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{{Short description|Government office in Massachusetts}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox Politicalofficial post
| post = Secretary of the Commonwealth
| body = Massachusetts
|insignia native_name = Seal of= Massachusetts.svg
|insigniasize insignia = 110pxSeal of Massachusetts.svg
| insigniasize = 110px
|insigniacaption = [[Seal of Massachusetts]]
|style insigniacaption = [[HisSeal Honour|Hisof HonorMassachusetts]]
|incumbent insigniaalt = [[William F. Galvin]] <br>since= JanuarySeal 1,of 1995Masschusetts
| image = WFGalvin Official Portrait.png
| imagesize = 150px
|termlength alt = Four years = Portrait
|formation imagecaption = 1780
|inaugural incumbent = [[JohnWilliam Avery, JrF. Galvin]]
|website acting = {{URL|http://www.sec.state.ma.us/}}
| incumbentsince = January 1, 1995
| department = [[Government of Massachusetts]]
| style = [[His Honor|His Honor/Her honor]]
| status = [[Chief administrative officer|Chief administrator]]<br>[[Recorder of deeds|Registrar of deeds]]<br>[[Public records|Records officer]]<br>[[Government of Massachusetts#Constitutional officers|Constitutional officer]]
| residence = None official
| seat = [[Massachusetts State House|State House]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| nominator = [[Nominating petition]],<br>[[Political parties and political designations in Massachusetts|Political parties]]
| appointer = [[Direct election|Popular vote]]
| termlength = Four years, no limit
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Massachusetts]]
| formation = Original post:<br>August 23, 1629<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/recordsofgoverno01mass/page/73/mode/2up | title=Records of the governor and company of the Massachusetts bay in New England. Printed by order of the legislature | year=1853 | publisher=Boston, W. White, printer to the commonwealth }}</ref><br>Current form:<br>October 25, 1780
| first =
| unofficial_names = Secretary of State
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sec.state.ma.us/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts''' is a constitutional officer in the [[executive branch]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Massachusetts]]. Originally appointed under authority of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|English Crown]] pursuant to the [[Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company]], the office of secretary of the Commonwealth (equivalent to "[[Secretary of State (U.S. state government)|secretaries of state]]" in other U.S. jurisdictions) became an [[Direct election|elective]] one in 1780.{{Efn|Massachusett's Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth is therefore the oldest operating secretary of state's office in the United States.}} Twenty-seven individuals have occupied the office of secretary of the Commonwealth over the ensuing centuries. The incumbent is [[William F. Galvin]], a [[Massachusetts Democratic Party|Democrat]] who has held the office since 1995.
 
==Election==
The '''Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth''' is the [[Secretary of State (U.S. state government)|principal public information officer]] of the [[Government of Massachusetts|government]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Massachusetts]].
===Term of office===
The secretary of the Commonwealth is [[Direct election|elected]] by the people on [[Election Day]] in November to four-year terms, and takes office on the third Wednesday of the January following a general election. There is no [[term limit|limit]] to the number of terms a secretary may hold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution|title=Article LXIV, Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=General Court of Massachusetts|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref> Institutionally speaking, the secretary of the Commonwealth is thus completely [[Plural executive|independent]] of both the [[Governor of Massachusetts|governor]] and [[General Court of Massachusetts|General Court]] for the purpose of performing their official duties. These constitutional protections notwithstanding, the secretary may still be [[Impeachment|impeached]] for misconduct or maladministration by the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and, if found guilty, removed from office by the [[Massachusetts Senate|Senate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution|title=Article VIII, Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=General Court of Massachusetts|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref>
 
===Qualifications===
The Secretary of the Commonwealth oversees the Corporations Division, the Elections Division, the [[Massachusetts Archives]], the [[Massachusetts Historical Commission]], the Public Records Division, the Securities Division, as well as the State Records Center.
Any person seeking election to the office of secretary of the Commonwealth must meet the following requirements:
#Be at least eighteen years of age;
#Be a registered voter in Massachusetts;
#Be a Massachusetts resident for at least five years when elected; and
#Receive 5,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/Candidates-Guide-generic.pdf |title=How to Run for Office in Massachusetts |date=March 2017 |website=Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>
 
===Vacancies===
[[William F. Galvin]] has held the office since 1995.
In the event of a vacancy in the office of secretary of the Commonwealth, the [[General Court of Massachusetts|General Court]] is charged, if in session, with electing from among the eligible citizens of the Commonwealth a successor to serve the balance of the prior secretary's term in office.{{Efn|Citizens of the Commonwealth of the Massachusetts are officially designated as "Bay Staters". Being a Bay Stater implies concurrent U.S. citizenship, which is required in order to vote in Massachusetts and to run for any public office, including that of secretary of the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth|publisher=General Court of Massachusetts|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/elections/voter-resources/registering-to-vote.htm|title=Registering to Vote|publisher=Elections Division, Massachusetts Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref>}} If, however, the vacancy occurs while the General Court is not in session, then responsibility for appointing a successor falls to the [[Governor of Massachusetts|governor]]. The appointment is not valid without the [[advice and consent]] of the [[Massachusetts Governor's Council|Governor's Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution|title=Article XVII, Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=General Court of Massachusetts|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref>
 
==Powers and duties==
== List of Secretaries of the Commonwealth (1780 to present) ==
The Secretary of the Commonwealth oversees the Corporations Division, the Elections Division, the [[Massachusetts Archives]], the [[Massachusetts Historical Commission]], the Public Records Division, the Securities Division, as well as the State Records Center.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
 
! #
!==List Secretaryof secretaries of the Commonwealth (1780 to present)==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:left"
! Years
! No.
! colspan="2" | Secretary of the Commonwealth
! Party
! Years
! Electoral/appointed history
 
|-
! 1
| nowrap align=left | [[File:John Avery, Jr..png|100px]]<br/>
|[[John Avery, Jr.]]
| nowrap | January 1, 1780 –<br/>June 7, 1806<ref name="Robertsp196">{{Citation | last= Roberts|first=Oliver Ayer| title=History of the Military company of the Massachusetts, now called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts 1637-1888. Vol. II - 1738-1821| page = 196. | publisher = Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers | location = Boston, MA | year = 1901}}</ref>
| {{party shading/Federalist}} | Pro-Administration/[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
| nowrap="" | January 1, 1780 –<br/>June 7, 1806<ref name="Robertsp196">{{Citation | last= Roberts|first=Oliver Ayer| title=History of the Military company of the Massachusetts, now called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts 1637-1888. Vol. II - 1738-1821| page = 196 | publisher = Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers | location = Boston, MA | year = 1901}}</ref>
| Succeeded [[Samuel Adams]], who had been Secretary of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] from August 15, 1776 until January 1, 1780. Avery died in office, June 7, 1806.<ref name="Robertsp196"/>
| Succeeded [[Samuel Adams]], who had been Secretary of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] from August 15, 1776, until January 1, 1780. Avery died in office, June 7, 1806.<ref name="Robertsp196"/>
 
|-
! 2
| nowrap align=left |
|[[Jonathan L. Austin]]
| nowrap | 1806 –<br/>1808
| {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| nowrap="" | 1806 –<br/>1808
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 3
| nowrap align=left |[[File:William Tudor TJAG.jpeg|100px]]<br/>
|[[William Tudor]]
| 1808 –<br/>1810
| {{party shading/Federalist}} | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
| 1808 –<br/>1810
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 4
| nowrap align=left |
|[[Benjamin Homans]]
| 1810 –<br/>1812
| {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| 1810 –<br/>1812
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 5
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Chester Harding - Alden Bradford.jpg|100px]]<br/>
|[[Alden Bradford]]
| {{party shading/Federalist}} | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]/[[National Republican Party|National Republican]]
| 1812 –<br/>1824
| {{party shading/Federalist}} | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]/[[National Republican Party|National Republican]]
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 6
| nowrap align=left | [[File:EDWARD DILLINGHAM BANGS (1790-1838).jpg|100px]]<br/>
|[[Edward D. Bangs]]
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[National Republican Party|National Republican]]/[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1824 –<br/>1836
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[National Republican Party|National Republican]]/[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 7
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Mayor JP Bigelow.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[John P. Bigelow]]
| 1836 –<br/>1843
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1836 –<br/>1843
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 8
| nowrap align=left |
|[[John A. Bolles]]
| 1843 –<br/>1844
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1843 –<br/>1844
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 9
| nowrap align=left | [[File:John Gorham Palfrey.jpg|100px]]<br/>
|[[John G. Palfrey]]
| 1844 –<br/>1848
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1844 –<br/>1848
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 10
| nowrap align=left | [[File:William Barron Calhoun.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[William B. Calhoun]]
| January 1848<ref name="Yale">{{Citation|last= Dexter|first= Franklin Bowditch| title =Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College With Annals of the College History, Vol. VI September; 1805 - September; 1815| page = 629. | publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven, Ct| year = 1912}}</ref> –<br/>1851
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000046 William B. Calhoun] at the ''[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]''. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.</ref>
| January 1848<ref name="Yale">{{Citation|last= Dexter|first= Franklin Bowditch| title =Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College With Annals of the College History, Vol. VI September; 1805 - September; 1815| page = 629 | publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven, Ct| year = 1912}}</ref> –<br/>1851
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 11
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Amasa Walker.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Amasa Walker]]
| 1851 –<br/>1853
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1851 –<br/>1853
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 12
| nowrap align=left |
|[[Ephraim M. Wright]]
| 1853 –<br/>1856
| {{party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| 1853 –<br/>1856
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 13
| nowrap align=left |
|[[Francis De Witt (Massachusetts)|Francis De Witt]]
| 1856 –<br/>1858
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | [[Know Nothing]]
| 1856 –<br/>1858
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 14
| nowrap align=left |
|[[Oliver Warner (Massachusetts politician)|Oliver Warner]]
| 1858 –<br/>1876
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 1858 –<br/>1876
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 15
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Henry Bailey Pierce.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Henry B. Pierce]]
| 1876 –<br/>1891
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 1876 –<br/>1891
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 16
| nowrap align=left | [[File:William Milo Olin.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[William M. Olin]]
| 1891 –<br/>April 15, 1911
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 1891 –<br/>April 15, 1911
| Died in office April 15, 1911.
 
|-
| Acting
| nowrap align=left |
| [[Isaac H. Edgett]]
|[[Isaac H. Edgett]]
| April 15, 1911 –<br/>April 28, 1911.<ref name="BosDGloApril271911p9">{{Citation |last = Boston Daily Globe | title =LANGTRY IN NEW OFFICE. The Netherlands Club Pays Him a Visit and Presents Him a Bunch of Roses.| page = 9. | publisher = Boston Daily Globe | location = Boston, Mass | date = April 29, 1911}}</ref>
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| April 15, 1911 –<br/>April 28, 1911.<ref name="BosDGloApril271911p9">{{Citation |last = Boston Daily Globe | title =LANGTRY IN NEW OFFICE. The Netherlands Club Pays Him a Visit and Presents Him a Bunch of Roses.| page = 9 | publisher = Boston Daily Globe | location = Boston, Mass | date = April 29, 1911}}</ref>
| Edgett, was the First Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth under [[William M. Olin]].
As the First Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth Edgett became the acting Secretary of the Commonwealth upon [[William M. Olin|Olin's]] death. Edgett served as the acting Secretary of the Commonwealth<ref name="BosGlobe April 18, 1911">{{Citation |last = Boston Daily Globe| title = HOUSE RECORDED FOR INCOME TAX Walker Asks Reconsideration--- Senate Adopts 54-Hour Bill. Insane Hospital Inquiry Killed--- Anti-Lorimer Resolution. IMPORTANT EVENTS AT STATE HOUSE YESTERDAY.|page =1 | publisher = The Boston Daily Globe | location = Boston, MA | date =April 18, 1911}}</ref> until [[Albert P. Langtry]] was elected by the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts legislature]] to serve out the remainder of [[William M. Olin|Olin's]] term.
Line 152 ⟶ 198:
|-
! 17
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Albert P. Langtry 1920.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Albert P. Langtry]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref name="Foss">{{Cite news|title=FOSS AND FROTHINGHAM WIN.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 27, 1911|pages=2|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/09/27/104876433.pdf|access-date=October 6, 2007}}</ref>
| April 28, 1911<ref name="BosDGloApril271911p9"/>
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref name=Foss>{{Cite news|title=FOSS AND FROTHINGHAM WIN.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 27, 1911|pages=2|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/09/27/104876433.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=October 6, 2007}}</ref>
| Elected by the Legislature, on April 26, 1911, to fill the vacancy caused by<br> the death of [[William M. Olin]]. Langtry assumed the office of Secretary of the Commonwealth on April 28, 1911.<ref name="BosDGloApril271911p9"/>
 
|-
! 18
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Frank J. Donahue.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Frank J. Donahue]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref name="Foss" />
| January 15, 1913 –<br/>1915
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref name=Foss />
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 19
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Albert P. Langtry 1920.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Albert P. Langtry]]
| 1915 –<br/>1921
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 1915 –<br/>1921
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 20
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Frederic W. Cook.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Frederic W. Cook]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=MANY SEEK OFFICE IN MASSACHUSETTS|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E0DC1339EF3ABC4153DFBE668389639EDE|date=August 9, 1922|pages=6|access-date=October 6, 2007}}</ref>
| 1921 –<br/>1949
| {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=MANY SEEK OFFICE IN MASSACHUSETTS|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E0DC1339EF3ABC4153DFBE668389639EDE|date=August 9, 1922|pages=6|accessdate=October 6, 2007}}</ref>
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 21
| nowrap align=left | <br/>
|[[Edward J. Cronin]]
| 1949 –<br/>November 24, 1958
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1949 –<br/>November 24, 1958
| Died in office on November 24, 1958.
 
|-
| Acting
| nowrap align=left |<br/>
|[[J. Henry Goguen]]
| nowrap | December 1, 1958 –<br/>January 20, 1959
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap="" | December 1, 1958 –<br/>January 20, 1959
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 22
| nowrap align=left | <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Joseph D. Ward.png|100px]] -->
|<br />[[Joseph D. Ward]]
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer03/in_memoriam/1927.html|title=In Memoriam|work=Holy Cross Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905095533/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer03/in_memoriam/1927.html|archive-date=September 5, 2004}} Summer 2003. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.</ref>
| January 20, 1959 –<br/>1961
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer03/in_memoriam/1927.html|title=In Memoriam|work=Holy Cross Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905095533/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer03/in_memoriam/1927.html|archivedate=September 5, 2004}} Summer 2003. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.</ref>
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 23
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Kevin Hagan White.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Kevin White (politician)|Kevin H. White]]
| 1961 –<br/> December 20, 1967
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1961 –<br/> December 20, 1967
| First elected in 1960.<br/>Re-elected in 1962.<br/>Re-elected in 1964 to a four-year term after the length of terms was extended.<br/>Resigned to become [[Mayor of Boston]].
 
|-
! 24
| nowrap align=left | <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:John Francis Xavier Davoren.png|100px]] --><br/>
|[[John Davoren|Jack Davoren]]
| 1967 –<br/>1974
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1967 –<br/>1974
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 25
| nowrap align=left | [[Paul Guzzi|File:Paul H. Guzzi.jpg|100px]]<br/>
|[[Paul Guzzi|Paul H. Guzzi]]
| 1975 –<br/>1978
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1975 –<br/>1978
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 26
| nowrap align=left | [[File:Michael J. Connolly.png|100px]]<br/>
|[[Michael J. Connolly]]
| 1979 –<br/>1994
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 1979 –<br/>1994
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
|-
! 27
| nowrap align=left | [[File:William Francis Galvin, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (cropped).png|100px]]<br/>
|[[William F. Galvin]]
| nowrap | January 1, 1995 –<br/>present
| {{party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap="" | January 1, 1995 –<br/>present
| {{dm|date=February 2020}}
 
Line 237 ⟶ 295:
 
== See also ==
* [[ListAttorney ofGeneral companyof registersMassachusetts]]
* [[Political party strength in Massachusetts]]
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
== References ==
{{Commons category|Massachusetts SecretarySecretaries of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
<!-- *{{CongBio|C000046|William B. Calhoun}}. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. -->
*{{Cite web|url=http://nass.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=4|title=THEThe STATESStates|format=PDF|publisher=[[National Association of Secretaries of State]]|accessdateaccess-date=October 6, 2007}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/lib/collections/sc/burrill.htm|title=Special Collections - Burrill File|publisher=State Library of Massachusetts|accessdateaccess-date=October 6, 2007}}
{{Refend}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.sec.state.ma.us Official site]
* {{citation |title= Office of the Secretary of State |via=[[State Library of Massachusetts]] electronic repository |hdl= 2452/35811 }}. (Various documents).
 
{{Massachusetts}}
{{Current Massachusetts statewide political officials}}
{{Massachusetts government}}
{{U.S. State Secretaries of State}}
 
[[Category:Commonwealth constitutional officers of Massachusetts|Secretary of the Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Massachusetts-related listspoliticians]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts"