Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
|||
| (48 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{short description|Entertainer dressed and acting with exaggerated femininity}}
{{Distinguish|Transgender|Femboy}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
[[File:RuPaul by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|[[RuPaul]], American drag queen, actor, and musician]]
Line 16:
===Drag===
{{main|Drag (entertainment)}}
Drag refers to an entertainment style wearing stylized clothing. Most commonly, it is men wearing women's clothing [[cross-dressing]], generally for the purpose of a performance.<ref name="NCTE">{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|title=Understanding Drag|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equity|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165207/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mansbridge">{{Cite journal |last=Mansbridge |first=Joanna |title=Fantasies of Exposure: Belly Dancing, the Veil, and the Drag of History |url=https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |journal=2016 Journal of Popular Culture |date=January 2016 |volume=49 |pages=29–56 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12381 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410130335/https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
The term "drag" has evolved over time. Traditional definitions of the term drag utilized a [[gender binary]] which used a sex-based definition of drag where a person would be considered "in drag" if they were wearing the clothes of the opposite sex for the purposes of entertainment. However, with new paradigms of [[gender identity]] and the embrace of [[non-binary gender]], newer definitions of drag have abandoned this binary framework in favor of defining drag as an art form of gender performance which is not limited to a binary framework but which must engage with and critique conceptions of gender in some fashion. This could include explorations with heightened forms of masculinity or femininity, as well as playing with other forms of gender identity.<ref name="Whitely">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdwrBgAAQBAJ&dq=definition+drag&pg=PA30|title=Queering the Popular Pitch|year=2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781136093708|page=29-30|editor-first=Jennifer|editor-last= Rycenga|editor-first2= Sheila|editor-last2=Whiteley}}</ref>
Unlike [[female impersonation]], the term drag is closely associated with [[queer identity]].<ref name="SQ"/> This close association between the term drag and the LGBTQ community began in the United States in the 1920s with the [[Pansy Craze]] when the first gay bars in America were established by the mafia during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition Era]] and drag entertainers became a popular form of entertainment at these underground gay [[speakeasies]]. Before this point, the term drag was not necessarily associated with gay culture, but after this point forward drag became "inextricably tied to the queer community".<ref name="Glitter"/>
▲
The origin of the term ''drag'' is uncertain.<ref name="Gerstner-2012">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture |editor-last1=Gerstner |editor-first1=David A. |title=Drag |last1=Baroni |first1=Monica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=851qoMjA3icC&pg=PA191 |date=2012 |orig-year=1st pub. 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-76181-2 |oclc=815980386 |pages=191 |access-date=27 April 2018 }}</ref> The first recorded use of ''drag'' in reference to actors dressed in women's clothing is from 1870.<ref name="González-2008">{{cite book |editor1=María de los Ángeles Gómez González |editor2=J. Lachlan Mackenzie |editor3=Elsa M. González Álvarez Tan|author1=Felix Rodriguez Gonzales |title=Languages and Cultures in Contrast and Comparison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ |series=Pragmatics & beyond new series v 175 |date=26 June 2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia |page=231 |chapter=The feminine stereotype in gay characterization: A look at English and Spanish |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |isbn=978-90-272-9052-6 |oclc=860469091 |access-date=29 April 2017 }}</ref> It may have been based on the term "grand rag" which was historically used for a [[masquerade ball]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |title=William Dorsey Swann |first=Channing Gerard |last=Joseph |journal=African American National Biography |date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902155525/https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Female impersonator===▼
{{main|Female impersonation}}
The term ''female impersonation'' refers to a type of theatrical performance where a man dresses in women's clothing for the sole purpose of entertaining an audience.<ref name="SQ"/> The term ''female impersonator'' is sometimes used interchangeably with drag queen, although they are not the same.<ref name="SQ"/> For example, in 1972, Esther Newton described a female impersonator as a "professional drag queen".<ref name="newton_3"/> She considered the term ''female impersonator'' to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.<ref name="newton_3"/> However, feminist and queer studies scholar Sarah French defined a clear separation between these two terms. She defined drag as an art form associated with [[queer identity]] whereas female impersonation comes from a wide a range of [[gender identity]] paradigms, including [[heteronormativity]]. Additionally, many drag artists view drag as a lived form of self-expression or creativity, and perceive drag as something that is not limited to the stage or to performance. In contrast, female impersonation is specifically limited to performance and may or may not involve an LGBTQI point of view.<ref name="SQ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvKqDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22female+impersonator%22+%22drag+queen%22&pg=PA94|title=Staging Queer Feminism|page=94|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|isbn=9781137465436|first=Sarah |last=French|date=13 April 2017 }}</ref>
Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gewertz|first=Ken|date=17 July 2003|title=When men were men (and women, too)|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Harvard Gazette|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211052711/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of [[vaudeville]] it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being [[Julian Eltinge]]. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=6 April 2018|title=Drag Herstory: This Drag Queen Was Once the Highest Paid Actor in the World|url=https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=them.|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051829/https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Tribble]] was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in [[Black Vaudeville]]. <ref name="Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Tribble, Andrew A. |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/59 |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> ▼
In the twentieth century some gender impersonators, both female and male, in the United States became highly successful performing artists in non-LGBTQ nightclubs and theaters. There was a concerted effort by these working female and male impersonators in America, to separate the art of gender impersonation from queer identity with an overt representation of working gender impersonators as heterosexual. Some of the performers were in fact cisgender heterosexual men and women, but others were closeted LGBTQI individuals due to the politics and social environment of the period. It was criminal in many American cities to be homosexual, or for LGBTQI people to congregate, and it was therefore necessary for female and male impersonators to distance themselves from identifying as queer publicly in order to avoid criminal charges and loss of career. The need to hide and dissociate from queer identity was prevalent among gender impersonators working in non-LGBTQ nightclubs before heteronormative audiences as late as the 1970s.<ref name="Glitter">{{cite book|chapter=Chapters 4 & 5|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last= Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]|isbn=9780369733016}}</ref>
Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen [[José Sarria]] to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |title=>> social sciences >> Sarria, José |publisher=glbtq |date=12 December 1923 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005833/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> American drag queen [[RuPaul]] once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"<ref>Susan Corso (15 April 2009). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html Drag Queen Theology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195405/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html|date=24 July 2010}} Retrieved: 1 April 2018.</ref>▼
===Drag queens and kings===
The meaning of the term ''drag queen'' has changed across time. The term first emerged in New York City in the 1950s, and initially had two meanings. The first meaning referred to an amateur performer who did not make a living in drag but may have participated in amateur public performances such as those held at a [[Cross-dressing ball|drag ball]] or a [[drag pageant]]. This was meant to draw a line differentiating amateurs performing in drag for fun from professional female impersonators who made a living performing in drag.<ref name="origins"/>
In 1971, an article in [[Lee Brewster]]'s ''Drag Queens'' magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual [[transvestite]]" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag Queens: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=11–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag11unse/page/10/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=29–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag14unse/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref> Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12"/><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30"/> While the term ''drag queen'' implied "homosexual transvestite", the term ''drag'' carried no such connotations.<ref name="dq_2_6_4">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Editorial: Drag |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=2 |issue=6 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag00leeg_0/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>▼
The second original meaning of drag queen was applied to men who chose to wear women's clothing on the streets, an act which was at that time illegal in New York City. Of this latter type two additional slang terms were applied: ''square drag queens'' which meant "boys who looked like girls but who you knew were boys" and ''street queens'' who were queer male sex workers, often homeless, that dressed as women. This second use of the term was also layered with transphobic subtext and the term drag queen was again meant to protect the professional female impersonator by allowing them to dissociate themselves from both aspects of queer culture and from sex workers in order to maintain respectability among the predominantly heteronormative audiences who employed them. This understanding of the term drag queen persisted through the 1960s.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 5: 1960-1969|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last=Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]}}</ref>
▲In 1971, an article in [[Lee Brewster]]'s ''Drag Queens'' magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual [[transvestite]]" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag Queens: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=11–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag11unse/page/10/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=29–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag14unse/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref> Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12"/><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30"/> While the term ''drag queen'' implied "homosexual transvestite", the term ''drag'' carried no such connotations.<ref name="dq_2_6_4">{{cite magazine |
In the 1970s, ''drag queen'' was continually defined as a "homosexual transvestite".<ref name="newton_3">{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Esther |title=Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America |year=1972 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=3 |isbn=9780226577609 }}</ref> ''Drag'' was parsed as changing one's clothes to those of a different sex, while ''[[queen (slang)|queen]]'' was said to refer to a homosexual man.<ref name="newton_3"/>
Line 30 ⟶ 48:
Drag queens' counterparts are [[drag kings]]: performers, usually women, who dress in exaggeratedly masculine clothing. Examples of drag kings include [[Landon Cider]]. Trans men who dress like drag kings are sometimes termed trans kings.
▲===Female impersonator===
▲Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gewertz|first=Ken|date=17 July 2003|title=When men were men (and women, too)|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Harvard Gazette|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211052711/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of [[vaudeville]] it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being [[Julian Eltinge]]. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=6 April 2018|title=Drag Herstory: This Drag Queen Was Once the Highest Paid Actor in the World|url=https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=them.|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051829/https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Tribble]] was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in [[Black Vaudeville]]. <ref name="Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Tribble, Andrew A. |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/59 |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref>
▲Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen [[José Sarria]] to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |title=>> social sciences >> Sarria, José |publisher=glbtq |date=12 December 1923 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005833/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> American drag queen [[RuPaul]] once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"<ref>Susan Corso (15 April 2009). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html Drag Queen Theology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195405/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html|date=24 July 2010}} Retrieved: 1 April 2018.</ref>
===Alternative terms===
Line 48 ⟶ 59:
Among drag queens and their contacts today, there is an ongoing debate about whether transgender drag queens are actually considered "drag queens". Some argue that, because a drag queen is defined as a man portraying a woman, transgender women cannot be drag queens. [[Drag king]]s are women who assume a masculine aesthetic, but this is not always the case, because there are also biokings, bioqueens, and [[Female queen (drag)|female queens]], which are people who perform their own biological sex through a heightened or exaggerated gender presentation.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780203057094|title=The Drag Queen Anthology|year=2013|last1=Underwood|first1=Lisa|isbn=9780203057094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|title=Britannica Academic|website=academic.eb.com|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085318/https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Joshua Trey|last2=Johnson|first2=Corey W.|date=November 2013|title=We Are All Royalty|journal=Journal of Leisure Research|volume=45|issue=5|pages=677–694|doi=10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4369|bibcode=2013JLeiR..45..677B |s2cid=143305970|issn=0022-2216}}</ref>
== History of drag
=== Canada ===
Line 66 ⟶ 72:
In September 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the application of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] to consensual homosexual sex between adults was unconstitutional, "irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-decriminalises-homosexuality/article24887363.ece|title=SC decriminalises homosexuality|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=7 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035426/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-decriminalises-homosexuality/article24887363.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, drag culture in India has been growing and becoming the mainstream art culture. The hotel chain of Lalit Groups spaced a franchise of clubs where drag performances are hosted in major cities of India such as [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], and [[Bangalore]].
[[Maya the Drag Queen]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/81870/alex-mathew-drag-queen-india-bengaluru-lgbt-rights/ |title=The Amazing Journey of This Indian Drag Queen is Both Heart Breaking and Inspiring |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204151636/https://www.thebetterindia.com/81870/alex-mathew-drag-queen-india-bengaluru-lgbt-rights/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rani Kohinoor ([[Sushant Divgikar]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drag-is-part-of-our-culture-to-refute-it-is-to-refute-history-sushant-divgikar/story-9Gfu2P2GjRidL3yettnnGJ.html |title=Drag is part of our culture; to refute it is to refute history: Sushant Divgikar |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204150923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drag-is-part-of-our-culture-to-refute-it-is-to-refute-history-sushant-divgikar/story-9Gfu2P2GjRidL3yettnnGJ.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lush Monsoon,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/lush-monsoon-aishwarya-ayushmaan-indian-drag-queen-human-rights-lawyer-lgbtqi-delhi|title = Human rights lawyer Aishwarya Ayushmaan on how drag allows him to be his truest self|date = 21 September 2019|access-date = 6 January 2020|archive-date = 3 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042650/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/lush-monsoon-aishwarya-ayushmaan-indian-drag-queen-human-rights-lawyer-lgbtqi-delhi|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/being-a-drag-queen-in-india-lush-monsoon |title=Being a Drag Queen in India: Lush Monsoon | Verve Magazine |date=October 2018 |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001150100/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/being-a-drag-queen-in-india-lush-monsoon |archive-date=1 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Betta Naan Stop]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/betta-naan-stop-indian-drag-queen-interview|title = Meet Betta Naan Stop, the Indian drag queen with the best dance moves|date = 20 September 2019|access-date = 6 January 2020|archive-date = 25 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201225142833/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/betta-naan-stop-indian-drag-queen-interview|url-status = live}}</ref> Tropical Marca,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elle.in/article/drag-queens/ |title=5 fabulous drag queens spill their make-up secrets |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204151709/https://elle.in/article/drag-queens/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zeeshan Ali,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/801643/the-phenomenal-transformations-of-makeup-artist-zeeshan-ali |title=The Phenomenal Transformations of Makeup Artist Zeeshan Ali |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204150931/https://homegrown.co.in/article/801643/the-phenomenal-transformations-of-makeup-artist-zeeshan-ali |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Patruni Sastry]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/its-time-for-drag-shows-to-begin |title=It's TIME for 'Drag' shows to begin |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204150923/https://telanganatoday.com/its-time-for-drag-shows-to-begin |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> are some examples of Indian drag artists. In 2018, [[Hyderabad]] had its first drag convention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drag-con-hyderabad-2019-patruni-sastry/article29798142.ece|title=Hyderabad to have its first-ever Drag Con|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2019|last1=Bhavani|first1=Divya Kala|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411054521/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drag-con-hyderabad-2019-patruni-sastry/article29798142.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, India's first drag specific magazine Dragvanti began publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/30/for-all-things-drag-2163102.html|title=For all things drag | author=Simran Ahuja |date=30 June 2020 | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410150543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/30/for-all-things-drag-2163102.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Lebanon===
Lebanon is the only country in the Arab world with an increasingly visible drag scene.<ref>{{cite news |title='I
=== Philippines ===
Line 85 ⟶ 91:
=== United Kingdom ===
In [[English Renaissance theatre|Renaissance England]], women were forbidden from performing on stage,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Theatre Female Roles |url=http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406074442/http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |archive-date=2013-04-06 |access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> so female roles were played by men or boys. The practice continued, as a tradition, when [[pantomime]]s became a popular form of entertainment in Europe during the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.<ref name=":2">Moore, F. Michael. ''Drag!: Male and Female Impersonators on Stage, Screen, and Television: An Illustrated World History''. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0899509969}} {{page needed|date=June 2020}}
</ref><ref name=":3" /> The dame became a [[stock character]] with a range of attitudes from "[[charwoman]]" to "[[grande dame]]" who was mainly used for improvisation.<ref name=":3" /> A notable, and highly successful, pantomime dame from this period was [[Dan Leno]]. Beyond theatre, in the 1800s, [[Molly house]]s became a place for gay men to meet, often dressed in drag.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=A brief but glamorous history of drag |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/a-brief-but-glamorous-history-of-drag |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515145054/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/a-brief-but-glamorous-history-of-drag |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite homosexuality being outlawed, men would dress in women's clothing and attend these taverns and coffee houses to congregate and meet other, mostly gay, men.<ref name="auto2"/>
Line 92 ⟶ 99:
=== United States ===
====Origins====
{{main|Female impersonation#History of female impersonation#United States}}
Drag performance in the United States had its roots in the female impersonations of performers in [[minstrel shows]] of the 19th century, followed by female impersonators working in vaudeville, burlesque, and the legitimate theatre in late 19th century and early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Contemporary American Theater|page=331|first=James|last= Fisher|year= 2021|isbn=9781538123027|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]}}</ref>
==== First drag balls ====
The first person known to describe himself as "the queen of drag" was [[William Dorsey Swann]], born enslaved in [[Hancock, Maryland]], who in the 1880s started hosting [[Ball culture|drag balls]] in [[Washington, DC]] attended by other men who were formerly enslaved. The balls were often raided by the police, as documented in the newspapers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Channing Gerard|date=31 January 2020|title=The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/drag-queen-slave-ball/|access-date=4 February 2020|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202152031/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/drag-queen-slave-ball/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1896, Swann was convicted and sentenced to 10 months in jail on the false charge of "keeping a disorderly house" (a [[euphemism]] for running a [[brothel]]). He requested a pardon from [[Grover Cleveland|President Grover Cleveland]], but was denied.<ref name=":6" />
==== Minstrel shows ====▼
==== Night clubs ====
In the early to mid-1900s, female impersonation had become tied to the [[LGBT community]] and thus criminality, so it had to change forms and locations.<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Boyd |first=Nan Alamilla |title=Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |year=2003 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730041610/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |url-status=live |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520938748 |archive-date=30 July 2020 }}</ref> It moved from being popular mainstream entertainment to something done only at night in disreputable areas, such as San Francisco's [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]].<ref name=":0" /> Here female impersonation started to evolve into what we today know as [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] and drag queens.<ref name=":3">Baker, Roger. ''Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts''. NYU Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0814712533}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023|reason=could not find this in this source. in fact, the source seems eager to except the concept of drag back into history, even if it was not called the same, he makes a solid case for the style of performance to be part of a similar tradition.
Line 120 ⟶ 117:
==== Protests ====
{{Main|Cooper Donuts Riot|Compton's Cafeteria riot|Stonewall riots|Invasion of the Pines}}
[[File:Manifestation pour le mariage pour tous Paris 16 12 2012 13.jpg|thumb|[[Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence]] at a [[marriage equality]] protest in Paris, 2012]]
The [[Cooper Donuts Riot]] was a May 1959 incident in [[Los Angeles]] in which drag queens, lesbians, transgender women, and gay men rioted; it was one of the first [[LGBT]] protests in the United States.<ref name="Out">{{cite news|last1=Moffitt|first1=Evan|date=31 May 2015|title=10 Years Before Stonewall, There Was the Cooper's Donuts Riot|work=Out Magazine|agency=Here Media Inc.|url=https://www.out.com/today-gay-history/2015/5/31/today-gay-history-10-years-stonewall-there-was-coopers-donuts-riot|url-status=live|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211159/https://www.out.com/today-gay-history/2015/5/31/today-gay-history-10-years-stonewall-there-was-coopers-donuts-riot|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>
Line 128 ⟶ 126:
Drag queens were also involved in the [[Stonewall riots]], a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the [[LGBT community]] against a [[police raid]] that took place in the early morning hours of 28 June 1969, at the [[Stonewall Inn]], located in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]], New York City. The riots are widely considered to be the catalyst for the [[gay liberation]] movement and the modern fight for [[LGBT rights in the United States]].<ref name="diversity">{{cite web |author=National Park Service |year=2008 |title=Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222059/http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=21 January 2013 |publisher=US Department of Interior}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723025158/http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=21 January 2013 |publisher=North Jersey Media Group Inc}}</ref>
During the summer of 1976, a restaurant in [[Fire Island Pines, New York|Fire Island Pines]], [[New York (state)|New York]], denied entry to a visitor in drag named Terry Warren. When Warren's friends in Cherry Grove heard what had happened, they dressed up in drag, and, on [[United States Bicentennial|4 July 1976]], sailed to the Pines by [[water taxi]]. This turned into a yearly event where drag queens go to the Pines, called the [[Invasion of the Pines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invasion of the Pines: Cherry
==== Politics ====
In 1961, drag queen [[José Sarria]] ran for the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]], becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/society/people/2013/08/19/legendary-drag-queen-jos%C3%A9-julia-sarria-dead-91|title=Legendary Drag Queen José Julia Sarria Dead at 91|date=19 August 2013|website=www.advocate.com|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221031827/https://www.advocate.com/society/people/2013/08/19/legendary-drag-queen-jos%C3%A9-julia-sarria-dead-91|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Neil Miller (writer)|Miller, Neil]] (1995). ''Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present'', pg. 347.. New York, Vintage Books. {{ISBN|0-09-957691-0}}.</ref>
In 2019, [[Maebe A. Girl]] became the first drag queen elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to the [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] Neighborhood Council.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|title=Drag queen Maebe A. Girl running for Silver Lake Neighborhood Council|first=Beatriz E.|last=Valenzuela|date=April 5, 2019|website=Q Voice News|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303201628/https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|title=NowThis News: Meet the First Drag Queen Elected to Public Office in the United States|website=YouTube|date=29 June 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329043648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|title=Meet the First Drag Queen to Be Elected to Public Office in California|first=Steven|last=Blum|date=April 12, 2019|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108122719/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[D'Arcy Drollinger]] was appointed [[San Francisco]]’s first drag [[laureate]] in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=SF Bestows First 'Drag Laureate' Title on Hardest-Working Queen |url=https://sfstandard.com/arts-culture/san-francisco-bestows-first-ever-drag-laureate-title-on-its-hardest-working-queen/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="autodrag">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/san-francisco-first-drag-queen-ambassador-c97a296e3895f86b21c0562e6e92656d|title=Meet D'Arcy Drollinger, a drag queen who's now the first drag laureate in the US|date=May 18, 2023|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> The role consists of serving as an ambassador for San Francisco's LGBTQ+, arts, nightlife, and entertainment communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drag Laureate program {{!}} San Francisco |url=https://sf.gov/drag-laureate-program |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=sf.gov}}</ref>
== Drag families ==
Line 146 ⟶ 147:
The process of getting into drag or into character can take hours. A drag queen may aim for a certain style, celebrity impression, or message with their look. Hair, make-up, and costumes are the most important essentials for drag queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/2002/10/03/dude-diva-how-become-drag-queen |title=Dude to Diva: How to Become a Drag Queen | The Chronicle |publisher=Dukechronicle.com |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307024947/http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/2002/10/03/dude-diva-how-become-drag-queen |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Drag queens tend to go for a more exaggerated look with a lot more makeup than a typical woman would wear.
Some people do drag simply as a means of self-expression,<ref name="pt"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/05/drag_queens_find_form_of_self-.html |title=Performing in drag is all about self-expression for some West Michigan men |last=Jackson |first=Angie |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523024456/http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/05/drag_queens_find_form_of_self-.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> but often drag queens (once they have completed a look) will go out to clubs and bars and perform in a "drag show
Many parts of the drag show, and of the drag queens' other intellectual properties, cannot be protected by intellectual property law. To substitute the lack of legal protection, drag queens revert to social norms in order to protect their intellectual property.<ref name="JustBeAQueen">{{cite journal|last1=Sarid|first1=Eden|title=Don't Be a Drag, Just Be a Queen – How Drag Queens Protect their Intellectual Property without Law|journal=Florida International University Law Review|date=2014|volume=10|issue=1|url=http://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1242&context=lawreview|access-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416223539/http://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1242&context=lawreview|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
== In entertainment ==
=== Drag shows and venues ===
[[File:Sofia Pride 2019 Drag Queen.png|thumb|Drag queen at [[Sofia Pride]]
[[File:Lorellasukkiarini.jpg|thumb|alt=A drag queen putting on lip liner|A drag queen preparing [[theatrical makeup|stage makeup]]]]
A [[drag show]] is a piece of entertainment consisting of a variety of songs, [[monologue]]s or skits featuring either single performers or groups of performers in drag meant to entertain an audience.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newton|first=Esther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtBI3fTtZzsC&q=drag+show&pg=PA132|title=Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America|date=15 May 1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-57760-9|pages=132|language=en}}</ref> They range from amateur performances at small bars to elaborately staged theatrical presentations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Underwood|first=Lisa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDTxVpy1CuYC&q=drag+show&pg=PA66|title=The Drag Queen Anthology: The Absolutely Fabulous but Flawlessly Customary World of Female Impersonators|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-56935-7|language=en}}</ref> Many drag shows feature performers singing or [[Lip sync|lip-synching]] to songs while performing a pre-planned [[pantomime]], or dancing. The performers often don elaborate costumes and makeup, and sometimes dress to imitate various famous female singers or personalities. Some events are centered around drag, such as [[Southern Decadence]] where the majority of festivities are led by the Grand Marshals, who are traditionally drag queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southerndecadence.net |title=Southern Decadence Official Website |publisher=Southerndecadence.net |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902130212/http://www.southerndecadence.net/ |archive-date=2 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 162 ⟶ 160:
=== In music ===
[[File:Cristal Snow Euroviisuklubissa 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Cristal Snow]], Finnish drag artist,<ref>{{Cite
While some male music celebrities wear exaggerated feminine clothing as part of their show, they are not necessarily drag queens.
Examples of songs where lyrics refer to drag queens:
Line 188 ⟶ 186:
Drag queen [[Lori Shannon|Don McLean]] (drag name Lori Shannon)<ref name="Lori">{{Cite web|url = http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Drag-queen-Don-McLean-dies-3173277.php|title = Drag queen Don McLean dies|date = 1984|access-date = 19 September 2014|website = SFGate|publisher = Hearst Communications, Inc|archive-date = 31 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031085251/http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Drag-queen-Don-McLean-dies-3173277.php|url-status = live}}</ref> appeared in three episodes of the [[CBS]] sitcom ''[[All in the Family]]'' as drag queen Beverly LaSalle: "Archie the Hero" (1975), in which [[Archie Bunker]] gives her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, not realizing she is male; "Beverly Rides Again" (1976), in which Archie uses her to play a practical joke on a friend; and "Edith's Crisis of Faith, Part 1" (1977), in which her murder leads [[Edith Bunker]] to question her faith in God. The role was noteworthy for its uncommonly respectful and sympathetic treatment of Beverly as a "[[Transvestism|transvestite]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/matt-baume-culture-cruise-archie-bunker_n_5d13f7a7e4b0d0a2c0ab649c|title=Here's How 'All In The Family' Depicted Gender Nonconformity In 1975|last=Wong|first=Curtis M.|date=27 June 2019|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=16 November 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012110903/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/matt-baume-culture-cruise-archie-bunker_n_5d13f7a7e4b0d0a2c0ab649c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southfloridagaynews.com/Television/all-in-the-family-kicked-open-doors-for-lgbts-on-television.html|title=All in the Family Kicked Open Doors For LGBTs on Television|last=Nahmod|first=David-Elijah|website=southfloridagaynews.com|language=en-gb|access-date=16 November 2019|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116025451/https://southfloridagaynews.com/Television/all-in-the-family-kicked-open-doors-for-lgbts-on-television.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
British entertainer [[Paul O'Grady]] was a staple of light entertainment and variety shows on UK television from the early 80s to the mid 90s playing the drag persona [[Lily Savage]]: an over the top, glamorous diva character for comedic effect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=writers |first=Guardian |date=2023-03-29 |title=
''[[CODCO]]'' was a Canadian sketch comedy series which aired on [[CBC Television]] from 1988 to 1993;<ref name="mbc">[http://www.museum.tv/eotv/codco.htm ''CODCO''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426174139/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/codco.htm |date=26 April 2017 }} at the Museum of Broadcast Communication.</ref> two of its actors, [[Tommy Sexton]] and [[Greg Malone (actor)|Greg Malone]], were especially renowned for drag-based impersonations of celebrity women such as [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth]], [[Barbara Frum]], [[Barbara Walters]], [[Tammy Faye Bakker]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]]. In one famous sketch, Malone as Frum moderated a debate between [[Andy Jones (comedian)|Andy Jones]] as a gay teacher who had been fired from his job for testing [[HIV-positive]] and Sexton as Clarabelle Otterhead, the president of an anti-gay lobby group called Citizens Outraged by Weird Sex (or COWS).<ref>[http://www.thetelegram.com/Entertainment/2009-12-21/article-1442161/Queens-pay-tribute-to-clown-prince/1 "Queens pay tribute to clown prince"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130411232805/http://www.thetelegram.com/Entertainment/2009-12-21/article-1442161/Queens-pay-tribute-to-clown-prince/1 |date=11 April 2013 }}. ''[[The Telegram]]'', 21 December 2009.</ref>
Line 215 ⟶ 213:
== In education ==
{{globalize|section|US|date=April 2024}}
While drag queens are entertainers, they play a role in educating people on gender roles and stereotyping. Professor Stephen Schacht of [[State University of New York at Plattsburgh|Plattsburgh State University of New York]] began introducing his and his students' experiences of attending a drag show to his gender/sexualities class to challenge his students' ideas of dichotomy. Over time he began inviting students to attend with him. He gathered from his students that after attending the drag show they had a new appreciation for gender and sexuality and often become very vocal about their new experiences in the classroom.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Browse journals by subject |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=225–240 |doi=10.1300/J082v46n03_14 |pmid=15132493 |year = 2004|last1 = Schacht|first1 = Steven P.|s2cid=38596592 }}</ref>
Line 224 ⟶ 223:
John Casey, an adjunct professor at [[Wagner College]] in New York City, posits in ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'',{{Blockquote|"[Drag queens] are incredibly talented, and they are trying to live their lives, and in the process, brighten the lives of those around them. That's the message parents should be communicating to their kids, at any age. It's all about acceptance and being loved for who you are."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/9/17/exposing-kids-drag-isnt-abuse|title=Exposing Kids to Drag Isn't Abuse|last=Casey|first=John|date=September 17, 2019|website=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921225932/https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/9/17/exposing-kids-drag-isnt-abuse|archive-date=September 21, 2019|access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>}}
Separately from kids watching drag, the phenomena of drag kids is relatively recent,{{vague|date=January 2023}} ''The New York Times'' in September 2019 published a guess that a there are about a hundred children who do drag in the U.S., with [[Desmond is Amazing]] being the one with the most followers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/style/self-care/drag-kids-desmond-the-amazing.html|title=Sashaying Their Way Through Youth|last=Hines|first=Alice|date=7 September 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909054506/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/style/self-care/drag-kids-desmond-the-amazing.html|archive-date=9 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The mainstream access to drag queens on television exponentially increased in 2009 when ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' started airing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-04 |title=How
However, as of 2022, exposing kids to drag has become somewhat controversial. Lawmakers in states such as Arizona, Florida, and Texas are attempting to ban minors from attending drag shows and punish parents who expose their kids to drag.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite news |last=Barco |first=Mandalit del |date=2022-06-16 |title=Some lawmakers hope to crack down on drag shows watched by children |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105544325/drag-shows-children |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510005848/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105544325/drag-shows-children |url-status=live }}</ref> These attempts to ban minors from watching drag are based on allegations of drag being a form of perversion and hyper-sexualization.<ref name="auto5"/> Some have argued that these accusations are the same that were leveled against homosexual men since the [[lavender scare]] of the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tensley |first=Brandon |date=2022-10-27 |title=How age-old homophobic language is being used to miseducate voters |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/27/us/rhetoric-lgbtq-midterms-race-deconstructed-newsletter-reaj/index.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Timothy W. |date=2023-05-16 |title=Calling drag queens 'groomers' and 'pedophiles' is the latest in a long history of weaponising those terms against the LGBTIQA community |url=http://theconversation.com/calling-drag-queens-groomers-and-pedophiles-is-the-latest-in-a-long-history-of-weaponising-those-terms-against-the-lgbtiqa-community-205648 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Those who disagree with the accusations have argued that drag queens provide a safe and creative environment for young children, especially LGBTQ+ children, and are a source of both education and entertainment.<ref name="auto5"/>
Line 231 ⟶ 230:
In December 2015, Radar Productions and [[Michelle Tea]] developed the concept of [[Drag Queen Story Hour]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamarche |first1=Una |date=19 May 2017 |title=Drag Queen Story Hour Puts the Rainbow in Reading |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/style/drag-queen-story-hour-puts-the-rainbow-in-reading.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701150324/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/style/drag-queen-story-hour-puts-the-rainbow-in-reading.html |archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Launched at the [[San Francisco Public Library]], Drag Queen Story Hour was adopted by the [[Brooklyn Public Library]] in the summer of 2016, and has since traveled to various libraries, museums, bookstores, recreation centers, and parks across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Drag Queen Story Hour |url=https://www.dragqueenstoryhour.org/#about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602104444/https://www.dragqueenstoryhour.org/#about |archive-date=2 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |website=Drag Queen Story Hour – drag queens reading stories to children in libraries, schools, and bookstores |publisher=Drag Queen Story Hour}}</ref>
Such events sometimes prompt opposition against the libraries and organizers.<ref name="Kuga 2018">{{cite web |last=Kuga |first=Mitchell |date=15 November 2018 |title=Some Libraries Are Facing Backlash Against LGBT Programs – And Holding Their Ground |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041117/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="FallRiver2019">{{cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Drag Queen Storytime Held at Fall River Library Despite Protests |url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041130/https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=WBZ – CBS Boston}}</ref> In one instance in California, men belonging to the far-right group known as the [[Proud Boys]] arrived in a group and disrupted the event by shouting homophobic and transphobic phrases at the crowd. The County Sheriff's Office opened a hate crime investigation into the incident due to the nature of the disruption.<ref name="auto5"/> Proud
== Societal reception ==
Line 250 ⟶ 249:
* [[Finocchio's Club]]
* [[Imperial Court System]]
* [[Köçek]]
* [[List of drag queens]]
| |||