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{{Infobox historic site
| image = Ways of St. James in Europe.png
| caption = Map of the Way of St. James in Europe
| type = [[Pilgrims' way]]
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
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The
As [[Pope Benedict XVI]] said, "It is a way sown with so many demonstrations of fervour, repentance, hospitality, art and culture which speak to us eloquently of the spiritual roots of the Old Continent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message to the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) on the occasion of the opening of the Compostela Holy Year 2010 (December 19, 2009) {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/pont-messages/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20091219_giubileo-compostelano.html |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> Many still follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular with hikers, cyclists, and organized tour groups.▼
▲is a way sown with so many demonstrations of fervour, repentance, hospitality, art and culture which speak to us eloquently of the spiritual roots of the Old Continent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message to the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) on the occasion of the opening of the Compostela Holy Year 2010 (December 19, 2009) {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/pont-messages/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20091219_giubileo-compostelano.html |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> Many still follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular with hikers, cyclists, and organized tour groups.
Created and established after the discovery of the relics of Saint James the Great at the beginning of the 9th century, the Way of St. James became a major pilgrimage route of [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|medieval Christianity]] from the 10th century onwards. But it was only after the [[Granada War#Last stand at Granada|
In 1987, the
== Major Christian pilgrimage route ==
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The Way of St. James was one of the most important [[Christian pilgrimage]]s during the later [[Middle Ages]], and a pilgrimage route on which a [[plenary indulgence]] could be earned;<ref>{{CathEncy|title =Indulgences|first= William H.|last= Kent|wstitle=Indulgences}} This entry on indulgences suggests that the evolution of the doctrine came to include a pilgrimage to shrines as a trend that developed from the 8th century A.D.: "Among other forms of commutation were pilgrimages to well-known shrines such as that at [[St. Albans]] in [[England]] or at Compostela in Spain. But the most important place of pilgrimage was Rome. According to [[Bede]] (674–735) the ''visitatio liminum'', or visit to the tomb of the Apostles, was even then regarded as a good work of great efficacy (Hist. Eccl., IV, 23). At first the pilgrims came simply to venerate the relics of the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] and [[Christian martyrs|martyrs]], but in course of time their chief purpose was to gain the indulgences granted by the pope and attached especially to the [[Stations of the Cross|Stations]]."</ref> other major pilgrimage routes include the [[Via Francigena]] to [[Rome]] and the pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]]. Legend holds that [[James, son of Zebedee|St James]]'s remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain, where he was buried in what is now the city of [[Santiago de Compostela]]
Pilgrims on the Way can take one of dozens of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James begins at one's home and ends at the pilgrimage site. However, a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the [[Middle Ages]], the route was highly travelled. However, the [[Black Death]], the [[Protestant Reformation]], and political unrest in 16th century Europe led to its decline.
Whenever St James's [[Feast Day|Day]] (25 July) falls on a [[Sunday]], the cathedral declares a Holy or [[Jubilee (Christianity)|Jubilee]] Year. Depending on leap years, Holy Years occur in 5-, 6-, and 11-year intervals. The most recent were 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010 and 2021. The next will be 2027, and 2032.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Years at Santiago de Compostela |url=http://www.csj.org.uk/holy-years.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916050419/http://www.csj.org.uk/holy-years.htm |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=6 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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=== Pre-Christian history ===
[[File:Hospital de Órbigo (496110133).jpg|thumb|Roman bridge with 19 arches over the river [[Órbigo]]. The bridge has been integrated into the modern Camino Francés.]]
The main pilgrimage route to Santiago follows an earlier Roman trade route, which continues to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], ending at [[Cape Finisterre]]. Although it is known today that Cape Finisterre, Spain's westernmost point, is not the westernmost point of Europe ([[Cabo da Roca]] in [[Portugal]] is
=== Scallop symbol ===
{{See also|Shell of Saint James|Pilgrim's hat}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Spain Leon - Santiago Shell.jpg
| image2 = Muszla Jakuba.svg
| image3 = Navarrete pavement camino marker.jpg
| image4 = Vieira Camino de Santiago.jpg
| caption1 = St. James's shell, a symbol of the route, on a wall in [[León, Spain]]
| caption2 = A stylised scallop shell, the modern sign post of the Way
| caption3 = A marker indicating the route of the Way of St. James
| caption4 = Traditional St James pilgrim accessories
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The [[scallop]] shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on a variety of meanings, metaphorical, practical, and mythical, even if its relevance may have actually derived from the desire of pilgrims to take home a souvenir.
One myth says that after James's death, his body was transported by a ship piloted by an angel, back to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to be buried in what is now
From its connection to the Camino, the scallop shell came to represent pilgrimage, both to a specific shrine as well as to heaven, recalling Hebrews 11:13, identifying that Christians "are pilgrims and strangers on the earth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosloski |first=Philip |date=25 July 2017 |title=How the scallop shell became a symbol of pilgrimage |url=https://aleteia.org/2017/07/25/how-the-scallop-shell-became-a-symbol-of-pilgrimage/}}</ref> The scallop shell symbol is used as a waymarker on the Camino, and is commonly seen on pilgrims themselves, who are thereby identified as pilgrims. During the medieval period, the shell was more a proof of completion than a symbol worn during the pilgrimage. [[pilgrim's staff|The pilgrim's staff]] is a walking stick used by some pilgrims on the way to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain.<ref name="navarra">"{{Cite web |title=Pilgrim's Way to Santiago: Curiosities |url=http://www.turismo.navarra.es/eng/propuestas/camino-santiago/informacion-general-camino/curiosidades-camino.htm |website=Navarre Tourist Board}}</ref> Generally, the stick has a hook so that something may be hung from it; it may have a crosspiece.<ref>Pilgrim's or Palmer's Staff {{lang-fr|bourdon}}: this was used as a device in a coat of arms as early at least as Edward II's reign, as will be seen. The Staff and the Escallop shell were the badge of the pilgrim, and hence it is but natural it should find its way into the shields of those who had visited the Holy Land.</ref> The usual form of representation is with a hook,<ref>{{Cite web |title=figure 1 |url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/images/m460b.gif |website=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> but in some the hook is absent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=figure 2 |url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/images/m460b.gif |website=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> The pilgrim's staff is represented under different forms and is referred to using different names, e.g. a pilgrim's crutch, a crutch-staff. The crutch, perhaps, should be represented with the transverse piece on the top of the staff (like the letter "T") instead of across it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J |url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossj.htm |website=A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN HERALDRY}}</ref>
===Medieval route history ===
[[File:Marker Camino de Santiago.jpg|thumb|Marker of the Camino near the entrance to the [[Taboada Bridge]], a X-Century bridge located in the [[Silleda|Silleda Council]] of [[Province of Pontevedra|Pontevedra Province]] in [[Spain]]. The bridge is still used today by the pilgrims on their way to Santiago using the Silver Way (
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Othem wall paintings 04.jpg
| image2 = Jakobsweg - Pilger 1568 - Hurden IMG 5664.JPG
| caption1 = Saint James with his pilgrim's staff. The hat is typical, but he often wears his emblem, the scallop shell, on the front brim of the hat or elsewhere on his clothes
| caption2 = Way of St. James pilgrims (1568)
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The earliest records of visits paid to the shrine at [[Santiago de Compostela]] date from the 9th century, in the time of the [[Kingdom of Asturias]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]. The pilgrimage to the shrine became the most renowned medieval pilgrimage, and it became customary for those who returned from Compostela to carry back with them a [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]] [[scallop]] shell as proof of their completion of the journey. This practice gradually led to the scallop shell becoming the badge of a pilgrim.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waldron |first=Thomas |year=1979 |title=The Sign of the Scallop Shell |journal=The Furrow |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=646–649 |jstor=27660823}}</ref>
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The daily needs of pilgrims on their way to and from Compostela were met by a series of [[hospital]]s. Indeed, these institutions contributed to the development of the modern concept of
</ref>
[[Romanesque architecture]], a new genre of ecclesiastical architecture, was designed with massive archways to cope with huge crowds of the devout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanesque Architecture - Durham World Heritage Site |url=https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/architecture/romanesque |website=www.durhamworldheritagesite.com}}</ref>
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The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela was made possible by the protection and freedom provided by the [[Kingdom of France]], from which the majority of pilgrims originated. Enterprising French (including [[Gascony|Gascons]] and other peoples not under the French crown) settled in towns along the pilgrimage routes, where their names appear in the archives. The pilgrims were tended by people like [[Domingo de la Calzada]], who was later recognized as a saint.
Pilgrims walked the Way of St. James, often for months and occasionally years at a time, to arrive at the great church in the main square of Compostela and pay homage to St James. Many arrived with very little due to illness or robbery or both. Traditionally pilgrims lay their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway of the cathedral, and so many now have done this it has visibly worn away the stone.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Bethan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSSaHJ8AsqcC&pg=PA179 |title=Walking the Camino de Santiago |last2=Cole |first2=Ben |publisher=Pili Pala Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-9731698-0-X |page=179}}</ref>
The popular Spanish name for the astronomical [[Milky Way]] is ''El Camino de Santiago''. According to a common medieval legend, the [[Milky Way]] was formed from the dust raised by travelling pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bignami |first=Giovanni F. |date=26 March 2004 |title=Visions of the Milky Way |journal=Science |volume=303 |issue=5666 |page=1979 |doi=10.1126/science.1096275 |jstor=3836327 |s2cid=191291730}}</ref>
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=== Pilgrimage as penance ===
The Church employed (and employs) rituals (the sacrament of confession) that can lead to the imposition by a priest of [[penance]], through which the sinner atones for his or her sins. Pilgrimages were deemed to be a suitable form of expiation for sin and long pilgrimages would be imposed as penance for very serious sins. As noted in the ''[[
{{blockquote|In the registers of the Inquisition at Carcassone ... we find the four following places noted as being the centres of the greater pilgrimages to be imposed as penances for the graver crimes: the tomb of the Apostles at Rome, the shrine of St. James at Compostella [sic], St. Thomas' body at Canterbury, and the relics of the Three Kings at Cologne.}}
Pilgrimages could also be imposed as judicial punishment for crime, a practice that is still occasionally used today. For example, a tradition in [[Flanders]] persists of pardoning and releasing one prisoner every year<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huellas españolas en Flandes |url=http://www.flandes.net/ideas_para_visitar_flandes/huellas_espanolas_en_flandes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401205847/http://www.flandes.net/ideas_para_visitar_flandes/huellas_espanolas_en_flandes/ |archive-date=1 April 2012 |publisher=Turismo de Bélgica}}</ref> under the condition that, accompanied by a guard, the prisoner walks to Santiago wearing a heavy backpack.
=== Enlightenment era ===
During the [[American Revolution]], [[John Adams]] (who would become the second President of the United States) was ordered by [[United States Congress|Congress]] to go to [[Paris]] to obtain funds for the cause. His ship started leaking and he disembarked with his two sons at [[Cape Finisterre|Finisterre]] in 1779. From there, he proceeded to follow the Way of St. James in the reverse direction of the pilgrims' route, in order to get to Paris overland. He did not stop to visit Santiago, which he later regretted. In his autobiography, Adams described the customs and lodgings afforded to St James's pilgrims in the 18th century and he recounted the legend as it was told to him:<ref name="AFP_pilgrimages">{{Cite web |date=August 2007 |title=John Adams autobiography, part 3, Peace, 1779–1780, sheet 10 of 18 |url=http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=A2_1&rec=sheet&archive=autobiography&hi=1&numRecs=61&tag=place&num=10&bc |publisher=Harvard University Press, 1961}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I have always regretted that We could not find time to make a Pilgrimage to Saintiago de Compostella. We were informed ... that the Original of this Shrine and Temple of St. Iago was this. A certain Shepherd saw a bright Light there in the night. Afterwards it was revealed to an Archbishop that St. James was buried there. This laid the Foundation of a Church, and they have built an Altar on the Spot where the Shepherd saw the Light. In the time of the Moors, the People made a Vow, that if the Moors should be driven from this Country, they would give a certain portion of the Income of their Lands to Saint James. The Moors were [[Reconquista|defeated and expelled]] and it was reported and believed, that Saint James was in the Battle and fought with a drawn Sword at the head of the Spanish Troops, on Horseback. The People, believing that they owed the Victory to the Saint, very cheerfully fulfilled their Vows by paying the Tribute. ... Upon the Supposition that this is the place of the Sepulchre of Saint James, there are great numbers of Pilgrims, who visit it, every Year, from France, Spain, Italy and other parts of Europe, many of them on foot.}}
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Although it is commonly believed that the pilgrimage to Santiago has continued without interruption since the Middle Ages, few modern pilgrimages antedate the 1957 publication of Irish [[Hispanist]] and
Since then, hundreds of thousands (over 300,000 in 2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erimatica |title=Estadística de peregrinos del Camino de Santiago a 2018 |language=es-ES |work=Camino de Santiago. Guía definitiva: etapas, albergues, rutas |url=https://www.editorialbuencamino.com/estadistica-peregrinos-del-camino-de-santiago/ |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref> of Christian [[pilgrim]]s and many others set out each year from their homes, or from popular starting points across Europe, to make their way to Santiago de Compostela. Most travel by foot, some by [[bicycle]], and some even travel as their [[medieval]] counterparts did, on horseback or by [[donkey]]. In addition to those undertaking a religious pilgrimage, many are hikers who walk the route for travel or sport. Also, many consider the experience a spiritual retreat from modern life.<ref name="no_of_pilgrims">{{Cite news |title=The present-day pilgrimage |publisher=The Confraternity of Saint James |url=http://www.csj.org.uk/present.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715142949/http://www.csj.org.uk/present.htm |archive-date=15 July 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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[[File:Samos on the Camino Way.jpg|thumb|Samos, in Galicia, on the French Way]]
The '''Camino Francés''', or
Most Spanish consider the French border in the [[Pyrenees]] the natural starting point. By far the most common, modern starting point on the Camino Francés is [[Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port]], on the French side of the Pyrenees, with [[Roncesvalles]] on the Spanish side also being popular.<ref name="stats2016" /> The distance from Roncesvalles to Santiago de Compostela through [[León, Spain|León]] is about {{Convert|800|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
The '''Camino Primitivo''', or
'''Camino Portugués''', or [[
The '''Camino del Norte''', or
The Central European
=== Accommodation ===
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{| style="border:solid 1px #aaa;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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The [[Xunta de Galicia]] ([[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]'s regional government) promotes the Way as a tourist activity, particularly in Holy Compostela Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). Following Galicia's investment and advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. The most recent Holy Year occurred in 2021, 11 years after the last Holy Year of 2010. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of 2010. The next Holy Year pilgrimage will occur in 2027.
=== In film
(Chronological)
*The pilgrimage is central to the plot of the film ''[[The Milky Way (1969 film)|The Milky Way]]'' (1969), directed by [[surrealist]] [[Luis Buñuel]]. It is intended to critique the Catholic church, as the modern pilgrims encounter various manifestations of Catholic dogma and heresy.
*In Part Four of the novel ''[[The Pillars of the Earth]]'' (1989), one of the main characters, Aliena, travels the Camino in search of her lost love, Jack, who is also the father to her child. She travels the route from England through France (specifically [[Tours]] and [[Basilica of St Denis|Saint Denis]]) and Spain, eventually reaching [[Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral|Santiago]] and continuing on to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]].
*''[[The Naked Pilgrim]]'' (2003) documents the journey of art critic and journalist [[Brian Sewell]] to Santiago de Compostela for the UK's Channel Five. Travelling by car along the French route, he visited many towns and cities on the way including Paris, [[Chartres]], [[Roncesvalles]], [[Burgos]], [[León, Spain|León]] and [[Frómista]]. Sewell, a lapsed Catholic, was moved by the stories of other pilgrims and by the sights he saw. The series climaxed with Sewell's emotional response to the Mass at Compostela.
*The Way of St. James was the central feature of the film ''Saint Jacques... La Mecque'' (2005) directed by [[Coline Serreau]].
*In ''[[The Way (2010 film)|The Way]]'' (2010), written and directed by [[Emilio Estevez]], [[Martin Sheen]] learns that his son (Estevez) has died early along the route and takes up the pilgrimage in order to complete it on the son's behalf. The film was presented at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in September 2010<ref name="IMDb—The Way">{{Cite web |title=The Way (2010) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1441912 |access-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref><ref name="theway-themovie.com">{{Cite web |title=The way official movie site |url=http://www.theway-themovie.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055933/http://www.theway-themovie.com/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=Theway-themovie.com}}</ref> and premiered in Santiago in November 2010.
* On his [[PBS]] travel Europe television series, [[Rick Steves]] covers
*In 2013, [[Simon Reeve (British TV presenter)|Simon Reeve]] presented the "Pilgrimage" series on BBC2, in which he followed various pilgrimage routes across Europe, including the Camino de Santiago in episode 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAy_m9JW-ho |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531112004/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAy_m9JW-ho |archive-date=2014-05-31 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
*In 2014, Lydia B Smith<ref name="IMDb—Lydia B Smith">{{Cite web |title=Lydia B Smith |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0809166/?ref_=tt_ov_dr |access-date=25 November 2019 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> and Future Educational Films released ''[[Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago |url=http://www.caminodocumentary.org}}</ref> in theatres across the U.S. and Canada. The film features the accounts and perspectives of six pilgrims as they navigate their respective journeys from France to Santiago de Compostela. In 2015, it was distributed across the World, playing theatres throughout Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It recently aired on NPTV and continues to be featured in festivals relating to the Spirituality, Mind Body, Travel, and Adventure.
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== See also ==
* [[Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)]]
* [[Codex Calixtinus]]
* [[Confraternity of Saint James]]
* [[Cross of Saint James]]
* [[Dominic de la Calzada]]
* [[
* [[Hajj]]
* [[Holy door (Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela)|
* [[Japan 100 Kannon Pilgrimage]]
* [[Jeju Olle Trail]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Mary Remnant]]
*[[Palatine Ways of St. James]]▼
* [[
▲* [[Palatine Ways of St. James]]
*[[Shikoku Pilgrimage]]▼
* [[
▲* [[Shikoku Pilgrimage]]
*[[Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago]]▼
* [[Via Jacobi]]
*[[World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France]]▼
▲* [[Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago]]
▲* [[World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France]]
== References ==
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[[Category:Cultural landscapes]]
[[Category:European Cultural Routes]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Hiking trails in Europe]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage routes]]
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