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[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of Barath's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds, which are very rich in oil, ranging from 27 to 40%,<ref>Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, [[Bart Muys|Muys B]] 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.39 <!-- Bot generated title -->] {{doi|10.1002/bbb.39}}[https://perswww.kuleuven.be/~u0053809/Index.html The Jatropha Archives<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and averaging 34.4%.<ref>Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003 <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political.
[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of India's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political. Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel used in the country); minimising the expenditure of India's foreign-currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this biofuel (unlike [[corn ethanol|corn]] or [[sugar cane ethanol]], or [[palm oil diesel]]), it is considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's current biofuel options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food requirements of its massive population (circa 1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Other biofuels which displace food crops from viable agricultural land such as corn ethanol or palm biodiesel have caused serious price increases for basic food grains and edible oils in other countries.▼
== History ==
''Jatropha curcas'' is a plant likely native to Mexico and Central America; it has been spread worldwide in tropical regions for medicinal uses.<ref name="Janick">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |first=Jules |last=Janick |author2=Robert E. Paull |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts |publisher=CABI |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |pages=371–372}}</ref><ref name= "cabi">{{cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28393|title=Jatropha curcas (jatropha)|website=www.cabi.org}}</ref> Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 million tonnes in 2011–12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Analysis from [[Frost & Sullivan]], ''Strategic Analysis of the Indian Biofuels Industry'', reveals that the market is an emerging one and has a long way to go before it catches up with global competitors.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012141909/http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |archive-date=12 October 2008 |title=Indian Biofuels Market Rides a Crest as Demand Surges from the Indian Transport Sector}}</ref>
The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the transport sector, biofuels can be assured of a significant market in India. On 12 September 2008, the Indian Government announced its 'National Biofuel Policy'. It aims to meet 20% of India's diesel demand with fuel derived from plants. That will mean setting aside 140,000 square kilometres of land. Presently fuel yielding plants cover less than 5,000 square kilometres.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com"/>
==
▲
== Jatropha incentives in India ==
{{further|Jatropha biodiesel}}
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==Implementation==
[[File:A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005.jpg|thumb|A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005]]
Dr. [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[President of India]], was one of the strong advocates of Jatropha cultivation for the production of [[bio-diesel]],<ref name="KalamBacksJatropha">{{cite news |last1=Bikash |first1=Singh |title=Kalam backs jatropha farming in NE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Economics Times |agency=Times News Network |date=20 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407011541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |archive-date=7 April 2022 |language=English}}</ref> citing the suitability of a large amount of wasteland in India for the cultivation of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pratap |first1=Ram |last2=Jain |first2=A.K. |last3=Saxena |first3=Manish |title=Studies on Production and Characterization of Bio Diesel from Jatropha |journal=International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) |date=December 2017 |volume=4 |issue=12 |page=75 |url=https://www.ijeas.org/download_data/IJEAS0501005.pdf |access-date=7 April 2022 |ref=IJEAS |language=English |issn=2394-3661 |quote=In one of his speech, he said that India is having about 600,000 km² of wasteland out of which over 300,000 km² is suitable for cultivation of Jatropha plants.}}</ref>
The Government of India announced a National Biofuel Policy in 2008 that anticipated that around 20% of the country's domestic diesel demand would be met by biofuels including Jatropha-based fuels.<ref>{{cite
===Indian Railways===
===
====Andhra Pradesh====
{{outdated section|date=December 2016}}
[[Andhra Pradesh]] has entered into a formal agreement with [[Reliance Industries]] for Jatropha planting. The company has selected {{convert|200|acre|km²}} of land at [[Kakinada]] to grow jatropha for high quality [[bio-diesel]] fuel.<ref>{{cite web
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}}</ref>
====Kerala====
As of 2006, [[Kerala]] is planning a massive Jatropha planting campaign.<ref>{{cite web
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}}</ref>
===
[[Chhattisgarh]] has decided to plant 160 million saplings of jatropha in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel self-reliant state by 2015.<ref name="Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings">{{citation|title=Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings|publisher= India eNews}}</ref> Chhattisgarh plans to earn Rs. 40 billion annually by selling seeds after 2010. The central government has provided Rs. 135 million to Chhattisgarh in '''''2013''''' for developing jatropha nursery facilities.▼
In May 2005, Chief Minister Raman Singh became the first head of a state government to use jatropha diesel for his official vehicle. Chhattisgarh plans to replace with jatropha fuel all state-owned vehicles using diesel and petrol '''by 2007''' . Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority now oversees the production of the Jatropha curcas seed as a rich source of bio-diesel.<ref>{{cite web▼
|url=http://www.cbdacg.com ▼
|title=Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority ▼
|accessdate=26 March 2007 ▼
|url-status=dead ▼
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219224117/http://www.cbdacg.com/ ▼
|archivedate=19 February 2007 ▼
}}</ref>▼
Chhattisgarh government tie up with public sector company Indian oil to produce biodiesel and maintain jatropha plantation in Chhattisgarh name of this company Indian oil CREDA Biofules Ltd. this company is established on 2009 at sankar nagar raipur this company covered all district of Chhattisgarh to plantation of jatropha curcas.▼
Farmers in semi-arid regions of Karnataka are planting Jatropha as it is well suited to those conditions.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=24 August 2007|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118788662080906716|title=Jatropha Plant Gains Steam in Global Race for Biofuels|accessdate=1 April 2008|quote=Until recently, B.K. Nagendrappa didn't care much at all about jatropha, an ugly wild green shrub that thrives in India. Now, the coconut grower hopes to plant as many as {{convert|12|acre|ha}} of the stuff on his land near Bangalore. | first=Patrick | last=Barta}}</ref>
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<ref>http://www.lablandbiodiesel.com Labland Biodiesel. Retrieved 21 June 2008</ref><!-- saeid 21.jul.2008 -->
====Tamil Nadu====
[[Tamil Nadu]] is aggressively promoting the plantation of Jatropha to help farmers over come the loss due to irregular rains during the past few years. The government has contracted the development of Jatropha in Tamil Nadu in a large scale to four entrepreneurs. Namely M/s Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Limited. M/s Shiva Distilleries Limited, M/s Dharani Sugars and Chemicals Limited and M/s Riverway Agro Products Private Ltd.
Currently the firms have cultivated the plant in about 3 square kilometres as against the goal of 50 km². The government of Tamil Nadu has also abolished purchase tax on Jatropha.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}, but presently government has announced to reduce the 7.5% tolgate charges to 2.5%
===
====Rajasthan====
Jatropha is ideally suited for cultivation in [[Rajasthan]] as it needs very little water which is scarce in Rajasthan. Jatropha plantations have been undertaken in [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Banswara district|Banswara]], [[Chittor district|Chittor]] and [[Churu district|Churu]] districts.
These Jatropha Seeds are very much favourable for the Germination. Udaipur is the major supplier of the Jatropha Seeds especially for the Germination. Many companies and Govt are taking interest to collect best seeds from Udaipur. Bulk Agro (I) Pvt Ltd is the elite of the suppliers.
====Maharashtra====
In September 2007, the [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) joined hands with the [[Maharashtra]] State Farming Corporation Ltd (MSFCL) for a jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture. As part of the project, jatropha plants would be grown on 500 acres (2 km²) in [[Nashik]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Details of HPCL and MSFCL plans on jatropha in Maha">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301991900.htm|title=HPCL, Maharashtra tie up for bio-diesel venture|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> In November 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to cultivate jatropha on 600 km² in the state, with half the land going to the public sector and the other half to the private sector.<ref name="Land allocation by Maha gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/16/stories/2005111601871300.htm|title=Maharashtra to offer 300 km² to private sector for jatropha cultivation|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> On 1 July 2006, [[Pune]] Municipal Corporation took the lead among Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in over 100 public buses.<ref name="Pune takes lead, and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |title=Pune take the lead in using bio-diesel for running 105 buses |publisher=Indiadaily.com |accessdate=8 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323115409/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |archivedate=23 March 2007 }}</ref>
Gulabrao Kale studied the prospects of plantation in the [[Ahmednagar district]] in Maharashtra and under his guidance, Govind Gramin Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP), decided to plan under DPAP program of government. Initially, it was a very difficult task to make farmers ready for the Jatropha plantation. When 20–25 farmers were offered the plan, only 2–3 farmers were convinced to plant jatropha. Lack of literacy was a big hindrance in convincing the farmers. It was hard to convince them about the future benefits of the plant and its potential to produce bio-diesel, an equivalent of diesel. But after untiring and continuous efforts more than 1000 farmers are working with the GOGVIP for the Jatropha planting program now.
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}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Godse |first1=Sameer |title=Jatropha spells success for Ahmednagar NGO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jatropha-spells-success-for-ahmednagar-ngo-106011101126_1.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Business Standard |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd |date=6 February 2013 |ref=Ahmednagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407015823/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jatropha-spells-success-for-ahmednagar-ngo-106011101126_1.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |location=Pune |language=English}}</ref>
===Eastern India===
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Biodiesel initiative hoped to benefit local communities through commercial plantation of Jatropha. NGOs and self-help groups were also involved.
===
▲[[Chhattisgarh]] has decided to plant 160 million saplings of jatropha in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel self-reliant state by 2015.<ref name="Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings">{{citation|title=Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings|publisher= India eNews}}</ref> Chhattisgarh plans to earn Rs. 40 billion annually by selling seeds after 2010. The central government has provided Rs. 135 million to Chhattisgarh in '''''2013''''' for developing jatropha nursery facilities.
▲In May 2005, Chief Minister Raman Singh became the first head of a state government to use jatropha diesel for his official vehicle. Chhattisgarh plans to replace with jatropha fuel all state-owned vehicles using diesel and petrol '''by 2007''' . Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority now oversees the production of the Jatropha curcas seed as a rich source of bio-diesel.<ref>{{cite web
▲ |url=http://www.cbdacg.com
▲ |title=Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority
▲ |accessdate=26 March 2007
▲ |url-status=dead
▲ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219224117/http://www.cbdacg.com/
▲ |archivedate=19 February 2007
▲}}</ref>
▲Chhattisgarh government tie up with public sector company Indian oil to produce biodiesel and maintain jatropha plantation in Chhattisgarh name of this company Indian oil CREDA Biofules Ltd. this company is established on 2009 at sankar nagar raipur this company covered all district of Chhattisgarh to plantation of
==Practices==
The Project on Development of Agronomic practices for Jatropha curcas is being implemented, with the financial assistance of DBT, New Delhi. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, India has Planted Jatropha on 3 square kilometres, with the financial assistance of National Oilseeds and Vegetable oils development Board.
==Outcomes==
As of the late 2010s and early 2020s, the projects around Jatropha-based biodiesel are widely considered to have been failures due to shortages in seed supplies, high costs for plantation and maintenance, and reductions in global demand for biodiesels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahiry |first1=Sameer |title=Biodiesel in India: The Jatropha fiasco |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |website=DowntoEarth |publisher=Down to Earth |access-date=1 April 2022 |ref=DowntoEarth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903204213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |language=English |date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, there has been a shift towards other sources of biofuel, such as from rice paddy in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niyogi |first1=Dipanwita Gita |title=Chhattisgarh plans biofuel production from paddy |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |website=Mongabay |publisher=Mongabay-India |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728153919/https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |archive-date=28 July 2021 |language=English |date=28 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
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