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{{Infobox
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| Year=1960▼
▲| Image location=Hurricane Donna.jpg
| dissipated = September 14, 1960
▲| Image name=Donna over the Florida Keys on September 10
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
▲| Formed=August 29, 1960
▲| Dissipated=September 14, 1960
| pressure = 930
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
▲| 1-min winds=125
| fatalities = 439
| damage = 980000000
|
| refs =
▲| Areas=[[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Cuba]], [[Bahamas]], [[East Coast of the United States]], [[New England]], [[Atlantic Canada]], [[Greenland]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
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}}
'''Hurricane Donna''', known in Puerto Rico as '''Hurricane San Lorenzo''', was the strongest hurricane of the [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]], and caused severe damage to the [[Lesser Antilles]], the [[Greater Antilles]], and the [[East Coast of the United States]], especially [[Florida]], in August–September. The fifth [[tropical cyclone]], third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29, spawned by a [[tropical wave]] to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in [[Senegal]] were attributed. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day. Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly {{cvt|20|mph|km/h}} and by September 1, it reached hurricane status. Over the next three days, Donna deepened significantly and reached maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 4. Thereafter, it maintained intensity as it struck the Lesser Antilles later that day. On [[Sint Maarten]], the storm left a quarter of the island's population homeless and killed seven people. An additional five deaths were reported in [[Anguilla]], and there were seven other fatalities throughout the [[Virgin Islands]]. In [[Puerto Rico]], severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities, 85 of them in [[Humacao, Puerto Rico|Humacao]] alone.▼
▲'''Hurricane Donna''', known in Puerto Rico as '''Hurricane San Lorenzo''', was the strongest hurricane of the [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]], and caused severe damage to the [[Lesser Antilles]], the [[Greater Antilles]], and the [[East Coast of the United States]], especially
Donna further intensified to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 6, and attained peak winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) twenty-four hours later. The storm then weakened over the next few days, making multiple [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]s in [[The Bahamas]] as a Category 3 hurricane. Donna generated severe wind gusts of up to 173 mph (278 km/h) over southern portions of the archipelago nation, and prolific rains affected the country and the nearby [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]. Several small island communities in the southern regions of The Bahamas were leveled, but no damage total or fatalities were reported.▼
▲Donna further intensified to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 6, and attained peak winds of {{convert|145
As it neared the United States, Donna encountered weaker steering currents, turned northwestward, and re-intensified. Early on September 10, Donna made landfall on the [[Florida Keys]] with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h), the most severe observed there since [[1935 Labor Day hurricane|1935]]. Donna then weakened as it paralleled the southwestern Florida peninsula, making landfall south of [[Naples, Florida|Naples]] with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). In the [[Florida Keys]], [[coastal flooding]] severely damaged 75% of buildings, destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon. On the mainland, 5,200 houses were damaged, which does not include the 75% of homes damaged at [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]]; 50% of buildings were also destroyed in the city of [[Everglades, Florida|Everglades]]. Crop losses were also extensive. A total of 50% of the [[grapefruit]] crop was lost, 10% of the [[orange (fruit)|orange]] and [[tangerine]] crop was lost, and the [[avocado]] crop was almost destroyed. In the state of Florida alone, there were 13 deaths and $300 million in losses.▼
▲As it neared the United States, Donna encountered weaker steering currents, turned northwestward, and re-intensified. Early on September 10, Donna made landfall on the [[Florida Keys]] with winds of {{convert|145
Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 1 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from [[North Florida]]. By early on September 12, the storm made landfall near [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]], as a Category 2 hurricane. Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to 100 mph (155 km/h), damaging or destroying several buildings in [[Eastern North Carolina]], while crops were damaged as far as {{convert|50|mi|km}} inland. Additionally, storm surge caused significant [[coastal erosion|beach erosion]] and structural damage at [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]]. Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries. Later on September 12, Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward. The storm struck [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland. On the following day, Donna became [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] over [[Maine]].▼
▲Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 1 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from [[North Florida]]. By early on September 12, the storm made landfall near [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]], as a Category 2 hurricane. Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to {{convert|100
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Donna 1960 track.png}}
On August 29, a [[tropical wave]] exited the west coast of Africa near [[Dakar]]. That day, it is estimated a tropical depression developed along the wave southeast of [[Cape Verde]]. There was a lack of data for several days, but it is estimated that the system gradually intensified. On September 2, ships in the region suggested there was a tropical storm after reporting winds of over {{convert|50
Continuing to the west-northwest, Donna strengthened further, attaining [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at 00:00 UTC on September 4—an intensity it maintained for two more days.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Operationally, winds were estimated to be {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite report |author=Ralph Higgs |title=Hurricane Advisory Number 8 Donna |publisher=San Juan Weather Bureau |date=1960-09-04 |access-date=2013-09-03 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim07.gif |format=GIF |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108140422/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim07.gif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WU>{{cite web |url=https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/atlantic/1960/Major-Hurricane-Donna |title=Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones: Major Hurricane Donna |publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|The Weather Underground]] |author=NOAA |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911133746/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/atlantic/1960/Major-Hurricane-Donna |url-status=live }}</ref> Late on September 4, the eye of Donna moved over [[Barbuda]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], and [[Anguilla]], and passed just south of [[Anegada]]. Donna was then well-organized, described in the ''[[Monthly Weather Review]]'' as akin to "an intense, idealized hurricane." A weakening [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] to the north turned the hurricane more northwesterly, bringing it within {{convert|85|mi|km}} of the north coast of [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="mwr" /> The storm then underwent further intensification to Category 4 status on September 6, and reached its first peak of {{convert|145
While passing through the [[Straits of Florida]], Donna brushed the northern coast of Cuba on September 9 with gale-force winds. Subsequently, a [[cold front]] moved eastward through the United States and weakened the ridge, causing the hurricane to turn more to the northwest. It re-intensified over warm [[sea surface temperatures]],<ref name="mwr" /> and the hurricane's minimum [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] dropped to {{cvt|930|mbar|inHg}} on September 10.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Between 02:00 and 03:00 UTC that day, the {{convert|21|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide}} eye of Donna crossed through the [[Florida Keys]] at [[Conch Key, Florida|Conch Key]], just northeast of [[Marathon, Florida|Marathon]], with sustained winds of {{
At 0800 UTC on September 11, Donna exited [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] into the western Atlantic with winds of about
==Preparations==
At noon on September 3, a hurricane watch was issued for the [[Leeward Islands]], which at 6 p.m. was upgraded to a warning. Also at 6 p.m., hurricane watches were raised for [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]], which at 6 a.m. on September 4, were upgraded to warnings. By 6 a.m. on September 5, hurricane warnings were dropped for the Leeward Islands, and at 9 a.m., southwest Puerto Rico and the Virgin Island's hurricane warnings were downgraded to [[gale warnings]]. By noon, all remaining hurricane warnings for Puerto Rico were changed to gale warnings.<ref name="watchwarnings" /> In Puerto Rico, flood warnings were issued on September 5, although some residents in the region did not heed the notice; many returned to their homes after the hurricane passed to the north.<ref name="mwr" /> On [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques Island]], about 1,700 [[United States Marines]] evacuated to naval ships.<ref name="ap952">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1960-09-05 |title=Puerto Rico Braces for Hurricane |newspaper=The Victoria Advocate |access-date=2013-10-31 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IJZHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394,2777923&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102502/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IJZHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394%2C2777923&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Officials advised small boats to remain at port, and thousands of residents evacuated to schools set up as Red Cross shelters.<ref name="ap95">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1960-09-05 |title=Hurricane Howls Towards Mainland |newspaper=The Gadsden Times |access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qaMfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1962,511619&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en}}</ref> Along the Cuban coast, about 3,000 people evacuated inland or to churches and schools;<ref name="upi99">{{cite news |agency=United Press International |date=1960-09-09 |title=Deadly 'Donna' Seems Sure to Slam into Florida |access-date=2013-10-31 |newspaper=The Times-News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6119,433570&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102537/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6119%2C433570&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ws99" /> while in the Bahamas, stores closed and boats were sent to port.<ref name="upi98" />
[[File:Donna 1960 Miami Radar Animation.ogg |thumb|right|Radar animation of Hurricane Donna approaching the Florida Keys]]
Beginning on September 7, hurricane watches were put in place for the Florida coast from Key West to Melbourne. The next day, the watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings from Key West to Key Largo, with hurricane watches raised on the west coast northward to Fort Myers, and gale warnings issued from Key Largo to Vero Beach. By September 11, hurricane warnings were in effect for southern Florida from Daytona Beach on the east coast to Cedar Key on the west coast, including Lake Okeechobee. Gale warnings were in place northward from Cedar Key to St. Marks, as well as from Daytona Beach northward to Savannah, Georgia.<ref name="watchwarnings">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim02.gif|title=Hurricane "Donna" Chronology, September 2-13, 1960|publisher=[[United States Weather Bureau]] Office of Climatology|year=1960|access-date=2008-10-10|archive-date=October 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030030146/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim02.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Evacuations in the Florida Keys disrupted traffic along the [[Overseas Highway]].<ref name="upi99" /> The [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] evacuated 90 [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]]s from [[Homestead Air Reserve Base]] (At that time Homestead AFB). At [[Cape Canaveral]], the threat of the storm caused the launching of two missiles to be postponed.<ref name="upi98">{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=1960-09-08|title=Savage Hurricane 'Donna' Aims for Florida; Winds 150 MPH|access-date=2013-10-31|newspaper=The Times-News|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=5103,380049&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102503/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=5103%2C380049&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Most flights out of [[Miami International Airport]] were canceled during the storm's approach. Officials closed schools in Miami and the Florida Keys,<ref name="ws99" /> and recommended residents in low-lying areas of the Florida Keys and southwestern Florida to evacuate. Ultimately, about 12,000 people in southern Florida sought refuge in storm shelters, two of which were damaged during the storm.<ref name="ap911" /> In [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] alone, there were 77 storm shelters housing 10,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1960-09-11|title=Donna Late, But Miami Hurt|access-date=2013-11-03|newspaper=The Evening Independent|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U2xIAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20donna&pg=3493%2C1526800|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102514/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U2xIAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane+donna&pg=3493%2C1526800|url-status=live}}</ref>
At 5 p.m. on September 10, gale warnings were extended northward to Myrtle Beach. At 11 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered in the [[Florida Keys]] but extended northward from Daytona Beach to [[Savannah, Georgia]].<ref name="watchwarnings" /> At 11 a.m. on September 11, all warnings were lowered south of Vero Beach and along the Florida west coast, while hurricane warnings were extended northward from Savannah to Myrtle Beach. At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Fernandina Beach, while they were extended northward to include the entire [[North Carolina]] coast. Gale warnings were issued northward to Cape May. At 9 p.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], while gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued northward to [[Eastport, Maine]].<ref name="watchwarnings2" /> Ships at dock in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] were towed out into the bay to weather the storm.<ref>Ron Fritz (2008). [http://www.fredtberry.org/historyaddenda-hurricane-donna.htm USS Fred T. Berry DD/DDE 858 Ship's History Addenda: Hurricane Donna.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819175627/http://www.fredtberry.org/historyaddenda-hurricane-donna.htm |date=August 19, 2008 }} Ron Fritz. Retrieved on 2008-10-10.</ref> On September 12 at 5 a.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to Eastport, and dropped south of Cape Hatteras. At 7 a.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Cape Charles. At 2 p.m., hurricane warnings were dropped south of Cape May. At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were discontinued south of Manasquan, New Jersey. At 8 p.m., hurricane warnings expired south of Block Island. By 11 p.m. on September 12, all hurricane warnings had been lowered.<ref name="watchwarnings2">[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim03.gif Hurricane "Donna" Chronology page 2, September 2-13, 1960.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030030150/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim03.gif |date=October 30, 2008 }} [[United States Weather Bureau]] Office of Climatology (1960). Retrieved on 2008-10-10.</ref>
==Impact==
[[File:Donna 1960 Puerto Rico rainfall.png|thumb|right|Donna's Rainfall around Puerto Rico]]
Hurricane Donna was a very destructive hurricane that caused extensive damage from the Lesser Antilles to New England. At least 364 people were killed by the hurricane and property damage was estimated at $900 million (1960 USD).<ref name="DonnaDeaths">Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221030653/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml |date=February 21, 2012 }} National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-13.</ref>
===West Africa===
The precursor to Hurricane Donna brought severe weather to the [[Dakar]] area of [[Senegal]].<ref name="valate">{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate20hur.htm|title=Late Twentieth Century|author=David M. Roth|date=July 16, 2001|work=Weather Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=September 2, 2013|archive-date=November 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110131440/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate20hur.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Air France Flight 343]], which was flying from [[Paris]], [[France]] to [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]], attempted to land at the [[Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport]] as a [[layover]]. However, due to squally weather, the plane instead crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 63 people on board.<ref name="asn">{{cite report|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600829-0|title=Accident description|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|access-date=September 2, 2013|date=|archive-date=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606071344/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600829-0|url-status=live}}</ref> Heavy rainfall was also reported in Cape Verde on August 30.<ref name="mwr" />
===Caribbean===
Hurricane Donna caused very extensive damage on [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint-Martin]], killed 7 and left at least a quarter of the island's population homeless. A weather station in [[Sint Maarten]] reported sustained wind gusts of {{convert|125
Donna killed two people on Antigua.<ref name="ap96">{{cite news|title=Hurricane Donna Threatens Florida|agency=Associated Press|date=1960-09-06|newspaper=Kentucky New Era|access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F-YrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6492,4711459&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102602/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F-YrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6492%2C4711459&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> During the passing of Hurricane Donna, [[Anguilla]] recorded five deaths, including a woman who died when the roof of her house collapsed.
Despite passing only {{convert|35|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of the island, Donna caused only minor damage on [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]] in the [[United States Virgin Islands]]. A station there reported a wind gust of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mwr" /> Some fences were toppled, while several houses were reported to have been damaged or destroyed. Electrical and telephone services were also disrupted. The highest daily rainfall total on the island was {{convert|8.78|in|mm}}, causing minor local flooding. On [[Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint John]], several small boats capsized.
While passing to the north of Puerto Rico, Donna produced winds of {{convert|38|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in San Juan. Along the north coast of the island, high tides of around {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} and strong waves caused coastal flooding.<ref name="mwr" /> The hurricane dropped torrential rainfall, peaking at {{convert|16.23|in|mm|abbr=on}} at [[Naguabo, Puerto Rico|Naguabo]] in the central portion of the island. Large areas of eastern Puerto Rico received over {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation.<ref name="rain">{{cite report|date=2013-03-06|title=Hurricane Donna - September 3-12, 1960|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|author=David M. Roth|access-date=2013-09-06|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/donna1960.html|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083408/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/donna1960.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The hurricane left about 2,500 people homeless on the island.<ref name="upi98" /> Despite advanced warning of the floods, the hurricane killed 107 people on the island, of which 84 were in [[Humacao, Puerto Rico|Humacao]].<ref name="mwr" />
In Haiti, the southern periphery of the hurricane killed three people in [[Port au Prince]].<ref name="ap96" /> Later, Donna brushed the north coast of Cuba with strong winds and heavy rainfall,<ref name="mwr" /> causing damage along much of the coast.<ref name="upi99" /> In [[Gibara]], the storm wrecked 80 houses.<ref name="ws99">{{cite news|date=1960-09-09|title=Storm Nears Florida Coast|newspaper=The Windsor Star|access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4Cc_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2901,5337042&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102602/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4Cc_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2901%2C5337042&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Turks and Caicos and Bahamas===
On [[Grand Turk Island|Grand Turk]] in the [[Turks and Caicos]], Donna produced winds of {{convert|58
In the Bahamas, the [[anemometer]] at Ragged Island blew away after registering a {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} wind gust. At Mayaguana, where residents evacuated to a missile tracking base, hurricane-force winds raged for 13 hours.<ref name="mwr" /> The winds largely destroyed the village of [[Abraham's Bay]] on the island.<ref name="ap99">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The News and Courier|date=1960-09-09|title=Hurricane Donna Turns Slightly Toward North|access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2ZJJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1426,1340319&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Andros, Bahamas|Andros]] experienced hurricane-force winds for a few hours, and winds on Fortune Island were estimated at {{convert|173
Several small island communities in the southern Bahamas were leveled. North Caicos reported {{convert|20|in|mm}} of rainfall in 24 hours.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080911165537/http://www.tciredcross.com/English%202007%20hurricane%20book.pdf 2007 Hurricane Guide: Are You Prepared?] Turks & Caicos Islands Red Cross (2007). Retrieved on 2008-10-10.</ref>
===United States===
There were 50 people reported dead in the United States, with damages totaling to $3.35 billion.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Eric S. Blake |author2=Edward N. Rappaport |author3=Christopher W. Landsea |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf |title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2006 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) |date=2007-04-15 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121756/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Donna crossed directly over United States Air Force radar station [[Texas Tower 4]], causing severe damage to the structure and leading to its eventual loss in January 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texastower.com/a_history_in_texas_towers_air_defense.htm|author=Thomas Ray|title=A history of Texas Towers in air defense 1952-1964|publisher=The Texas Tower Association|access-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715092242/http://www.texastower.com/a_history_in_texas_towers_air_defense.htm|archive-date=July 15, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Donna was the only hurricane to affect every state along the East Coast with hurricane-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml#donna|title=Hurricane History|year=2008
====Florida====
[[File:Biscayneblvd1960donna flooding.jpg|thumb|right|Flooding along [[U.S. Route 1 in Florida#Miami-Dade County|Biscayne Boulevard]] in Miami, Florida]]
The U.S. state of Florida received the most damage from Hurricane Donna. Portions of southern and western Florida received over {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall from the hurricane, peaking at {{convert|13.24|in|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rain" /> Strong winds were observed in the state, with a sustained wind speed of {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Tavernier, Florida|Tavernier]] and a gusts up to {{convert|150|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Sombrero Key Light]].<ref name="stormdata" /> In Miami, winds reached {{cvt|97|mph|km/h}}. Southeast of the city, high waves washed a {{convert|104|ft|m|adj=on}} freighter onshore an island.<ref name="ap911">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1960-09-11 |title=Gulf Beaches Evacuated; Donna Slashes Pinellas |page=1-A |access-date=2013-11-03 |newspaper=The Evening Independent |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U2xIAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20donna&pg=6034%2C1526681 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102504/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U2xIAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane+donna&pg=6034%2C1526681 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest observed [[storm surge]] of {{cvt|13|ft|m}} was reported at Marathon. The hurricane also lashed [[Southwest Florida]], where tides were {{convert|4|to|7|ft|m}} above normal.<ref name="stormdata" />
In the Florida Keys, some areas experienced "almost complete destruction".<ref name="stormdata" /> In [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], one death was confirmed, and 71 people were injured. About 564 homes were demolished, and an additional 1,382 were damaged, 583 of them severely.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros2.gif |title=Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau |date=1960-10-20 |agency=[[American Red Cross]] |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |page=2 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060556/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros2.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> Farther north, an estimated 75% of buildings were extensively damaged between Marathon and Tavernier. In the former, tides inundated the city and destroyed several subdivisions. Storm surge inundated parts of the [[Overseas Highway]].<ref name="stormdata" /> Six bridges between Marathon and [[Craig Key]] had been nearly or entirely swept away.<ref name="evans">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86948423/the-miami-herald/|author=Luther Evans|date=September 11, 1960|title=Misery Conquers Islands|newspaper=Miami Herald|page=1A|access-date=October 12, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172919/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86948423/the-miami-herald/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> Many boats and docks were severely damaged or destroyed. Additionally, the pipeline supplying water to the Florida Keys was wrecked in three places.<ref name="stormdata" />
In [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] (then Dade County), thousands of low-lying homes in the [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead area]] were flooded.<ref name="NCDC2"/> The storm also overturned 25 mobile homes and caused one death in the city. While telephone service remained mostly uninterrupted, approximately 152,000 people lost electricity.<ref name="at a glance">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86943008/the-miami-herald/|title=Donna: Storm at A Glance|date=September 11, 1960|newspaper=Miami Herald|page=1A|access-date=October 11, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172828/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86943008/the-miami-herald/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> Donna was the first hurricane to affect Miami, Florida, since [[Hurricane King]] in October 1950.<ref name="NCDC2">{{cite journal|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/climo02.gif|journal=Climatological Data|volume=64|issue=9|title=Climatological Data: Florida|date=September 1960|page=2|access-date=October 11, 2021|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808080526/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/climo02.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Although structural damage in and around Miami was generally light, winds shattered windows and uprooted trees. Heavy precipitation inundated streets.<ref name="at a glance"/> Overall, 857 houses in Dade County were destroyed, while about 2,317 others suffered damage. Significant agricultural losses were also reported.<ref name="NCDC2"/> About 100 homes in [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]] reported minor damage.<ref name="red cross1"/> In [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]] and [[Delray Beach, Florida|Delray Beach]], damage was mostly limited to downed billboard signs and shattered windows.<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946023/the-palm-beach-post/|title=Little Damage From Donna In Local Area|date=September 11, 1960|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|pages=1D and 8D|access-date=April 7, 2020|via=Newspapers.com|location=West Palm Beach, Florida|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174404/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946023/the-palm-beach-post/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}
*[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946023/the-palm-beach-post/ "Little Damage From Donna In Local Area", p. 1]
*[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946068/the-palm-beach-post/ "Little Damage", p. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172844/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946068/the-palm-beach-post/ |date=October 29, 2021 }}</ref>{{rp|6}} [[Boynton Beach, Florida|Boynton Beach]] observed wind gusts up to {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[South Lake Worth Inlet|the inlet]].<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|1}} Storm surge covered [[Florida State Road A1A|State Road A1A]] with mud and sand.<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|6}} In [[North Palm Beach, Florida|North Palm Beach]], winds shattered a few windows and destroyed a shopping center sign.<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|1}} A fire destroyed a cocktail lounge in [[Juno Beach, Florida|Juno Beach]] after response teams were unable to extinguish the blaze due to high winds.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86947588/the-palm-beach-post/|title=Fire Destroys Cocktail Lounge In Juno Beach|date=September 11, 1960|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=1|access-date=October 12, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86947588/the-palm-beach-post/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>
Large tracts of [[mangrove]] forest were lost in the western portion of [[Everglades National Park]], while at least 35% of the white heron population in the park were killed.<ref name="Dunion">{{cite journal |author1=Jason P. Dunion |author2=Christopher W. Landsea |author3=Samuel H. Houston |author4=Mark D. Powell |date=September 2003 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/dunion.pdf |issue=9 |volume=131 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1992:AROTSW>2.0.CO;2 |title=A Reanalysis of the Surface Winds for Hurricane Donna of 1960 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |pages=1992–1993 |publisher=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |bibcode=2003MWRv..131.1992D |issn=1520-0493 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174611/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/dunion.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The lodge and marina at [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]], as well as a ranger's way station near [[Cape Sable]], were virtually destroyed.<ref name="evans"/> Tides from [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]] southward ranged between {{convert|4|and|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. In [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]], about 50% of buildings were destroyed due to strong winds and coastal flooding, and roofs were blown off or damaged.<ref name="stormdata" /> Floodwaters reached about {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height inside the historic [[Old Collier County Courthouse|Collier County Courthouse]], forcing refugees taking shelter in the building to evacuate to the second floor.<ref name="lost civilization">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48613930/the-miami-news/|title=Collier County – A Lost Civilization|date=September 12, 1960|newspaper=The Miami News|author=Howard Van Smith|page=4A|access-date=October 13, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48613930/the-miami-news/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> The city briefly became inaccessible due to inundated roads. Thousands of trees were toppled,<ref name="stormdata" /> blocking portions of the [[Tamiami Trail]].<ref name="ap911" /> Approximately half of the homes in [[Chokoloskee, Florida|Chokoloskee]] were destroyed, while floodwaters entered a number of homes in [[Ochopee, Florida|Ochopee]]. The community of [[Immokalee, Florida|Immokalee]] reported about $3 million in damage. In [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], storm surge entered many high-priced homes, while the {{convert|900|ft|m|abbr=on}} fishing pier was wrecked. A total of 19 cottages and 12 mobile homes at Gordon Pass were damaged beyond repairs. Throughout Naples, Donna demolished 87 homes and damaged 614 others in Everglades City. ''[[The Miami News]]'' described [[Vanderbilt Beach, Florida|Vanderbilt Beach]] as being reduced to "another welter of splintered homes."<ref name="lost civilization"/> Throughout [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]], strong winds and coastal flooding combined destroyed 153 homes, severely damaged 409 others, and
[[File:Hurricane Donna damage.jpg|thumb|right|Damage on [[Sanibel Island]] from Hurricane Donna]]Donna left about $3 million in property damage and two deaths in [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]]. A new church in [[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]] was destroyed, while much of the city was left without power.<ref name="at a glance"/> In [[Winter Haven, Florida|Winter Haven]], 13 homes were destroyed, 100 others suffered major damage, and 2,400 dwellings experienced minor damage. One person was killed in the city.<ref name="red cross1"/> The turn into southern Florida lessened damage in the Tampa area.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dick Bothwell |date=1960-09-11 |title=Back to Normal By Friday |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |access-date=October 11, 2021 |page=8-A |agency=United Press International |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pz5SAAAAIBAJ&pg=5905,77631&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102504/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pz5SAAAAIBAJ&pg=5905%2C77631&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> High winds deroofed in armory building in [[Dade City, Florida|Dade City]] sheltering 150 people.<ref name="at a glance"/> In [[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia County]], Donna destroyed 10 homes, severely damaged 112 homes, and caused minor damage to 1,100 others, while 25 buildings were demolished, 400 substantially damaged, and inflicted minor damage to 750 others. One fatality occurred in the county.<ref name="red cross1"/><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros4.gif |title=Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau |date=October 20, 1960 |agency=American Red Cross |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |page=4 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801133532/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros4.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
Throughout the state of Florida, the storm destroyed 2,156 homes and trailers, severely damaged 3,903, and inflicted minor impact on 30,524 others. Approximately 391 farm buildings were destroyed, an additional 989 suffered extensive impact, and 2,499 others received minor damage. Roughly 174 buildings were demolished, 1,029 received major impact, and 4,254 suffered minor damage. Additionally, 281 boats were destroyed or severely damaged. A total of 50% of grapefruit crop was lost, 10% of the orange and tangerine crops were ruined, and the avocado crop was almost destroyed. With at least $350 million in damage in Florida alone, Donna was the costliest hurricane to impact the state, at the time. Additionally, there were 14 confirmed fatalities: six from drowning, four from heart attacks, two from automobile accidents, and two from electrocution. About 1,188 others were injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/news/miami.gif |title=Here's What Donna Did |year=1960 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 18, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055417/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/news/miami.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Southeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic====
[[File:Bennett-rice-mill-charleston-sc1.jpg |right|210px|thumb|The facade of the 1840s-era Bennett's Rice Mill in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]; much of the structure was destroyed by a [[tornado|F3 tornado]].]]
The storm brought minor impact to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Wind gusts of {{cvt|50|mph|km/h}} along the coast felled trees and tree limbs, resulting in electrical and telephone-service outages. In [[Brunswick, GA]], a power outage at the power plant caused a minor explosion. Heavy rainfall temporarily flooded some streets in the city. Further north in [[South Carolina]], gale-force winds were reported along the coast, but caused little damage. An F3 tornado struck areas just north of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Downtown Charleston]], destroying several houses and severely damaging a number of others. There were 10 injuries, some of which were caused by flying glass. Damage from this tornado was over $500,000. An F1 tornado also touched down in [[Garden City Beach, South Carolina|Garden City Beach]], destroying or extensively damaging six buildings.<ref name="stormdata">{{cite report |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-CEF7855A-93B3-4427-9FD6-EB0EA9E3DE72.pdf |website=ncdc.noaa.gov |title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1960 |agency=National Climatic Data Center |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024655/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-CEF7855A-93B3-4427-9FD6-EB0EA9E3DE72.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name=Tordata>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/1960/9/11/table |title=Tornado History Project: September 11, 1960 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802084515/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/1960/9/11/table |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Beaufort County, South Carolina|Beaufort County]], many trees were uprooted, power lines were downed, homes were unroofed, piers were destroyed, and there was significant damage to corn and soybean crops.<ref name="bccc">{{cite news |url=http://circanceast.beaufortccc.edu/Brown/hurricanes/Donna/BL065.pdf |title=Losses Heavy As Donna Rips Through County |year=1960 |newspaper=Beaufort County Community College |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221801/http://circanceast.beaufortccc.edu/Brown/hurricanes/Donna/BL065.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In North Carolina, Donna brought two tornadoes to the state. An F1 tornado damaged several small buildings in [[Bladen County, North Carolina|Bladen County]]. An F2 tornado in [[Sampson County, North Carolina|Sampson County]] destroyed a dwelling with eight occupants, all of whom were hospitalized.<ref name=Tordata/> Along the coast, wind gusts as high as {{convert|100
In Virginia, the east coast of the state reported hurricane-force winds, while gusts reached up to {{convert|89|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach]].<ref name="valate" /> Strong winds toppled trees and electrical wires, which blocked streets. Additionally, buildings suffered roof damage and broken windows; some structures were completely destroyed. Offshore, rough seas sank or destroyed numerous small crafts, while a {{convert|12000|t|lb}} vessel was driven aground. The storm killed three people in Virginia; two of the deaths occurred when a barge collided with a freighter and later sank, and another after a man attempted to safeguard his boat. Strong winds and heavy rains were observed in eastern [[Maryland]]. [[Ocean City, Maryland|Ocean City]] suffered the worst impact, with over $300,000 in property damage. The storm also damaged crops in the area, especially corn and apples. Effects from the storm in Delaware were similar, with property damage and considerable losses to corn and apple crops. In [[Pennsylvania]], wind gusts up to {{convert|59|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in the southeastern portions of the state toppled many trees and utility wires. Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets. Low-lying areas in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks]] and [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery counties]] were inundated with up to {{convert|3|ft|m}} of water after many streams and creeks nearby overflowed. One death in the state was reported after a boy was swept into a swollen creek behind his home in [[Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania|Sharon Hill]].<ref name="stormdata" />
Line 102 ⟶ 104:
Winds as strong as {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were observed along the coast of New Jersey. Rainfall in the state was generally between {{convert|5|and|6|in|mm}},<ref name="stormdata" /> with a peak of {{convert|8.99|in|mm}} near [[Hammonton, New Jersey|Hammonton]].{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States}} Damage from the storm was most severe in [[Atlantic County, New Jersey|Atlantic]], [[Cape May County, New Jersey|Cape May]], [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth]], and [[Ocean County, New Jersey|Ocean]] counties, where numerous boats, docks, boardwalks, and cottages were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="stormdata" /> A resort area in [[Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey]] saw its boardwalk and tourist attractions destroyed by the hurricane, and the area has never recovered. Losses to agriculture were significant, with damage to apple and peach trees "considerable", the former of which lost about one-third of its crops. Wind damage to corn, Sudan grass, and sorghum resulted in a delay in their harvest. Nine deaths were reported in the state of New Jersey. In southeastern [[New York (state)|New York]], the eye of Donna crossed 10 miles to the eastern tip of Long Island. Heavy rains, hurricane-force winds, and "unprecedented" high tides were observed. Severe small stream flooding caused significant damage, especially on Long Island, the waterfront of [[New York City]], and further north in [[Greene County, New York|Greene County]]. The storm caused three fatalities in the state, two from drowning and another from a person crushed by a falling tree.<ref name="stormdata" />
The eye of
===Elsewhere in North America===
[[File:Donna 1960 rainfall.png|thumb|right|Donna's Rainfall in the United States]]
Strong winds were also observed in [[Massachusetts]], with a wind gust of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at the [[Blue Hill Observatory]].<ref name="mwr" /> Extensive losses to apple orchards occurred, as the fruit was blown out of trees. Widespread telephone and power outages were reported.<ref name="stormdata" /> The strong southwest winds associated with Donna, in combination with very little rainfall, led to a significant deposit of salt spray, which whitewashed southwest-facing windows. Many trees and shrubs saw their leaves brown due to the salt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1571.pdf|title=Hurricane "Donna" and its After Effects to a Chatham, Massachusetts, Garden|author=Arnold Arboretum|date=1961-09-08|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=2014-06-25|archive-date=July 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205635/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1571.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in other areas, {{convert|4|to|6|in|mm}} of precipitation fell, causing some washouts and local flooding. Waves along the coast ripped small boats and pleasure craft from their moorings and subsequently smashed them against rocks or seawalls.<ref name="stormdata" />
In [[Vermont]], winds damaged trees, tree branches, and power lines, causing telephone and electrical service outages in a few communities. Rainfall totals ranged {{convert|2|-|5|in|mm}}, resulting in washouts in some areas. Damage to apple orchards totaled $50,000. Along the coast of [[New Hampshire]], many boats were smashed or damaged in some way. Strong winds felled trees and power lines, causing residents in the southern portions of the state to lose telephone service and electricity. Additionally, apple orchards suffered $200,000 in damage. Rainfall in the state peaked at {{convert|7.25|in|mm}} near [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]], resulting in local flooding and washouts.<ref name="stormdata" />
Line 112 ⟶ 114:
Along the coast, large waves damaged 15 to 20 boats in [[Falmouth, Maine]] harbor. Total boat damage was estimated at $250,000. Coastal residents in low-lying beach areas of [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]] and [[York County, Maine|York]] counties were evacuated in Maine. Several counties lost power during the storm. In [[Southwest Harbor, Maine|Southwest Harbor]], lightning struck the Dirigo Hotel, causing a fire that resulted in $100,000 in damages. Winds caused a loss of telephone and electrical services in the [[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]-[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] area due to falling trees or tree branches. Television antennas were damaged, as were several signs, including a [[Sears]] sign. In addition, 25% to 40% of the apple crop was destroyed.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.pivot.net/~cotterly/donna.htm |title=Hurricane Donna-(1960) |author=Wayne Cotterly |date=2002-10-21 |access-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223517/http://www.pivot.net/~cotterly/donna.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
After becoming extratropical, the remnants of Donna continued northeastward into [[New Brunswick]], [[Quebec]], and then [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Labrador]]. Wind gusts of {{cvt|53|mph|km/h}} in Quebec snapped electrical poles and trees. One death occurred when a man suffered a heart attack when his home was threatened by a fire. Additionally, weather-related traffic accidents in the province resulted in two injuries.<ref>{{cite report |website=ec.gc.ca |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=F9D67490-1 |title=1960-Donna |date=2009-11-05 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006001118/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=F9D67490-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Depictions in popular culture==▼
{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}▼
[[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winner [[John Steinbeck]] wrote about Hurricane Donna in his 1962 non-fiction memoir ''[[Travels with Charley: In Search of America]]''. Steinbeck had had a truck fitted with a custom camper-shell for a journey he intended to take across the United States, accompanied by his poodle Charley. He planned on leaving after Labor Day from his home in [[Sag Harbor]], Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Steinbeck |title=Travels with Charley: In Search of America |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1962 |isbn=1101615168 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |access-date=2014-06-26 }}</ref>▼
Following the storm, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] issued a disaster declaration for Florida and North Carolina, allowing residents of those states to be eligible for public assistance.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/106 |title=Florida Hurricane Donna (DR-106) |website=fema.gov |
The United States military sent a plane carrying doctors and food from [[Patrick Air Force Base]] to Mayaguana in the Bahamas.<ref name="ap99" /> Crews of doctors and workers with food and supplies left from Key West and Miami to traverse the Florida Keys, bringing aid to affected residents.<ref name="ap911" /> In Marathon, a large reconstruction program rehabilitated the key by [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/25/archives/facelifting-erases-scar-donna-left-in-keys.html |title=Face-Lifting Erases Scar Donna Left in Keys |author=Larry Solloway |date=1960-12-25 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=June 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001848/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/25/archives/facelifting-erases-scar-donna-left-in-keys.html |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
Coral reefs were damaged in the [[Key Largo]] National Marine Sanctuary by the hurricane.<ref>{{cite web |website=er.usgs.gov |url=http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/gallery.html |title=The Effects of African Dust on Coral Reefs and Human Health |date=2010-06-14 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104338/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/gallery.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Donna caused a significant negative impact on aquatic life in north [[Florida Bay]]. Marine life was either stranded by retreating salt water which had been driven inland or killed by muddied waters in its wake. Oxygen depletion due to animals perishing in the hurricane caused additional mortality. Although salinity levels returned to normal within six weeks, dissolved oxygen concentrations remained quite low for a longer time frame. Marine life was scarce for several months in areas of greatest oxygen depletion. Sports fishing in the area took a few months to recover. Juvenile pink shrimp moved from their estuarine nursery grounds into deeper water about {{convert|60|mi|km}} offshore, where they were subsequently captured by fishermen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tabb |first1=Durbin C. |last2=Jones |first2=Albert C. |year=1962 |title=Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=375–378 |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[375:eohdot]2.0.co;2}}</ref> A [[Caspian tern]] was swept up the North American coast well to the north of its traditional breeding grounds, to [[Nova Scotia]], which was witnessed four hours after the storm went by Digby Neck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |title=Caspian Tern |date=1998-02-20 |publisher=Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History |access-date=2011-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610175630/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref>▼
▲==Aftermath, records and retirement==
▲{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
▲Following the storm, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] issued a disaster declaration for Florida and North Carolina, allowing residents of those states to be eligible for public assistance.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/106 |title=Florida Hurricane Donna (DR-106) |website=fema.gov |agency=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Homeland Security]] |access-date=June 25, 2014 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |website=fema.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/107 |title=North Carolina Hurricane Donna (DR-107) |agency=Federal Emergency Management Agency |publisher=United States Department of Homeland Security |access-date=June 25, 2014|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
Because of storm's devastating impact, the name Donna was [[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names|retired]] following the 1960 season, and will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Dora for the [[1964 Atlantic hurricane season|1964 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml|title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SBgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3564,4294106&dq=abby+brenda+cleo+dora&hl=en|title=Roll of Hurricanes Starts with Abby|date=June 24, 1964|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
▲The United States military sent a plane carrying doctors and food from [[Patrick Air Force Base]] to Mayaguana in the Bahamas.<ref name="ap99" /> Crews of doctors and workers with food and supplies left from Key West and Miami to traverse the Florida Keys, bringing aid to affected residents.<ref name="ap911" /> In Marathon, a large reconstruction program rehabilitated the key by [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/25/archives/facelifting-erases-scar-donna-left-in-keys.html |title=Face-Lifting Erases Scar Donna Left in Keys |author=Larry Solloway |date=1960-12-25 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref>
▲==Depictions in popular culture==
▲Coral reefs were damaged in the [[Key Largo]] National Marine Sanctuary by the hurricane.<ref>{{cite web |website=er.usgs.gov |url=http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/gallery.html |title=The Effects of African Dust on Coral Reefs and Human Health |date=2010-06-14 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref> Donna caused a significant negative impact on aquatic life in north [[Florida Bay]]. Marine life was either stranded by retreating salt water which had been driven inland or killed by muddied waters in its wake. Oxygen depletion due to animals perishing in the hurricane caused additional mortality. Although salinity levels returned to normal within six weeks, dissolved oxygen concentrations remained quite low for a longer time frame. Marine life was scarce for several months in areas of greatest oxygen depletion. Sports fishing in the area took a few months to recover. Juvenile pink shrimp moved from their estuarine nursery grounds into deeper water about {{convert|60|mi|km}} offshore, where they were subsequently captured by fishermen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tabb |first1=Durbin C. |last2=Jones |first2=Albert C. |year=1962 |title=Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=375–378 |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[375:eohdot]2.0.co;2}}</ref> A [[Caspian tern]] was swept up the North American coast well to the north of its traditional breeding grounds, to [[Nova Scotia]], which was witnessed four hours after the storm went by Digby Neck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |title=Caspian Tern |date=1998-02-20 |publisher=Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History |access-date=2011-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610175630/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref>
▲[[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winner [[John Steinbeck]] wrote about Hurricane Donna in his 1962 non-fiction memoir ''[[Travels with Charley: In Search of America]]''. Steinbeck had had a truck fitted with a custom camper-shell for a journey he intended to take across the United States, accompanied by his poodle Charley. He planned on leaving after Labor Day from his home in [[Sag Harbor]], Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Steinbeck |title=Travels with Charley: In Search of America |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1962 |isbn=1101615168 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102505/https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
Line 144 ⟶ 146:
* [[Hurricane Irma]] (2017) – another intense hurricane with a similar track in Florida
* [[Hurricane Isaias]] (2020) – similarly affected the entire east coast of the United States
* [[Hurricane Ian]] (2022) - a storm with a similar track, particularly through the Florida Peninsula
==References==
Line 181 ⟶ 184:
[[Category:Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saint Martin (island)|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saba (island)|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Anguilla|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands|Donna]]
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[[Category:1960 in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:1960 meteorology]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1960 natural disasters in the United States]]
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