=Istvan |title=MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2001 |ISBNisbn=1-84176-162-1}}
{{Refend}}
 
Line 377 ⟶ 384:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025101707/http://www.aero-web.org/locator/manufact/republic/f-105.htm List of F-105 Thunderchiefs on display in the US on aero-web.org]
* {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150705183022/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202858.html |date = 5 July 2015 |title = "Only Republic's F-105 Has it All!" |nolink=y}}, a 1959 ''Flight'' advertisement for the F-105. flightglobal.com
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNeP9OixQrY ''There Is A Way''], documentary on the 421st TFS “Fighting"Fighting Cavaliers”Cavaliers" who flew from Korat, via YouTube
 
{{Republic aircraft}}