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[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of Barath's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds, which are very rich in oil, ranging from 27 to 40%,<ref>Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, [[Bart Muys|Muys B]] 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.39 <!-- Bot generated title -->] {{doi|10.1002/bbb.39}}[https://perswww.kuleuven.be/~u0053809/Index.html The Jatropha Archives<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and averaging 34.4%.<ref>Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003 <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political.
[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of India's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political. Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel used in the country); minimising the expenditure of India's foreign-currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this biofuel (unlike [[corn ethanol|corn]] or [[sugar cane ethanol]], or [[palm oil diesel]]), it is considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's current biofuel options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food requirements of its massive population (circa 1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Other biofuels which displace food crops from viable agricultural land such as corn ethanol or palm biodiesel have caused serious price increases for basic food grains and edible oils in other countries.▼
== History ==▼
''Jatropha curcas'' is a plant likely native to Mexico and Central America; it has been spread worldwide in tropical regions for medicinal uses.<ref name="Janick">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |first=Jules |last=Janick |author2=Robert E. Paull |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts |publisher=CABI |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |pages=371–372}}</ref><ref name= "cabi">{{cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28393|title=Jatropha curcas (jatropha)|website=www.cabi.org}}</ref> Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 million tonnes in 2011–12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Analysis from [[Frost & Sullivan]], ''Strategic Analysis of the Indian Biofuels Industry'', reveals that the market is an emerging one and has a long way to go before it catches up with global competitors.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012141909/http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |archive-date=12 October 2008 |title=Indian Biofuels Market Rides a Crest as Demand Surges from the Indian Transport Sector}}</ref>
The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the transport sector, biofuels can be assured of a significant market in India. On 12 September 2008, the Indian Government announced its 'National Biofuel Policy'. It aims to meet 20% of India's diesel demand with fuel derived from plants. That will mean setting aside 140,000 square kilometres of land. Presently fuel yielding plants cover less than 5,000 square kilometres.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com"/>
▲== History ==
▲
== Jatropha incentives in India ==
{{further|Jatropha biodiesel}}
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==Implementation==
[[File:A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005.jpg|thumb|A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005]]
Dr. [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[President of India]], was one of the strong advocates of Jatropha cultivation for the production of [[bio-diesel]],<ref name="KalamBacksJatropha">{{cite news |last1=Bikash |first1=Singh |title=Kalam backs jatropha farming in NE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Economics Times |agency=Times News Network |date=20 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407011541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |archive-date=7 April 2022 |language=English}}</ref> citing the
The Government of India announced a National Biofuel Policy in 2008 that anticipated that around 20% of the country's domestic diesel demand would be met by biofuels including Jatropha-based fuels.<ref>{{cite
===Indian Railways===
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===Western India===
====Rajasthan====
Jatropha is ideally suited for cultivation in [[Rajasthan]] as it needs very little water which is scarce in Rajasthan. Jatropha plantations have been undertaken in [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Banswara district|Banswara]], [[Chittor district|Chittor]] and [[Churu district|Churu]] districts. In the Udaipur district, ''Jatropha curcas'' is planted in agroforestry formats with food or cash crops on marginal lands (in India often called waste lands). As its leaves are toxic and therefore non-palatable to livestock, they remain intact in their sapling stage, unlike most other tree saplings.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
These Jatropha Seeds are very much favourable for the Germination. Udaipur is the major supplier of the Jatropha Seeds especially for the Germination. Many companies and Govt are taking interest to collect best seeds from Udaipur. Bulk Agro (I) Pvt Ltd is the elite of the suppliers.
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In September 2007, the [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) joined hands with the [[Maharashtra]] State Farming Corporation Ltd (MSFCL) for a jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture. As part of the project, jatropha plants would be grown on 500 acres (2 km²) in [[Nashik]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Details of HPCL and MSFCL plans on jatropha in Maha">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301991900.htm|title=HPCL, Maharashtra tie up for bio-diesel venture|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> In November 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to cultivate jatropha on 600 km² in the state, with half the land going to the public sector and the other half to the private sector.<ref name="Land allocation by Maha gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/16/stories/2005111601871300.htm|title=Maharashtra to offer 300 km² to private sector for jatropha cultivation|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|accessdate=8 July 2006}}</ref> On 1 July 2006, [[Pune]] Municipal Corporation took the lead among Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in over 100 public buses.<ref name="Pune takes lead, and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |title=Pune take the lead in using bio-diesel for running 105 buses |publisher=Indiadaily.com |accessdate=8 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323115409/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |archivedate=23 March 2007 }}</ref>
Gulabrao Kale studied the prospects of plantation in the [[Ahmednagar district]] in Maharashtra and under his guidance, Govind Gramin Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP), decided to plan under DPAP program of government. Initially, it was a very difficult task to make farmers ready for the Jatropha plantation. When 20–25 farmers were offered the plan, only 2–3 farmers were convinced to plant jatropha. Lack of literacy was a big hindrance in convincing the farmers. It was hard to convince them about the future benefits of the plant and its potential to produce bio-diesel, an equivalent of diesel. But after untiring and continuous efforts more than 1000 farmers are working with the GOGVIP for the Jatropha planting program now.
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==Outcomes==
As of the late 2010s and early 2020s, the projects around Jatropha-based biodiesel are widely considered to have been failures due to shortages in seed supplies, high costs for plantation and maintenance, and reductions in global demand for biodiesels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahiry |first1=Sameer |title=Biodiesel in India: The Jatropha fiasco |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |website=DowntoEarth |publisher=Down to Earth |access-date=1 April 2022 |ref=DowntoEarth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903204213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |language=English |date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, there has been a shift towards other sources of biofuel, such as from rice paddy in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niyogi |first1=Dipanwita Gita |title=Chhattisgarh plans biofuel production from paddy |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |website=Mongabay |publisher=Mongabay-India |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728153919/https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |archive-date=28 July 2021 |language=English |date=28 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
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