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|header5 = Members
|label6 = [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman]]
|data6 =
|label7 = [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Vice Chairman]]
|data7 =
|label8 = Number of members
|data8 = Eight
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==Role and responsibilities==
[[File:
After the 1986 reorganization of the [[United States Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] undertaken by the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]], the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational authority over troops or other units. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the [[President of the United States of America|president]] to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] directly to the commanders of the [[Unified Combatant Command|unified combatant command]]s and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.
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|[[Chief of Naval Operations]]
|[[File:ADM Lisa M. Franchetti (
|style="text-align:center"|[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]<br/>'''[[Lisa Franchetti|Lisa M. Franchetti]]'''
|{{Flag|United States Navy|size=23px}}
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===World War II===
[[File:World War II Joint Chiefs of Staff 1943.jpg|thumb|right|Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting ({{circa
U.S. president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] established the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] (CCS) during the 1942 [[Arcadia Conference]].<ref Name=WCP>{{cite book |title=United States Army in World War II – The War Department – Washington Command Post: The Operations Division; Chapter VI. Organizing The High Command For World War II "Development of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff System" |last=Cline |first=Ray S. |year=1990 |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C. |pages=98–104 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/WCP/ChapterVI.htm#p98 |access-date=5 January 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095615/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/WCP/ChapterVI.htm#p98 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the joint U.S.–UK war effort.
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[[File:Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General David C. Jones lead briefing at The Pentagon.jpg|thumb|The Joint Chiefs of Staff in an annual meeting with the commanders of unified and specified command in the JCS meeting room, also known as "The Tank" on 15 January 1981.]]
Each of the members of the original Joint Chiefs was a four-star flag or general officer in his service branch. By the end of the war each had been promoted: Leahy and King to [[Fleet admiral (United States)|
One of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC). The JSSC, "one of the most influential planning agencies in the wartime armed forces", was an extraordinary JCS committee that existed from 1942 until 1947.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Mark A. |last=Stoler |title=From Continentalism to Globalism: General Stanley D. Embick, the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, and the Military View of American National Policy during the Second World War |journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1982 |pages=303–320 [quote at p. 307] |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1982.tb00378.x }}</ref> Members included Lieutenant General [[Stanley D. Embick]], U.S. Army, chairman, 1942–1946, Vice Admiral [[Russell Willson]], U.S. Navy, 1942–1945, Vice Admiral [[Theodore Stark Wilkinson]], U.S. Navy, 1946, and Major General [[Muir S. Fairchild]], U.S. Army Air Force, 1942–?.
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The position of vice chairman was created by the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] of 1986 to complement the CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the chairman's responsibilities, particularly resource allocation through the [[Joint Requirements Oversight Council]] (JROC).
General [[Colin Powell|Colin L. Powell]] (Chairman, 1989–1993) was the first African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff when he became the 12th Chairman of the JCS in 1989. General [[Charles Q. Brown Jr.]] was the first African American appointed to lead a service branch when he became the Chief of Staff of the Air Force in 2020. On May 25, 2023, President Joe Biden nominated General Brown to become the 21st Chairman of the JCS. General Brown was subsequently confirmed and took up the post of chairman on October 1, 2023. General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]] (Chairman, 2001–2005) was the first [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] to serve as [[
===National Defense Authorization Act of 2012===
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{{Main|Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff}}
The position of [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] was created by the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] of 1986. The vice chairman is a four-star-[[General (United States)|general]] or [[Admiral (United States)|admiral]] and, by law, is the second highest-ranking member of the U.S. Armed Forces (after the chairman). In the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS.<ref>
The current vice chairman is Admiral [[Christopher W. Grady]], who began his tenure on 20 December 2021.
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| budget =
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| chief1_name = LTG [[
| parent_agency = [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]
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[[File:Melvin R. Laird meets with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in his Pentagon office.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Members of The Joint Chiefs of Staff with [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] in 1973.|alt=]]
[[File:US Joint Chiefs of Staff Nov 1989.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|The Joint Chiefs of Staff (seated) and the directors of the Joint Staff directorates (standing), November 1989.]]
The '''Joint Staff''' ('''JS''')<ref name= jointDoctrineHome >"Joint Doctrine constitutes official advice, however, the judgment of the commander is paramount in all situations." —Director Joint Force Development (1JAN19) [https://www.jcs.mil/Doctrine/ Joint Electronic Library]</ref><ref name= dodDictionary>Joint Staff, J-7 [https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf (Jan 2020) DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218033724/https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf |date=18 February 2020 }}</ref>
The [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (CJCS) is assisted by the [[director of the Joint Staff]] (DJS), a three-star officer who assists the chairman with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Coast Guard, who have been assigned to assist the chairman in providing to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, space, and air forces. The director is assisted by the [[Vice Director of the Joint Staff|vice director of the Joint Staff]], a two-star officer.
Former Secretary of Defense [[Mark Esper]] tasked the Joint Staff with developing a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoDevFromMdo|Joint Warfighting Concept]]<ref name=jCFT group=JadConcept >JADC2 as a concept— Like the Integrated Tactical Network, instances of a concept can exist before acquisition— see [https://peoc3t.army.mil/tr/itn.php PEO C3T (2018) Integrated Tactical Network]</ref> for the services by December 2020.<ref name=jadc2AsConcept >
*"A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
**"forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
*"it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
** All-Domain Operations use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
</ref> The Joint Chiefs and Combatant Commanders witnessed [[
===Organization===
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*****J8 – Director, Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
*****Director of Management
*****Secretary, Joint Staff (SJS) – overall management and administration of JS actions
*****Joint History Office – record activities of the chairman and the Joint Staff
***Assistant to the Chairman – oversees matters requiring close personal control by the chairman with particular focus on international relations and politico-military concerns
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===Directorates of the Joint Staff===
The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, [[Military Intelligence|intelligence]], [[Human resources|manpower]], communications and logistics functions are translated into action.<ref name="jcs.mil"/>
* [[Joint Staff Information Management Division (United States)]]▼
* DOM – Directorate of Management
** Joint Secretariat
▲*** [[Joint Staff Information Management Division (United States)|Information Management Division]]
*** Actions Division
* J1 – Personnel and Manpower
* J2 – Intelligence
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* J5 – Strategic Plans and Policy
* J6 – Command, Control, Communications and Computers/Cyber<ref name="dtic">{{cite web|url=http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=21 |title=J6 Page at jcs.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114515/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=21 |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>
** The J-6 directorate is one of a group of agencies that administer the [[SIPRNet]]. Other administrators include: the [[National Security Agency]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and the [[Defense Information Systems Agency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAA/is_1_28/ai_103992818/ |title=SIPRNET connectivity: do's and don'ts |work=Army Communicator |first=Tim |last=Gibson |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050255/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAA/is_1_28/ai_103992818/ |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> The J-6 chairs the DOD's Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board (MC4EB)<ref>{{Cite web|url=
** The J-6 [[Joint Deployable Analysis Team]] ([[JDAT]]) conducts assessments in conjunction with Combatant Command exercises, experiments, and test and evaluation events.<ref>
* J7 – Joint Force Development
** The J-7 is responsible for the six functions of joint force development: Doctrine, Education, Concept Development & Experimentation, Training, Exercises and Lessons Learned.
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==Coast Guard==
Although, as discussed above, the [[commandant of the Coast Guard]] is not an ''[[ex officio]]'' member of the JCS like the other service chiefs, Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as Chairman and Vice Chairman, pursuant to {{uscsub|10|152|a|1}} and {{uscsub|10|154|a|1}} respectively, which use the collective term "armed forces" rather than listing the eligible services, as well as to other positions on the Joint Staff. {{As of
== Gallery ==
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File:White House meeting with Joint Chiefs of Staff - NARA - 175830.tif|Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during a cabinet meeting in the White House in 1977
File:The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1981.jpg|The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1981.
File:The Joint Chiefs of Staff during President Ronald Reagan Inaugural Parade
File:The Joint Chiefs of STAFF (JCS) pose for a portrait in an office at the Pentagon 1983.jpg|The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1983.
File:US Joint Chiefs of Staff Dec 1986.jpg|The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1986.
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==See also==
* [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)]]
* [[Armed Forces Council (Canada)]]
* [[Chief of Defence Force (New Zealand)]]
* [[Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chiefs of Staff Committee (United Kingdom)]]
* [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
* [[Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission|Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission (China)]]
* [[General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces]]
* [[Chief of Staff, Joint
* [[Joint Chiefs of Staff (South Korea)]]
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]]
* [[Staff (military)]] – see Modern United States military usage for organization of Joint Staff (J1 through J8)
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* Schnabel, James F. [https://archive.org/details/historyofjointch0000unse ''History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945–1947. Volume I''] {{registration required}}. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
* Taylor, Maxwell D. ''The Uncertain Trumpet''. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
* Weiner, Sharon K. ''Managing the Military: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Civil-Military Relations'' (Columbia University Press, 2022) [https://issforum.org/ISSF/PDF/RE84.pdf online book review]
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{{United States Department of Defense}}
{{United States Armed Forces}}
{{Harry S. Truman}}
{{Authority control}}
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