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| url = {{URL|https://www.springer.com}}
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'''Springer Science+Business Media''', commonly known as '''Springer''', is a German multinational [[publishing]] company of books, [[e-book]]s and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/648808Z:GR/profile |title=648808Z Profile & Executives
Originally founded in 1842 in [[Berlin]], it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with [[Wolters Kluwer]] and eventually became part of [[Springer Nature]] in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, [[Heidelberg]], [[Dordrecht]], and [[New York City]].
==History==
[[Julius Springer]] founded '''Springer-Verlag''' in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second
In 1999, the academic publishing company '''BertelsmannSpringer''' was formed after the media and entertainment company [[Bertelsmann]] bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.<ref name=springer_history/><ref name=poynder2003/> In 2003, the British investment groups [[Cinven]] and [[Candover Investments|Candover]] bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann
In 2006, Springer acquired [[Humana Press]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-02-20 |df=dmy |title=Springer's Humana Press launches new Web site |department=Press releases |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |url=https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-2-804710-0 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
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Springer acquired the [[open access (publishing)|open-access publisher]] [[BioMed Central]] in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-10-07 |df=dmy |title=Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group |department=Press releases |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |url=https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-6-805003-0 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, [[EQT
In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21214491/medical_publisher_to_close_ambler_office/|title=Medical publisher to close Ambler office, move workers|last=DiStefano|first=Joseph N.|date=September 17, 2013|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=June 23, 2018|page=A14|via=[[Newspapers.com]] (Publisher Extra)}}</ref>
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In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-09-22 |df=dmy |title=Happy Birthday, SpringerLink! |department=Press releases |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases/corporate/happy-birthday--springerlink-/10734078 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the [[Landolt-Börnstein]] database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.springer.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000054847-springermaterials-information|title=SpringerMaterials Information|website=
AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet|title=Springer.com, Palgrave.com, and Apress.com are changing|website=Springer |accessdate=May 29, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050011/https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet |archive-date= Jun 16, 2022 }}</ref>
[[Springer Protocols]] contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.<ref>{{cite web |title=SpringerProtocols.com platform deactivation |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/landing/springer-protocols-closure |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>
===Open access===
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==Controversies==
In 1938, Springer-Verlag
In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using [[SCIgen]]. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. [[IEEE]] had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/news/publishers-withdraw-more-than-120-gibberish-papers-1.14763?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews | title=Publishers withdraw more than 120 gibberish papers | journal=[[Nature News]] | date=24 February 2014 | access-date=1 March 2014 | first=Richard|last=Van Noorden| doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14763 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
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===Manipulation of bibliometrics===
According to [[Goodhart's law]] and concerned academics like the signatories of the [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]], commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of [[bibliometrics]] and [[scientometrics]] like the [[journal impact factor]], which is often used as [[Proxy (statistics)|a proxy]] of [[Occupational prestige|prestige]] and can influence revenues, including [[subsidy|public subsidies]] in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.<ref>{{cite journal
Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of [[self-citation]], had their [[journal impact factor]] of 2019 suspended from ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'' in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Ivan|last1=Oransky|access-date=July 1, 2020|title=Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/29/major-indexing-service-sounds-alarm-on-self-citations-by-nearly-50-journals/|date=June 29, 2020}}</ref>
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*[[Humana Press]]
*Infochem
*Kluwer Academic Publishers (defunct)
**[[Baltzer Science Publishers]]
**[[D. Reidel]]
*Plenum Publishers
*SpringerOpen
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==Selected publications==
*''[[Cellular Oncology]]''
*''[[Encyclopaedia of Mathematics]]''
*''[[Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete]]'' (book series)
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