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| Ship name= Kyrenia Ship
| Ship namesake=
| Ship launched= ca.
| Ship fate= Sank, ca. 294 BC<ref name="KS_Volume1"/>{{page needed|date=December 2023}}
| Ship status= [[Museum ship]]
| Ship notes=
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}}
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The '''Kyrenia Ship''' is the wreck of a 4th-century BC ancient Greek [[merchant ship]]. It was discovered by Greek-Cypriot diving instructor Andreas Cariolou in November 1965 during a storm.<ref name = KS_Volume1 /><ref name=Seven1 /> Having lost the exact position, Cariolou carried out more than 200 dives until he re-discovered the wreck in 1967 close to [[Kyrenia]] (Keryneia) in [[Cyprus]]. Michael Katzev, a graduate student at the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]], directed a scientific excavation from 1967 to 1969. Katzev later became a co-founder of the American [[Institute of Nautical Archaeology]]. The find was extensively covered in a documentary by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation titled "With Captain, Sailors Three: The Ancient Ship of Kyrenia". The ship itself was very well preserved with more than half its hull timbers in good condition. After it was raised from the seabed, it found a new home at the Ancient Shipwreck Museum in [[Kyrenia Castle]], where it remains on exhibit.<ref name = nyt1 />
==Career==
The ship sailed in the [[Mediterranean]] during the lifetime of [[Alexander the Great]] and his successors. It sank in open water off the ancient harbour of [[Kyrenia]] some time after 294 BC, when it was rather old.<ref name="KS_Volume1"/>
The ship was in use by merchants for more than
==Discovery==
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The shipwreck of Kyrenia was discovered in November 1965 by the Kyrenian Greek Cypriot diving instructor and Municipal Councillor Andreas Cariolou while collecting sponges at a sea depth of 33 metres, approximately a nautical mile Northeast of the [[harbour]] of Kyrenia on the North coast of the Republic of Cyprus, during a stormy day. With the storm at the surface, the anchor of his vessel started to drag on the muddy seabed. Cariolou noticed the cloud of the drag and followed the anchor's slow travel when he suddenly noticed the shipwreck. Happily bewildered he had to quickly recover and follow the drag of his anchor as his vessel was dangerously approaching the rocky coast. Understanding the importance of his find and the risk of illegal excavations, he remained discreet about it informing only the director of the Department of Antiquities Dr [[Vassos Karageorghis]] and the President of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]. In late 1967, the Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Cyprus, invited a number of Underwater Archaeologists to study the possibilities of excavating at such a particularly difficult and costly sea depth. Amongst them was nautical archaeologist Michael Katzev of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology who had been surveying for shipwrecks off the coast of Cyprus. In that year, Andreas Cariolou took the team headed by Michael Katzev to the site.
Michael Katzev
==Archaeological evidence==
[[File:Kyrenia shipwreck 7.jpg|thumb|Objects on display at the Kyrenia Castle Shipwreck Museum]]
The objects in Kyrenia Castle are the original ones that it carried during its last voyage about 2,300 years ago. From them, we learned about the life of the captain and three sailors who manned the ship. The ship carried 381 amphoras or transport jars containing a cargo of wine, olive oil, and almonds--most amphoras aboard the Kyrenia Ship came from [[Rhodes]] (x340), with some from [[Knidos]] (x4), [[Samos]] (x1), [[Kos]] (x2), [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] (x1), [[Egypt]] ([[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] style, x1), [[Cyprus]] (x1) and possibly Kourion (x1).<ref name = KS_Volume1 />
In addition a cargo of wine, oil, and [[almonds]] (over 9,000 in number), the Kyrenia Ship carried millstones and iron billets. Twenty-nine [[millstones]], laden in three rows over the [[keel]] as cargo also served as [[ballast]]. At the stone [[quarry]], probably on the island of [[Kos]], masons carved letters of identification on their sides.<ref name = KS_Volume1 />
The sailors fished during the voyage and this is revealed by more than 300 lead net weights found in the bow. Meals were probably prepared ashore, using large casserole pots and a bronze cauldron. Aboard the ship were also four drinking cups ([[kantharoi]]), four oil containers ([[gutti]]), four wine measures ([[olpai]]), as well as bowls and saucers, and wooden spoons. This cabin pottery from the Kyrenia shipwreck suggests that the ship was sailed by a crew of four. The cabin pottery is also indicates that the vessel's homeport was Rhodes, a conclusion further supported by the scientific analyses undertaken on these ceramics.<ref name = KS_Volume1 />
The Kyrenia Ship interestingly may have had an earlier life with a Levantine crew, however.<ref name = KS_Volume1 />
The ship carried a single square sail and more than 100 lead rigging rings from its so-called brail sail were found on the shipwreck site. The [[wooden]] hull, built mostly of pine ([[Pinus brutia]]), was preserved for a length of almost {{convert|14.7|by|4.4|m}} across. The ship was built using the "shell first" ancient method, the opposite of today's method. Contrary to the contemporary wood boat building method where a complete skeleton of frames of the entire vessel must first be constructed, in this case, the planking from the keel and up was joined
Preservation and conservation of the ship's
At the time of its sinking, the Kyrenia Ship carried only one [[anchor]]
This anchor type relied solely on its ability to grip the seabed. The earliest mention of a hook anchor is from a Greek poem dating to the mid-seventeenth century BC. The Greeks attributed the invention of the hook anchor to several semi-legendary figures, including King Midas of Phrygia, but the real inventor is unknown.<ref name="VanDuivenvoorde2012"/>
==Sailing reconstructions==
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{{commons category|Kyrenia shipwreck}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name = KS_Volume1>{{cite
<ref name = nyt1>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date= 2001-09-30 |title=Michael L. Katzev, 62, Dies; Underwater Archaeologist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/us/michael-l-katzev-62-dies-underwater-archaeologist.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= 2020-11-03}}</ref>
<ref name="cypnet">{{cite web |url= http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/city/kyrenia/castle/shipwreck/ |title=Kyrenia Shipwreck Museum |work=cypnet.co.uk |year=2012 |access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>
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<ref name = coin1>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.gov.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=4284&lang=en |title=Central Bank Of Cyprus - 10 CENT |publisher=Centralbank.gov.cy |date=2002-10-17 |access-date=2009-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405050401/http://www.centralbank.gov.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1 |archive-date=2012-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Steffy1985">{{cite journal |last1=Steffy |first1=J. Richard |date=1985-01-01 |title=The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on Its Hull Construction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/504772 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=71–101 |doi=10.2307/504772 |jstor=504772 |s2cid=108456346 |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>
<ref name="VanDuivenvoorde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Van Duivenvoorde |first1=Wendy |date=2012 |title= The Anchor of the 3rd‐Century‐BC Ship from Kyrenia, Cyprus: a one‐armed wooden anchor with a lead‐filled stock |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00350.x |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=397–407 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00350.x |bibcode=2012IJNAr..41..397V |s2cid=233246351 |access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref>
<ref name="VanDuivenvoorde2017">{{cite journal |last1=Van Duivenvoorde |first1=Wendy |date=2017 |title=Anchoring the Kyrenia Ship: An experimental project to reconstruct the
<ref name = Lionel>{{cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |date=1994 |title=Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times |location=Austin, Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |page=109 }}</ref>
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==Further reading==
* Briggs, Lisa, Stella Demesticha, Susan Katzev, Helena Wylde Swiny, Oliver E. Craig, Léa Drieu. 2021.
* Harpster, Matthew. 2015. Protecting Maritime Heritage in Disputed Territory: The Kyrenia Shipwreck Collection Restoration Program. ''Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies'', vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 156–165. https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0156.
* Renson, Virginie, and Michael D. Glascock. 2021. Lead Isotopes to Identify Underwater Ceramic Contamination: The Example of the Kyrenia Shipwreck (Cyprus). ''Minerals'', vol. 11, no. 6: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060625
* Schwab, Roland, Michael Brauns, Walter Fasnacht, Susan Womer Katzev, Nicole Lockhoff, Helena Wylde Swiny, 2022, From Cyprus, or to Cyprus? A pilot study with osmium isotopy and siderophile trace elements to reconstruct the origin of corroded iron billets from the Kyrenia shipwreck. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Volume 42, 103365. ISSN 2352-409X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103365.
* Steffy, Richard J., 1985, "The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on its Hull Construction." American Journal of Archaeology 38.1 (January
▲* Steffy, Richard J. "The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on its Hull Construction." American Journal of Archaeology 38.1 (January 1985): 71-101.
* Steffy, Richard J., 1993, "Ancient Ship Repair", in Harry Tzalas (ed.), Tropis V: 5th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Nauplia, 26, 27, 28 August 1993: Proceedings, 395-408. Athens.
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{{coord missing|Cyprus}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{Oldest surviving ships (pre-1919)}}
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[[Category:4th-century BC artifacts]]
[[Category:1965 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Ptolemy I Soter]]
[[Category:Alexander the Great]]
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