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| known_for = Guidance, advice, and translation services to the ''Mayflower'' settlers
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'''Tisquantum''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|s|ˈ|k|w|ɒ|n|t|əm}}; {{circa}} 1585 (±10 years?) – November 30, 1622 [[Old Style|O.S.]]), more commonly known as '''Squanto''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|w|ɒ|n|t|oʊ}}), was a member of the [[Wampanoag]] [[Patuxet tribe]] best known for being an early liaison between the Native American population in Southern [[New England]] and the ''[[Mayflower]]'' [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] who made their settlement at the site of Tisquantum's former summer village, now [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]]. The Patuxet tribe had lived on the western coast of [[Cape Cod Bay]], but
Tisquantum was kidnapped by English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt, who trafficked him to [[Spain]], where he sold him in the city of [[Málaga]]. He was among
The ''Mayflower'' landed in Cape Cod Bay in 1620, and Tisquantum worked to broker peaceable relations between the Pilgrims and the local [[Pokanoket]]s. He played a
== Name ==
Documents from the 17th century variously render the spelling of Tisquantum's name as ''Tisquantum'', ''Tasquantum'', and ''Tusquantum'', and alternately call him ''Squanto'', ''Squantum'', ''Tantum'', and ''Tantam''.<ref>{{harvnb|Baxter|1890|p=I104 n.146}}; {{harvnb|Kinnicutt|1914|pp=110–12}}.</ref> Even the two ''Mayflower'' settlers who dealt with him closely spelled his name differently; Bradford nicknamed him "Squanto", while [[Edward Winslow]] invariably referred to him as ''Tisquantum'', which historians believe was his proper name.{{sfn|Young|1841|p=202 n.1}} One suggestion of the meaning is that it is derived from the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] expression for ''the rage of the [[Manitou]]'', "the world-suffusing spiritual power at the heart of coastal Indians' religious beliefs".{{sfn|Mann|2005}} Manitou was "the spiritual potency of an object" or "a phenomenon", the force which made "everything in Nature responsive to man".{{sfn|Martin|1978|p=34}} Other suggestions have been offered,{{efn|Kinnicutt proposes meanings for the various renderings of his name: ''Squantam'', a contracted form of ''Musquantum'' meaning "He is angry"; ''Tantum'' is a shortened form of ''Keilhtannittoom'', meaning "My great god"; ''Tanto'', from ''Kehtanito'', for "He is the greatest god": and ''Tisquantam'', for ''Atsquantam'', possibly for "He possesses the god of evil."{{sfn|Kinnicutt|1914|p=112}}}} but all involve some relationship to beings or powers that the colonists associated with the devil or evil.{{efn|Dockstader writes that ''Tiquantum'' means "door" or "entrance", although his source is not explained.{{sfn|Dockstader|1977|p=278}}}} It is, therefore, unlikely that it was his birth name
==Early life==
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[[File:Champlain's Map of Plymouth Harbor.jpg|thumb|left|1605 map drawn by [[Samuel de Champlain]] of [[Plymouth Harbor]] (which he called Port St. Louis); "F" designates wigwams and cultivated fields.]]
The tribes who lived in southern New England at the beginning of the 17th century referred to themselves as ''[[Ninnimissinuok]]'', a variation of the [[Narragansett language|Narragansett]] word ''Ninnimissinnȗwock'' meaning "people" and signifying "familiarity and shared identity".{{sfn|Bragdon|1996|p=i}} Tisquantum's tribe of the [[Patuxet tribe|Patuxets]] occupied the coastal area west of [[Cape Cod Bay]], and he told an English trader that the Patuxets once numbered 2,000.<ref>Letter of Emmanuel Altham to his brother Sir Edward Altham, September 1623, in {{harvnb|James|1963|p=29}}. A copy of the letter is also reproduced online by [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50a02efce4b046b42952af27/t/50a93c52e4b040d1420ec1ae/1353268306604/AlthamLetters.pdf MayflowerHistory.com].</ref> They spoke a dialect of [[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]] common to tribes as far west as [[Narragansett Bay]].{{efn|The languages of Southern New England are known today as [[Abenaki language|Western Abenaki]], [[Massachusett language|Massachusett]], [[Loup language|Loup A and Loup B]], [[Narragansett language|Narragansett]], [[Mohegan-Pequot language|Mohegan-Pequot]], and [[Quiripi language|Quiripi-Unquachog]].{{sfn|Goddard|1978|pp=''passim''}} Many 17th-century writers state that numerous people in the coastal areas of Southern New England were fluent in two or more of these languages.{{sfn|Bragdon|1996|pp=28–29, 34}}}} The various Algonquian dialects of Southern New England were sufficiently similar to allow effective communications.{{efn|Roger Williams writes in his grammar of the Narragansett language that "their ''Dialects'' doe exceedingly differ" between the French settlements in Canada and the Dutch settlements in New York, "but (within that compass) a man may, by this ''helpe'', converse with ''thousands'' of ''Natives'' all over the ''Countrey''."<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1643|pp=[ii]–[iii]}}. ''See also'' {{harvnb|Salisbury|1981|p=229}}.</ref>}} The term ''patuxet'' refers to the site of [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]], and means "at the little falls"
The annual growing season in southern Maine and Canada was not long enough to produce [[maize]] harvests
[[File:Detail of Carte Geographique de la Nouelle Franse by Samuel de Champlain (1612).jpg|thumb|Champlain's drawing of Southern New England Algonquians emphasizing their pacific nature and sedentary and agricultural lifestyle]]
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===The first kidnappings===
{{Main|George Weymouth}}
[[File:Captain George Weymouth with sword.jpg|thumb|Captain Weymouth impressing Natives of [[Bristol, Maine|Pemaquid, Maine]], with a sword he magnetized by means of a lodestone.]]
In 1605, George Weymouth set out on an expedition to explore the possibility of settlement in upper New England, sponsored by [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton|Henry Wriothesley]] and [[Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour|Thomas Arundell]].{{sfn|Burrage|1906|p=355}} They had a chance encounter with a hunting party, then decided to kidnap a number of Indians. The capture of Indians was "a matter of great importance for the full accomplement of our voyage".<ref>{{harvnb|Rosier|1605}} reprinted at {{harvnb|Burrage|1906|p=379}}.</ref>
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In 1614, an English expedition headed by [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] sailed along the coast of Maine and Massachusetts Bay collecting fish and furs. Smith returned to England in one of the vessels and left Thomas Hunt in command of the second ship. Hunt was to complete the haul of cod and proceed to [[Málaga]], Spain, where there was a market for dried fish,{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:4}} but Hunt decided to enhance the value of his shipment by adding human cargo. He sailed to Plymouth harbor ostensibly to trade with the village of Patuxet, where he lured 20 Indians aboard his vessel under promise of trade, including Tisquantum.{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:4}} Once aboard, they were confined and the ship sailed across Cape Cod Bay where Hunt abducted seven more from the Nausets.<ref>{{harvnb|Mourt's Relation|1622|p=233}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Young|1841|p=186}}. ''See also'' {{harvnb|Dunn|1993|p=39}} and {{harvnb|Salisbury|1981|p=234}}.</ref> He then set sail for Málaga.
Smith and Gorges both disapproved of Hunt's decision to enslave the Indians.{{sfn|Smith|1907|pp=II:4–5}} Gorges worried about the prospect of "a warre now new begun between the inhabitants of those parts, and us",<ref>{{harvnb|Baxter|1890|p=I:211}}. ''See'' {{harvnb|Salisbury|1981|p=234}}.</ref> although he seemed mostly concerned about whether this event had upset his gold-finding plans with Epenow on Martha's Vineyard.{{snf|Baxter|1890|p=I:209}} Smith suggested that Hunt got his just
[[File:Braun Malaga UBHD.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Málaga in 1572, 40 years before Tisquantum was delivered there in slavery]]
According to Gorges, Hunt took the Indians to the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] where he sold as many as he could. But the "Friers (''sic'') of those parts" discovered what he was doing, and they took the remaining Indians to be "instructed in the Christian Faith; and so disappointed this unworthy fellow of his hopes of gaine".<ref>{{harvnb|Gorges|1622|p=11}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Baxter|1890|pp=I:209–10}}.</ref>
No truly primary sources of Tisquantum's arrival in Spain were known to exist until Spanish researcher Ms. Purificación Ruiz uncovered two deeds in public archives in Málaga, documenting the facts with original notarial records.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/sociedad-no-20-21-2022-2023-articulo-squanto_202403|last=Ruiz |first=Purificacion |title=Málaga, Squanto, y el día de acción de gracias |journal=Sociedad, Boletín de la Sociedad de Amigos de la Cultura de Vélez Málaga|date=July 2023 |volume=Número 20/21 |pages=89–94 }}</ref> It turns out that on October 22nd, 1614 one Thomas Hunt sold a grand total of twenty-five Native Americans to Juan Bautista Reales, a larger-than-life adventurer well known to historians for having been at the same time Catholic priest, businessman and spy. The sale of the captives was thinly disguised owing to its illegal nature, because while slavery of North African captives was rampant, enslavement of Native Americans was against the law. Further research by Ms. Ruiz indeed found two more notarial records showing that only two weeks later Málaga's ''Corregidor'' had regained control of twenty captives and distributed them among a number of local notables, with orders to have them educated in the Catholic faith and local mores. No further documents have been found but research continues and there is some hope that any hitherto undocumented involvement of Spanish friars or other individuals may be brought to light.
No records show how long Tisquantum lived in Spain, what he did there, or how he "got away for England", as Bradford puts it.<ref>''OPP'': {{harvnb|Bradford|1952|p=81}} and {{harvnb|Davis|1908|p=112}}.</ref> Prowse asserts that he spent four years in slavery in Spain and was then smuggled aboard a ship belonging to Guy's colony, taken to England, and then to Newfoundland.{{sfn|Prowse|1895|p=104 n.2}} Smith attested that Tisquantum lived in England "a good time", although he does not say what he was doing there.{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:62}} Plymouth Governor William Bradford knew him best and recorded that he lived in [[Cornhill, London]] with "[[John Slany|Master John Slanie]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Mourt's Relation|1622|p=35}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Young|1841|p=191}}. Bradford simply notes that he "was entertained by a merchant in London". ''OPP'': {{harvnb|Bradford|1952|p=81}} and {{harvnb|Davis|1908|p=112}}.</ref> Slany was a merchant and shipbuilder who became another of the merchant adventurers of London hoping to make money from colonizing projects in America and was an investor in the [[East India Company]].
===Return to New England===
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Toward the end of 1619, Dermer and Tisquantum sailed down the New England coast to Massachusetts Bay. They discovered that all inhabitants had died in Tisquantum's home village at Patucket, so they moved inland to the village of [[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Nemasket]]. Dermer sent Tisquantum{{sfn|Dunn|1993|p=40}} to the village of Pokanoket near [[Bristol, Rhode Island]], seat of Chief [[Massasoit]]. A few days later, Massasoit arrived at Nemasket along with Tisquantum and 50 warriors. It is not known whether Tisquantum and Massasoit had met prior to these events, but their interrelations can be traced at least to this date.
Dermer returned to Nemasket in June 1620, but this time he discovered that the Indians there bore "an inveterate malice to the English", according to a June 30, 1620, letter transcribed by Bradford. This sudden and dramatic change from friendliness to hostility was due to an incident the previous year, when a European coastal vessel lured some Indians on board with the promise of trade, only to mercilessly slaughter them. Dermer wrote that "Squanto cannot deny but they would have killed me when I was in Nemask, had he not entreated hard for me."<ref>''OPP'': {{harvnb|Bradford|1952|p=82}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Davis|1908|pp=112–13}}.</ref>
Some time after this encounter, Indians attacked Dermer, Tisquantum and their party on Martha's Vineyard. Dermer received "14 mortal wounds in the process".<ref>{{harvnb|Gorges|1658|p=20}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Baxter|1890|p=II:29}}.</ref> He fled to Virginia where he died. Sometime after this, Tisquantum fell in with the Pokanokets (neighbors of his native village), and was living with them by March 1622 when he was introduced to the Pilgrims.
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The Massachusett Indians were north of Plymouth Colony, led by Chief Massasoit, and the Pokanoket tribe were north, east, and south. Tisquantum was living with the Pokanokets, as his native tribe of the Patuxets had been effectively wiped out prior to the arrival of the ''Mayflower''; indeed, the Pilgrims had established the Patuxets former habitation as the site of Plymouth Colony.{{sfn|Russell|1980|p=22}} The Narragansett tribe inhabited Rhode Island.
Massasoit was faced with the dilemma whether to form an alliance with the Plymouth colonists, who might protect him from the Narragansetts, or try to put together a tribal coalition to drive out the colonists. To decide the issue, according to Bradford's account, "they got all the Powachs of the country, for three days together in a horrid and devilish manner, to curse and execrate them with their conjurations, which assembly and service they held in a dark and dismal swamp."<ref>''OPP'': {{harvnb|Bradford|1952|p=84}} and {{harvnb|Davis|1908|p=114}}.</ref> Philbrick sees this as a convocation of shamans brought together to drive the colonists from the shores by supernatural means.{{efn|''See'' {{harvnb|Philbrick|2006|pp=95–96}}}} Tisquantum had lived in England, and he told Massassoit "what wonders he had seen" there. He urged Massasoit to become friends with the Plymouth colonists, because his enemies would then be "Constrained to bowe to him".<ref>{{harvnb|Pratt|1858|p=485}}</ref> Also connected to Massasoit was [[Samoset]], a minor
[[File:A popular history of the United States - from the first discovery of the western hemisphere by the Northmen, to the end of the first century of the union of the states; preceded by a sketch of the (14597125217).jpg|thumb|left|Samoset comes "boldly" into Plymouth settlement; woodcut designed by A.R. Waud and engraved by J.P. Davis (1876)]]
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====Mission to the Nauset====
Winslow writes that young John Billington had wandered off and had not returned for five days. Bradford sent word to Massasoit, who made inquiry and found that the child had wandered into a [[Manumett]] village, who turned him over to the
The Nausets departed, but the colonists learned (probably from Tisquantum) that the Narragansetts had attacked the Pokanokets and taken Massasoit. This caused great alarm because their own settlement was not well guarded given that so many were on this mission. The men tried to set off immediately, but they had no fresh water. After stopping again at Iyanough's village, they set off for Plymouth.<ref>{{harvnb|Mourt's Relation|1622|pp=50–52}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Dexter|1865|pp=114–17}} and {{harvnb|Young|1841|pp=216–18}}.</ref> This mission resulted in a working relationship between the Plymouth settlers and the Cape Cod Indians, both the Nausets and the Cummaquid, and Winslow attributed that outcome to Tisquantum.<ref>{{harvnb|Mourt's Relation|1622|p=53}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Dexter|1865|p=119}} and {{harvnb|Young|1841|p=219}}.</ref> Bradford wrote that the Indians whose corn they had taken the previous winter came and received compensation, and peace generally prevailed.<ref>''OPP'': {{harvnb|Bradford|1952|p=88}} and {{harvnb|Davis|1908|pp=118–19}}.</ref>
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===Peace regime===
During the fall of 1621, the Plymouth settlers had every
====Thanksgiving====
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[[File:Good stories for great birthdays, arranged for story-telling and reading aloud and for the children's own reading (1922) (14768269922).jpg|thumb|Tisquantum returning John Billington from the Nauset in a 1922 storybook for children.]]
Where Tisquantum is most encountered is in literature designed to instruct children and young people, provide inspiration, or guide them to a patriotic or religious truth. This came about for two reasons. First, Lincoln's establishment of Thanksgiving as a national holiday enshrined the New England Anglo-Saxon festival, vaguely associated with an American strain of Protestantism, as something of a national origins myth, in the middle of a divisive Civil War when even some Unionists were becoming concerned with rising non-Anglo-Saxon immigration.{{sfn|Hobsbawm|Ranger|1983|p=279}} This coincided, as Ceci noted, with the "noble savage" movement, which was "rooted in romantic reconstructions of Indians (for example, ''Hiawatha'') as uncorrupted natural beings—who were becoming extinct—in contrast to rising industrial and urban mobs". She points to the Indian Head coin first struck in 1859 "to commemorate their passing.'"{{sfn|Ceci|1990|p=83}} Even though there was only the briefest mention of "Thanksgiving" in the Plymouth settlers' writings, and despite the fact that he was not mentioned as being present (although, living with the settlers, he likely was), Tisquantum was the focus around which both
The story of the selfless "noble savage" who patiently guided and occasionally saved the "Pilgrims" (to whom he was subservient and who attributed their good fortune solely to their faith, all celebrated during a bounteous festival) was thought to be an enchanting figure for children and young adults. Beginning early in the 20th century Tisquantum entered high school textbooks,{{efn|The illustration at the head of this article, for example, is one of two of Tisquantum in {{cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001504524 |last=Bricker |first=Garland Armor |title=The Teaching of Agriculture in the High School |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan Co. |year=1911}} (Plates after p. 112.)}} children's read-aloud and self-reading books,{{efn|For example, {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/goodstoriesforgr01olco |last=Olcott |first=Frances Jenkins |title=Good Stories for Great Birthdays, Arranged for Story-Telling and Reading Aloud and for the Children's Own Reading |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co. |year=1922}} This book was reissued by the University of Virginia Library in 1995. Tisquantum is referred to as "Tisquantum" and "A Big Indian" in the stories entitled "The Father of the New England Colonies" (William Bradford), at pp. 125–139. ''See also'' {{cite book |last=Bradstreet |first=Howard |title=Squanto |location=[Hartford? Conn.] |publisher=[Bradstreet?] |year=1925}}}} more recently learn-to-read and coloring books{{efn|''E.g.'': {{cite book |last1=Beals |first1=Frank L. |last2=Ballard |first2=Lowell C. |title=Real Adventure with the Pilgrim Settlers: William Bradford, Miles Standish, Squanto, Roger Williams |location=San Francisco |publisher=H. Wagner Publishing Co. |year=1954}} {{cite book |last=Bulla |first=Clyde Robert |title=Squanto, Friend of the White Men |location=New York |publisher=T.Y. Crowell |year=1954}} {{cite book |last=Bulla |first=Clyde Robert |title=John Billington, friend of Squanto |url=https://archive.org/details/weeklyreaderchil00bull |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Crowell |year=1956}} {{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=Augusta |last2=Goldstein |first2=Nathan |title=Squanto, Young Indian Hunter |url=https://archive.org/details/squantoyoungindi0000stev |url-access=registration |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill |year=1962}} {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=A.M. |title=Squanto and the Pilgrims |location=Chicago |publisher=Wheeler |year=1962}} {{cite book |last=Ziner |first=Feenie |title=Dark Pilgrim |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Chilton Books |year=1965}} {{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=Robert |last2=Graff |title=Squanto: Indian Adventurer |url=https://archive.org/details/squantoindianadv00graf |url-access=registration |location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=Garrard Publishing Co. |year=1965}} {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Matthew G. |title=Squanto: The Indian who Saved the Pilgrims |location=Chicago |publisher=Creative Education |year=1974}} {{cite book |last=Jassem |first=Kate |title=Squanto: The Pilgrim Adventure |url=https://archive.org/details/squantopilgrimad00jass |url-access=registration |location=Mahwah, New Jersey |publisher=Troll Associates |year=1979|isbn=9780893751616 }} {{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Joan Wade |last2=Newsom |first2=Tom |title=Squanto |location=Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |publisher=Economy Co. |year=1979}} ;{{cite book |last=Kessel |first=Joyce K. |title=Squanto and the First Thanksgiving |url=https://archive.org/details/squantofirsttha00joyc |url-access=registration |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |publisher=Carolrhoda Bookr |year=1983}} {{cite book |last=Rothaus |first=James R. |title=Squanto: The Indian who Saved the Pilgrims (1500 -1622) |location=Mankato, Minnesota |publisher=Creative Education |year=1988}};{{cite book |last=Celsi |first=Teresa Noel |title=Squanto and the First Thanksgiving |location=Austin, Texas |publisher=Raintree Steck-Vaughn |year=1992}} {{cite book |last=Dubowski |first=Cathy East |title=The Story of Squanto: First Friend to the P |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |publisher=Gareth Stevens Publishers |year=1997}} ;{{cite book |last=Bruchac |first=Joseph |title=Squanto's Journey: The Story of the First Thanksgiving |location=n.l. |publisher=Silver Whistle |year=2000 }} {{cite book |title=Samoset and Squanto |location=Peterborough, New Hampshire |publisher=Cobblestone Publishing Co. |year=2001}} {{cite book |last=Whitehurst |first=Susan |title=A Plymouth Partnership: Pilgrims and Native Americans |url=https://archive.org/details/plymouthpartners00whit |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=PowerKids Press |year=2002|isbn=9780823958108 }} {{cite book |last=Buckley |first=Susan Washborn |title=Squanto the Pilgrims' Friend |location=New York |publisher=Scholastic |year=2003}} {{cite book |last=Hirschfelder |first=Arlene B. |title=Squanto, 1585?-1622 |location=Mankato, Minnesota |publisher=Blue Earth Books |year=2004}} {{cite book |last1=Roop |first1=Peter |last2=Roop |first2=Connie |title=Thank You, Squanto! |location=New York |publisher=Scholastic |year=2005}} {{cite book |last=Banks |first=Joan |title=Squanto |location=Chicago |publisher=Wright Group / McGraw Hill |year=2006}} {{cite book |last1=Ghiglieri |first1=Carol |last2=Noll |first2=Cheryl Kirk |title=Squanto: A Friend to the Pilgrims |location=New York |publisher=Scholastic |year=2007}} }} and children's religious inspiration books.{{efn|''E.g.'', {{cite book |last1=Hobbs |first1=Carolyn |last2=Roland |first2=Pat |title=Squanto |location=Milton, Florida |publisher=Printed by the Children's Bible Club |year=1981}} {{cite book |title=The Legend of Squanto |location=Carol Stream, Illinois |year=2005}} {{cite book |last=Metaxas |first=Eric |title=Squanto and the First Thanksgiving |location=Rowayton, Connecticut |publisher=ABDO Publishing Co. |year=2005 }} The book was retitled ''Squanto and the Miracle of Thanksgiving'' when it was republished in 2014 by the religious publisher Thomas Nelson. The book was turned into an animated video by Rabbit Ears Entertainment in 2007.}} Over time and particularly depending on the didactic purpose, these books have greatly fictionalized what little historical evidence remains of Tisquantum's life. Their portraits of Tisquantum's life and times spans the gamut of accuracy. Those intending to teach a moral lesson or tell history from a religious viewpoint tend to be the least accurate even when they claim to be telling a true historical story.{{efn|For example, {{harvnb|Metaxas|2005}}, praised as a "true story" by the author's colleague [[Charles Colson|Chuck Colson]], misstates almost every well documented fact in Tisquantum's life. It begins with the abduction of 12 year old Tisquantum which the first sentence dates at "the year of our Lord 1608" (rather than 1614). When he meets the "Pilgrims" he greets Governor Bradford (rather than Carver). The rest is a fictIonalized religious parable which ends with Tisquantum (after "Thanksgiving" and before any allegations of treachery) thanking God for the Pilgrims.}} Recently there have been attempts to tell the story as accurately as possible, without reducing Tisquantum to a mere servant of the English.{{efn|{{harvnb|Bruchac|2000}}, for example, even names Hunt, Smith and Dermer and tries to portray Tisquantum from a Native American, rather than "Pilgrim," perspective.}} There have even been attempts to place the story in the social and historical context of fur trade, epidemics and land disputes.<ref>''See''. ''e.g.'', {{cite book |last=Stefoff |first=Rebecca |title=The Colonies |location=New York |publisher=Benchmark Books |year=2001}}</ref> Almost none, however, have dealt with Tisquantum's life after "Thanksgiving" (except occasionally the story of the rescue of John Billington). An exception to all of that is the publication of a "young adult" version of Philbrick's best-selling adult history.<ref>{{cite book |last=Philbrick |first=Nathaniel |title=The Mayflower and the Pilgrims' New World |url=https://archive.org/details/mayflowerpil00phil |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=2008|isbn=9780399247958 }}</ref> Nevertheless, given the sources which can be drawn on, Tisquantum's story inevitably is seen from the European perspective.
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* {{cite journal |last=Rainey |first=Froelich G. |title=A Compilation of Historical Data Contributing to the Ethnography of Connecticut and Southern New England Indians |journal=Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Connecticut |volume=3 |date=April 1936 |pages=3–49}}
* {{cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Maurice |title=Indians of the Old Colony: Their Relation with and their Contribution to the Settlement of the Area |journal=Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society |volume=17 |number=4 |date=July 1956 |pages=59–74 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Rostlund |first=Erhardt |title=The Evidence for the Use of Fish as Fertilizer in Aboriginal North America |journal=Journal of Geography |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=222–228 |year=1957 |doi=10.1080/00221345708983142 |bibcode=1957JGeog..56..222R }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/sociedad-no-20-21-2022-2023-articulo-squanto_202403|last=Ruiz |first=Purificacion |title=Málaga, Squanto, y el día de acción de gracias |journal=Sociedad, Boletín de la Sociedad de Amigos de la Cultura de Vélez Málaga|date=July 2023 |volume=Número 20/21 |pages=89–94 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Howard S. |title=New England Agriculture from Champlain and Others |journal=Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society |volume=31 |number=1–2 |year=1969–70 |pages=11–18 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Howard S. |title=Letter: Indian Corn Cultivation |journal=Science |volume=189 |number=4207 |date=September 19, 1975 |pages=944–46 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4207.944-a |pmid=17789137 |s2cid=32151831 }}
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[[Category:Native American history of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Native American people from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Last known members of an Indigenous people]]
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