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→Definitions: Restored reference to "first-degree relatives." It had been changed to "siblings," but the examples still included other first-degree relationships. |
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{{Close relationships|types}}
{{redirect|Siblings|the television series|Siblings (TV series)|other uses}}
A '''sibling''' is a relative that shares at least one [[parent]] with the
[[File:Me and my other brother.jpg|thumb|A [[sister]] (female sibling) carrying her [[brother]] (male sibling).]]
While some circumstances can cause siblings to be raised separately (such as [[foster care]]), most societies have siblings grow up together. This causes the development of strong [[human bonding|emotional bonds]], with siblinghood considered a unique type of relationship unto itself. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, [[birth order]], [[Personality psychology|personality]], and personal experiences outside the family.<ref name="psychtoday">{{cite magazine |author=Mersky Leder, Jane |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19930101-000023.html |title=Adult Sibling Rivalry |magazine=Psychology Today |date=Jan–Feb 1993 |access-date=November 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211220721/http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19930101-000023.html |archive-date=December 11, 2012 }}</ref>▼
▲While some circumstances can cause siblings to be raised separately (such as [[foster care]]), most societies have siblings grow up together. This causes the development of strong [[human bonding|emotional bonds]], with siblinghood considered a unique type of relationship
Medically, a full sibling is a [[first-degree relative]] and a half sibling is a [[second-degree relative]] as they are related by 50% and 25% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcbst.com/mpmanual/First_and_Second_Degree_Relative.htm |title=First, Second and Third Degree Relative |website= www.bcbst.com |publisher=BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, Inc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uab.edu/humanresources/home/images/M_images/Relations/PDFS/FAMILY%20MEMBER%20CHART.pdf |title=CONSANGUINITY / AFFINITY CHART |website=[[University of Alabama at Birmingham]]}}</ref>▼
▲Medically, a full
==Definitions==
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[[File:Haitian brothers.jpg|thumb|Two brothers from [[Haiti]].]]
The word ''sibling'' was reintroduced in 1903 in an article in ''[[Biometrika]]'', as a translation for the German ''Geschwister'', having not been used since Middle English, specifically 1425.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1903|first1=Karl|last1=Pearson|author-link=Karl Pearson|first2=Alice|last2=Lee|author-link2=Alice Lee (mathematician)|journal=Biometrika|title=On the laws of inheritance in man|volume=2|issue=4|page=369|doi=10.2307/2331507|jstor=2331507|url=https://archive.org/details/blumenzeitung13hssl/page/369|quote=These [calculations] will enable us... to predict the probable character in any individual from a knowledge of one or more parents or brethren (“siblings,” = brothers or sisters).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/wang_elizabeth_g_200912_ma.pdf|title=Gone But Not Forgotten: Persistence and Revival in the History of English Word Loss|author=Elizabeth Grace Wang|pages=35–36|quote=The primary word under consideration in this chapter is sibling, which during the Old English period referred simply to a relation, not necessarily to a brother or sister, as in the modern use of the term. The last recorded use in the Oxford English Dictionary in the relative sense is in 1425. There are no records at all of the word for the next 500 years, although its derivational base sib remained in use throughout those years. It was in fact the term sib which, when employed specifically in the fields of anthropology and genetics, gave rise to the readoption of sibling. Sibling, in the narrower modern sense of describing the relationship between two people sharing a common parent, filled a semantic gap in the English lexicon, as there previously was no term to describe the fraternal relationship that did not specify gender. It is clear from early uses of sibling in the 20th century that the writer did not expect the reader to be familiar with the word, as the translator’s note from a German eugenics book, Human Heredity explains, ‘The word “sib” or “sibling” is coming into use in genetics in the English-speaking world, as an equivalent of the convenient German term “Geschwister” and as a general name for all children born of the same parents, that is to say, to denote brothers and sisters without distinction of sex.’ (Baur 1931: 508 in sibling, OED). Likewise, an article in the journal Biometrika from 1903 contains the clarification, ‘“siblings”=brothers or sisters,’ when employing the term. Thus we observe an interesting phenomenon of a native English word being reintroduced to native English speakers, who clearly have no knowledge of it.}}</ref>
{{anchor|Full}}Siblings or '''full
{{anchor|Half}}'''Half-siblings''' ('''half-sisters''' or '''half-brothers''') are people who share one parent. They may share the same mother but different fathers (in which case they are known as ''uterine'' siblings or ''maternal half-siblings''), or they may have the same father but different mothers (in which case, they are known as ''agnate'' siblings or ''paternal half-siblings''. In law, the term ''[[Consanguinity|consanguine]]'' is used in place of agnate).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In law (and especially [[inheritance]] law), half-siblings have often been accorded treatment unequal to that of full
{{anchor|Three-quarter}}'''Three-quarter siblings''' share one parent, while the unshared parents are [[first-degree
[[Dibling]]s, a portmanteau of donor sibling, or donor-conceived sibling, or donor-sperm sibling, are biologically connected through [[Egg donation|donated eggs]] or [[Sperm donation|sperm]].<ref name="guardian-jolly">{{cite news|first1=Alice|last1=Jolly|access-date=2019-08-02|title=Donor siblings: do the ties of blood matter?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/jan/21/donor-siblings-do-ties-of-blood-matter|newspaper=The Guardian|date=21 January 2017|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-08-02|title=What It's Like To... Find Out You Have 40 Brothers and Sisters|url=http://vanmag.com/city/what-its-like-to-find-out-you-have-40-brothers-and-sisters/|date=12 April 2019|website=Vancouver Magazine|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802024856/http://vanmag.com/city/what-its-like-to-find-out-you-have-40-brothers-and-sisters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Diblings are biologically siblings though not legally for the purposes of family rights and inheritance. The anonymity of donation is seen to add complication to the process of courtship.
===Non
Related through affinity:
* '''[[Stepsibling]]s''' (stepbrothers or stepsisters) are the children of one's [[Stepfamily|stepparent]] from a previous relationship.
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* '''Cross-siblings''' are individuals who share one or more half-siblings; if one person has at least one maternal half-sibling and at least one paternal half-sibling, the maternal and paternal half-siblings are cross-siblings to each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/dec/28/shes-my-sister-from-another-mister-cross-siblings|title=She's my sister from another mister! {{!}} Janelle Butterfield|last=Butterfield|first=Janelle|date=2013-12-28|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref>{{Dubious |Cross siblings?|date=June 2020}}
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size: 94%; width: 49%;"
! Siblings and half
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{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 94%; width: 49%;"
! Siblings, half
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{{Tree chart/end}}
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|style="font-size:94%; border: none; line-height: 1.4em; max-width: 100px;" |Erika and Efram are full siblings;
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{{-}}
==Consanguinity and genetics==
[[Consanguinity]] is the measure of how closely people are related.<ref>{{Cite web|last=nivens|date=2015-01-09|title=Consanguinity|url=https://adoption.umn.edu/consanguinity|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Adoption Medicine Clinic – University of Minnesota|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305135928/https://adoption.umn.edu/consanguinity|url-status=dead}}</ref> Genetic relatedness measures how many genes a person shares. As all humans share over 99% of the same genes, consanguinity only matters for the small fraction of genes which vary between different
A fraternal twin is a sibling and, therefore, is related by 50% consanguinity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coefficient of relationship – ISOGG Wiki|url=https://isogg.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship|access-date=2021-03-02|website=isogg.org}}</ref> [[Fraternal twins]] are no more genetically similar than regular siblings. As [[identical twin]]s come from the same zygote, their most recent common ancestor is each other.
Half
A person may share more than the standard consanguinity with their sibling if their parents are related (the [[coefficient of inbreeding]] is greater than zero).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} {{anchor|3quarters}}Interestingly, half
===Percentage distribution===
In practice, full siblings do not share exactly 50% of their DNA, as [[chromosomal crossover]] only occurs a limited number of times and, therefore, large chunks of a chromosome are shared or not shared at one time. In fact, the mean DNA fraction shared is 50.28% with a standard deviation of 3.68%,<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4037293 | year=2013 | last1=Vinkhuyzen | first1=A. A. | last2=Wray | first2=N. R. | last3=Yang | first3=J. | last4=Goddard | first4=M. E. | last5=Visscher | first5=P. M. | title=Estimation and Partitioning of Heritability in Human Populations using Whole Genome Analysis Methods | journal=Annual Review of Genetics | volume=47 | pages=75–95 | doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133258 | pmid=23988118 }}</ref> meaning approximately 1/4 of sibling pairs share more than 52.76% of their DNA, while 1/4 share less than 47.8%.<ref>Calculated based on the [[Standard deviation#Rules for normally distributed data|normal distribution]]</ref>
There is a very small chance that two half-siblings might not share any genes
==Birth order==
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[[File:Pedro II of Brazil and his sisters 1839.JPG|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] with his sisters Princesses [[Princess Francisca of Brazil|Francisca]] and [[Princess Januária of Brazil|Januária]], 1839]]
Birth order is a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Typically, researchers classify siblings as "eldest", "middle child", and "youngest" or simply distinguish between "
Birth order is commonly believed in [[pop psychology]] and popular culture to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and [[Personality psychology|personality]]. For example, firstborns are seen as conservative and high
===History===
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==Rivalry==
{{Main|Sibling rivalry}}
[[File:Sir Joshua Reynolds
"Sibling rivalry" is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters. It appears to be particularly intense when children are very close in age or of the same gender.<ref>[http://www.sylviarimm.com/article13.html The Effects of Sibling Competition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701155521/http://www.sylviarimm.com/article13.html |date=2007-07-01 }} Syliva B. Rimm, Educational Assessment Service, 2002.</ref> Sibling rivalry can involve [[aggression]]; however, it is not the same as [[sibling abuse]] where one child victimizes another.
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