Cable-stayed bridge: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Type of bridge with cables directly from towers Dubaito deck}}

|image_title=The [[Russky Bridge]] in [[Vladivostok]] has a central span of {{convert|1104 metres. It is|m|ft}}, the world's longest cable-stayed bridge span as of 2024.

[[File:Öresundsbron och tanker.jpg|thumb|[[Øresund Bridge]] from [[Malmö]] to [[Copenhagen]] in [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] ]]

[[File:Abdoun Bridge (7).jpg|thumb|[[Abdoun Bridge]], Amman, Jordan, example of an [[extradosed bridge]] ]]

[[File:Prins Clausbrug vanuit NO bekeken.JPG|thumb|right|Prins Clausbrug across the [[Amsterdam-Rhine Canal]] in [[Utrecht]] ]]

Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to [[suspension bridge]]s, but they are quite different in principle and in their construction. In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are [[Earth anchor|anchored]] at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under [[tension (mechanics)|tension]] from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the [[live load]] of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards [[compression member|compression]] on the towers.

* for a symmetrical bridge (in which the [[span (architectureengineering)|spanspans]]s on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large [[earth anchor|ground anchorages]] are not required

[[File:Cable-stayed bridge tower arrangements.png|thumb|All the seven column arrangements of a cable-stayed bridge.]]

* The ''A-shaped'' design is similar in concept to the portal but achieves the same goal by angling the two columns towards each other to meet at the top, eliminating the need for the third member. Examples: [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]] and, [[Helgeland Bridge]] in [[Norway]] and [[Christopher S. Bond Bridge (Kansas City, Missouri)|Christopher S. Bond Bridge]] in [[Missouri]].

* The ''H-shaped'' design combines the ''portal'' on the bottom with the ''double'' on top. Examples: [[Grenland Bridge]] in [[Norway]] and, [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] in [[Portugal]] and [[John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)|John James Audubon Bridge]] in Louisiana.

* [[Journalist Phelippe Daou Bridge]] crosses the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] state. It was opened on 24 October 2011 and is currently the fourth longest bridge in [[Brazil]], at {{convert|3595|m|ft}}<ref name=Rio_Negro>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/29/manaus-bridge-amazon-rainforest|title=First Amazon bridge to open world's greatest rainforest to development|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 August 2010|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> with a cable-stayed span of {{convert|400 metres (1,312&nbsp;|m|ft)|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio Negro Bridge, $400-Million Economic Link, Opens in Amazon Basin|url=https://www.enr.com/articles/4905-rio-negro-bridge-400-million-economic-link-opens-in-amazon-basin|access-date=2021-12-07|website=www.enr.com|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]], crosses the [[Cooper River (South Carolina)|Cooper River]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. It opened in 2005 to replace the [[John P. Grace Memorial Bridge]] and the [[Silas N. Pearman Bridge]] which were nearing the end of their useful lives. At the time of its opening it was the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafargeholcim.com/united-states-longest-cable-stayed-bridge-west|title=United States: The longest cable-stayed bridge in the West|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

* [[Brooklyn Bridge]], famous as a suspension bridge, also has cable stays.

* [[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]], a six-lane vehicular bridge that crosses the [[Panama Canal]] with a total length of {{convert|1.05|km|ft}}.

[[File:RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg|thumb|left|Erasmus Bridge, [[Erasmusbrug]], in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]] ]]

* [[Erasmus Bridge]] crosses the [[Nieuwe Maas]] in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. The southern span of the bridge has an {{convert|89|m|ft}} bascule bridge for ships that cannot pass under the bridge. The bascule bridge is the largest and heaviest in West Europe and has the largest panel of its type in the world.

[[File:GoldenHornMetroBridge 09.JPG|thumb|A view of the [[Golden Horn Metro Bridge]], with the [[Galata Tower]] at the left end of the frame, [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] ]]

* [[Golden Horn Metro Bridge]], connects the old peninsula of [[Istanbul]] with the [[Galata]] district and is the first cable-stayed bridge in [[Turkey]].

* The [[Gordie Howe International Bridge]] currently under construction, connecting Detroit, Michigan with Windsor, Ontario, will have two "A"inverted “Y” shaped towers built on the banks of the Detroit River, six-lanes for automotive traffic, and a cycle and walking path. It will be {{convert|2.5 kilometres (1.6 |km|mi)|abbr=off}} long. Once completed in 20242025, it will have the longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge in North America at {{convert|853 metres (2,799 |m|ft)|abbr=off}}.

* [[John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)]]: The longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere, crossing the Mississippi River between [[New Roads, Louisiana]] and [[St. Francisville, Louisiana]].

* [[Kosciuszko Bridge]]: This connects the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, replacing a truss bridge of the same name. The first cable-stayed span (temporarily carrying three lanes in each direction) opened to traffic in April 2017. A second, nearly identical span opened on 29 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/nyregion/kosciuszko-bridge-span-new-york.html|title=The City's Most Hated Bridge Gets a Nearly $1 Billion Makeover|last1=Paybarah|first1=Azi|date=2019-08-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-29|last2=Schweber|first2=Nate|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|[[Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge]] over the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. (2012)]]

* [[Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.A., which opened in 2012 and spans the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]]. In 2012, the bridge received an Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award from the Texas section of the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105183708/http://www.texasce.org/?page=MHHBridge|archive-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.texasce.org/?page=MHHBridge|title=Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, 2012 OCEA|publisher=Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218093336/http://www.texasce.org/?page=OCEA|archive-date=18 February 2016|url=http://www.texasce.org/?page=OCEA|title=Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Awards|publisher=Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> The bridge also received a 2012 European Convention for Constructional Steelwork Award For Steel Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.steelconstruct.com/site/index.php?process=download&id=5947&code=787574cca62869258a38a50941853324296b3e77|title=Margaret Hunt Bridge, Dallas, USA|work=2012 ECCS Award For Steel Bridges|publisher=European Convention for Constructional Steelwork|location=[[Brussels, Belgium]]|pages=4–7|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205822/https://www.steelconstruct.com/site/index.php?process=download&id=5947&code=787574cca62869258a38a50941853324296b3e77|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Millau Viaduct]], the bridge with the tallest piers in the world: {{convert|341|m|ft}} tall and roadway {{convert|266|m|ft}} high, spanning the river [[Tarn (river)|Tarn]] in France. With a total length of {{convert|2460|m|ft}} and seven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed suspended deck in the world.

[[File:Novy Most d.JPG|right|thumb|[[Most SNP]] (Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising) – the world's longest cable-stayed bridge to have one pylon and one cable-stayed plane (Bratislava, Slovakia, 1967–1972).]]

* [[Most SNP]] (Nový most), the world's longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon and with one cable-stayed plane, spanning the [[Danube]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]. The main span is {{convert|303|m|ft}}, total length {{convert|430.8|m|ft}}. The only member of [[World Federation of Great Towers]] that is primarily used as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurant at the top of pylon {{convert|85|m|ft}} tall.

* [[Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge]] crosses the [[Pinheiros River]] in [[São Paulo]], 2008. It has a {{convert|138|m}}-high pylon under which two stayed roads cross each other turning 90° to the opposite bank of the river.

* [[Oresund Bridge]], a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of {{convert|490|m|ft}} and a total length of {{convert|7.85|km|mi}}, crossing the [[Öresund]] between [[Malmö]], Sweden, and the [[Danish Capital Region]].

* [[Pelješac Bridge]], [[Dubrovnik-Neretva County]], Croatia. It is a {{convert|2404|m|ft}} long and {{convert|98|m|ft}} tall road bridge that connects the southeastern [[semi-exclave]] to the rest of the country, spanning the sea channel between [[Komarna]] and [[Pelješac]].

* [[Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory]], a road bridge with an observatory at the top of one of the towers, and a span of {{convert|2120|ft|m|0}}.

* [[Ponte Morandi]], part of which collapsed during a rainstorm on 14 August 2018

* [[Pont de Normandie]], crosses the [[Seine]] in [[Normandy]], France (1988 - 19951988–1995) – briefly the world's longest cable-stayed bridge.

* [[Queensferry Crossing]] (formerly the Forth Replacement Crossing) is a road bridge in Scotland. It is built alongside the existing, suspension, [[Forth Road Bridge]] across the [[Firth of Forth]] and upon completion in 2017 became the longest triple-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world at 2700m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theforthbridges.org/queensferry-crossing/|title = Queensferry Crossing &#124; the Forth Bridges}}</ref>

* [[Pont de Brotonne]], first modern cable-stayed bridge of that type, opened to traffic in 1977.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020|reason=It is unclear of the "type" of bridge that makes this the first. The Strömsund Bridge is the first modern cable-stayed bridge. The Pasco-Kennewick [[Cable Bridge]] was an earlier prestressed-concrete cable-stayed bridge. So it is unclear which criteria this bridge was 'first' at.)}}

* [[Rande Bridge]] in Spain near Vigo is the highway cable-stayed bridge with the longest and slenderest span in the world at the time of construction (1973–1977). Three long spans of {{convert|148|m|ft}} + {{convert|400|m|ft}} + {{convert|148|m|ft}}. Pylons in concrete, girder in steel.

* [[Rio-Antirio bridge]] crosses the [[Gulf of Corinth]] near [[Patras]], Greece. At a total length of {{convert|2880|m|ft}} and four towers, it has the second longest cable-stayed suspended deck ({{convert|2258|m|ft}} long) in the world, with only the deck of the Millau Viaduct in southern France being longer at {{convert|2460|m|ft}}. However, as the latter is also supported by bearings at the pylons apart from cable stays, the Rio–Antirrio bridge deck might be considered the longest cable-stayed fully suspended deck in the world.

* [[Russky Bridge]], the cable-stayed bridge with the world's longest span, at {{convert|1104|m|ft}} meters. [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]].

* [[Second Severn Crossing]] between England and [[Wales]] is {{convert|3.186|mi|km}} long, consisting of a single central navigation span over the "Shoots" channel and approach viaducts on either side.<ref>{{Cite web

* [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]], in the US State of [[Florida]] locatledlocated near [[Tampa]] opened in 19891987. The bridge replaced the original [[cantilever bridges]] which were the site of a maritime incident.

* [[Surgut Bridge]], the longest single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in the world, crossing the [[Ob River]] in [[Siberia]], [[Russia]].

* [[Sutong Yangtze River Bridge]] in eastern China has the second longest cable-stayed bridge span at {{convert|1088|m|ft}}. Completed in 2008, the Sutong Bridge is [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels#Chang Jiang 2|one of over 40 cable-stayed bridges built over the Yangtze]] since 1995.

* The [[Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)|GovernorTappan Mario M. CuomoZee Bridge]], the replacement for the [[Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)|Tappanoriginal Zee Bridgebridge]], is a [[Twin bridges|twin-deck]] cable-stayed bridge opened in 2017 and 2018, and is both the southernmost [[List of crossings of the Hudson River|Hudson River-crossing bridge]] entirely within New York State, and the first cable-stayed bridge in North America to match Boston's Zakim Bridge (see below) overall road-deck width figure of {{convert|183 feet (56 meters)|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}, spanning eight lanes.

* [[Tilikum Crossing]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], is the first major bridge in the U.S. that was designed to allow access to transit vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians but not cars. Completed in 2015, the bridge is {{convert|1720|ft|m}} and spans across the [[Willamette River]] to connect the [[South Waterfront]] and [[Central Eastside, Portland, Oregon|Central Eastside]] districts.

* [[Ting Kau Bridge]], the world's first major four-span (three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part of the road network connecting [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to other parts of [[Hong Kong]].

* [[Varina-Enon Bridge]], Carries I-295 across the James River between Henrico and Chesterfield Counties in Virginia. Varina-Enon Bridge features the world's first use of precast concrete delta frames for construction of its {{convert|630|ft|m}} cable-stayed main span. It is an instrumental part of the Peregrine Falcon program overseen by the [[Virginia Department of Transportation]].

* [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] in [[Lisbon]], Portugal is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of {{convert|17.2|km|mi}}, including {{convert|0.829|km|mi}} for the main bridge, {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} in viaducts and {{convert|4.8|km|mi}} in extension roads.

* The [[Kazungula Bridge]] is a road and rail bridge over the [[Zambezi|Zambezi river]] between the countries of [[Zambia]] and [[Botswana]] (3,028 feet).

* [[Zárate–Brazo Largo Bridge]]s over the Paraná Guazú and Paraná de las Palmas Rivers in [[Argentina]] (1972–1976) are the first two road and railway long-span cable-stayed steel bridges in the world. Spans: {{convert|110|m|ft}} + {{convert|330|m|ft}} + {{convert|110|m|ft}}.

{{Commons|Cable-stayed bridges}}