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{{Short description|Animal sound}}
{{about|the vocalization|other uses|Howling (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Howlsnow.jpg|thumb|[[Wolf communication|Gray
'''Howling''' is a vocal form of [[animal communication]] seen in most canines, particularly [[wolves]], [[coyotes]], [[foxes]], and [[dogs]], as well as [[cat]]s and some species of [[monkey]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Faragó |first1=Tamás |last2=Townsend |first2=Simon |last3=Range |first3=Friederike |title=Biocommunication of Animals |date=2014 |chapter=The Information Content of Wolf (and Dog) Social Communication |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_4 |isbn=978-94-007-7413-1 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Howl-of-a-female-wolf-Francesco-Mazzinis-recording_fig4_267846580 |at=Fig. 4 |via=Researchgate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colley |first=Bill |title=Hunting is Altering the Evolution of Yellowstone Wolves |url=https://newsradio1310.com/hunting-is-altering-the-evolution-of-yellowstone-wolves/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=News Radio 1310 AM and 96.1 FM |date=29 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Howls are lengthy sustained sounds, loud and audible over long distances, often with some variation in pitch over the length of the sound. Howling is generally used by animals that engage in this behavior to signal their positions to one another, to call the pack to assemble, or to note their territory.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/5140/chapter/4 |title=Read "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" at NAP.edu |year=1996 |doi=10.17226/5140 |pmid=25121211 |isbn=978-0-309-05377-8 |language=en|author1=National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research }}</ref> The behavior is occasionally copied by humans, and has been noted to have varying degrees of significance in human culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Why people in the US have started howling at night during the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/why-people-in-the-us-have-started-howling-at-night-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-6356132/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The Indian Express
==In canines==
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{{Listen|filename=Pack of coyotes howling.ogg|title=Pack of coyotes howling at night|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{Listen|filename=Howler monkey.ogg|title=Howler monkey growls|format=[[Ogg]]}}
The long-distance howling of
Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |author=Gavin Van Horn |year=2008 |title=Howling about the Land: Religion, Social Space, and Wolf Reintroduction in the Southwestern United States |url=https://www.academia.edu/6836296}}</ref> Under certain conditions, wolf howls can be heard over areas of up to {{convert|130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Paquet2003>{{cite book|last1=Paquet|first1=P. |last2=Carbyn|first2=L. W.|title=Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation |editor1-last=Feldhamer|editor1-first=G. A.|editor2-last=Thompson|editor2-first=B. C.|editor3-last=Chapman|editor3-first=J. A.|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|edition=2nd|year=2003 |chapter=Ch23: Gray wolf ''Canis lupus'' and allies|pages=482–510 |isbn=0-8018-7416-5|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=xQalfqP7BcC}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |type=paper |last=Pavlovic |first=Goran |title=Ojkanje - wolf singing |via=www.academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/8438400}}</ref> The phases of the moon have no effect on wolf vocalization, and despite popular belief, wolves do not howl at the [[Moon]].{{sfn|Busch|2007|p=59}}
Wolf howls are generally indistinguishable from those of large dogs.<ref name="seton">{{cite book |author=Seton, E. T.|year=1909|title=Life-histories of northern animals : an account of the mammals of Manitoba part II |publisher=Scribner|pages=749–788 |url=https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoriesofn02seto#page/748/mode/2up}}</ref> Male wolves give voice through an [[octave]], passing to a deep [[Bass (sound)|bass]] with a stress on "''O''", while females produce a modulated nasal [[baritone]] with stress on "''U''". Pups almost never howl, while yearling wolves produce howls ending in a series of dog-like yelps.<ref name="heptner1998">{{cite book |author=V.G. Heptner & N.P. Naumov |year=1998 |title=Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)|publisher=Science Publishers, Inc. USA|pages=164–270 |isbn=1-886106-81-9 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov211998gept#page/184/mode/2up}}</ref>
Howling consists of a fundamental frequency that may lie between 150 and 780 Hz, and consists of up to 12 harmonically related overtones. The pitch usually remains constant or varies smoothly
One variation of the howl is accompanied by a high pitched whine, which precedes a lunging attack.{{sfn|Lopez|1978|p=38}} Scent marking is more effective at advertising territory than howling and is often used in combination with scratch marks.
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==In human culture==
[[File:Kikeev Kalmyk hoton.jpg|thumb|Painting of howling wolves by Ochir Kikeev (1988)]]
Human accounts of wolf behavior are typified by depictions of howling, and this has been incorporated into fictional and mythical representations, such as the [[werewolf]]. [[Virgil]], in his poetic work ''[[Eclogues]]'', wrote about a man called Moeris, who used herbs and poisons picked in his native [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] to turn himself into a wolf.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virgil |title=Eclogues |chapter=viii |page=98|title-link=Eclogues }}</ref> An examination of Virgil's work notes that "[t]he howling of wolves is portentous; it is cited among the baleful omens at the assassination of Julius Caesar and the advent of renewed civil strife".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01944509/document |title=The Wolf in Virgil|first1=Lee|last1=Fratantuono |date=September 23, 2019}}</ref> In [[prose]], the ''[[Satyricon]]'', written circa AD 60 by [[Petronius|Gaius Petronius Arbiter]], one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61–62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods."<ref>{{cite book |author=Petronius |author-link=Petronius |title=Satyrica |year=1996 |publisher= University of California |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-20599-5 |page=56|translator=R. Bracht Branham & Daniel Kinney}}</ref> Such depictions have become a staple of modern depictions of
The howling of wolves has been described as "perhaps the most evocative sound of any wild creature", alternately beautiful and dismal, and consequently recordings of howling have sometimes been incorporated into music.<ref>Garry Marvin, ''Wolf'' (2012), p. 167.</ref> Although wolves howling at the Moon is a myth, it is also one that has made its way into human imagery of wolves, as with the [[Three Wolf Moon]] t-shirt meme.
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==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last1=Busch|first1=R. H.|title=Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|edition=3rd|year=2007|isbn=978-1-59921-069-8|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=svbnCwAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coren|first1=Stanley|title=How To Speak Dog|year=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster |place=New York|isbn=9781471109416}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lopez |first=Barry H. |title=Of Wolves and Men |publisher=J. M. Dent and Sons Limited |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-7432-4936-2 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=sz8gAQAAIAAJ}}}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Mech|editor-first=L. David|editor2-last=Boitani|editor2-first=Luigi |title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-226-51696-7|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=zhwfmQEACAAJ}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zimen |first=Erik |title=The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World |publisher=[[Souvenir Press]] |pages=217–218|year=1981 |isbn=978-0-285-62411-5 }}
{{Domestic dog}}
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