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'''Springer Science+Business Media''', commonly known as '''Springer''', is a German multinational [[publishing]] company of books, [[e-book]]s and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/648808Z:GR/profile |title=648808Z Profile & Executives – Springer Science+Business Media GmbH |work=Bloomberg |access-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002145/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/648808Z:GR/profile |archive-date= Nov 4, 2013 }}</ref>
Originally founded in 1842 in [[Berlin]], it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with [[Wolters Kluwer]] and eventually became part of [[Springer Nature]] in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, [[Heidelberg]], [[Dordrecht]], and [[New York City]].
==History==
[[Julius Springer]] founded '''Springer-Verlag''' in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.<ref name=springer_history>{{cite web| url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/history| title=The Springer story (1842-2017)| at=
In 1999, the academic publishing company '''BertelsmannSpringer''' was formed after the media and entertainment company [[Bertelsmann]] bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.<ref name=springer_history/><ref name=poynder2003/> In 2003, the British investment groups [[Cinven]] and [[Candover Investments|Candover]] bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.<ref name=poynder2003>Poynder, Richard. "[http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=16696 BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms]". ''Information Today''. May 27, 2003.</ref> They merged the company in 2004 with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] publisher '''Kluwer Academic Publishers''' (successor of [[D. Reidel]], Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of [[Chapman & Hall]]), and [[Baltzer Science Publishers]]) which they bought from [[Wolters Kluwer]] in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb021104-1.htm |title=Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists |publisher=Infotoday.com |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> to form '''Springer Science+Business Media.'''
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Springer acquired the [[open access (publishing)|open-access publisher]] [[BioMed Central]] in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-10-07 |df=dmy |title=Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group |department=Press releases |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |url=https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-6-805003-0 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, [[EQT
In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21214491/medical_publisher_to_close_ambler_office/|title=Medical publisher to close Ambler office, move workers|last=DiStefano|first=Joseph N.|date=September 17, 2013|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=June 23, 2018|page=A14|via=[[Newspapers.com]] (Publisher Extra)}}</ref>
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In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-09-22 |df=dmy |title=Happy Birthday, SpringerLink! |department=Press releases |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases/corporate/happy-birthday--springerlink-/10734078 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the [[Landolt-Börnstein]] database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.springer.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000054847-springermaterials-information|title=SpringerMaterials Information|website=
AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet|title=Springer.com, Palgrave.com, and Apress.com are changing|website=Springer |accessdate=May 29, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050011/https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet |
[[Springer Protocols]] contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.<ref>{{cite web |title=SpringerProtocols.com platform deactivation |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/landing/springer-protocols-closure |access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref>
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==Selected publications==
*''[[Cellular Oncology]]''
*''[[Encyclopaedia of Mathematics]]''
*''[[Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete]]'' (book series)
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