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{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Hurricaneweather event
| Namename = Hurricane Donna<br /><small>Hurricane San Lorenzo</small>
| Imageimage location= Hurricane Donna.jpg▼
| Basin= Atl
| Imagecaption name= Radar image of Donna at Category 4 intensity over the Florida Keys on September 10▼
| Year=1960▼
| Formedformed = August 29, 1960▼
| Type=hurricane
| Dissipatedextratropical = September 1413, 1960▼
▲| Image location=Hurricane Donna.jpg
| dissipated = September 14, 1960
▲| Image name=Radar image of Donna at Category 4 intensity over the Florida Keys on September 10
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
▲| Formed=August 29, 1960
| 1-min winds = 125▼
▲| Dissipated=September 14, 1960
| pressure = 930
|Extratropical=September 13
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
▲| 1-min winds=125
▲| Yearyear = 1960
| Pressure=930
| fatalities = 439
| Damages=980
| damage = 980000000
| Inflated=1
| Areasareas = [[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Cuba]], [[Bahamas]], [[East Coast of the United States]], [[New England]], [[Atlantic Canada]], [[Greenland]]▼
| Fatalities=439 total
| refs =
▲| Areas=[[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Cuba]], [[Bahamas]], [[East Coast of the United States]], [[New England]], [[Atlantic Canada]], [[Greenland]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| Hurricane season = [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Donna''', known in Puerto Rico as '''Hurricane San Lorenzo''', was the strongest hurricane of the [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]], and caused severe damage to the [[Lesser Antilles]], the [[Greater Antilles]], and the [[East Coast of the United States]], especially [[Florida]], in August–September. The fifth [[tropical cyclone]], third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29, spawned by a [[tropical wave]] to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in [[Senegal]] were attributed. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day. Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly {{cvt|20|mph|km/h}} and by September 1, it reached hurricane status. Over the next three days, Donna deepened significantly and reached maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 4. Thereafter, it maintained intensity as it struck the Lesser Antilles later that day. On [[Sint Maarten]], the storm left a quarter of the island's population homeless and killed seven people. An additional five deaths were reported in [[Anguilla]], and there were seven other fatalities throughout the [[Virgin Islands]]. In [[Puerto Rico]], severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities, 85 of them in [[Humacao, Puerto Rico|Humacao]] alone.▼
 
▲'''Hurricane Donna''', known in Puerto Rico as '''Hurricane San Lorenzo''', was the strongest hurricane of the [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]], and caused severe damage to the [[Lesser Antilles]], the [[Greater Antilles]], and the [[East Coast of the United States]], especially [[Florida]], in August–September. The fifth [[tropical cyclone]], third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29, spawned by a [[tropical wave]] to which 63 deaths from [[Air France Flight 343|a plane crash]] in [[Senegal]] were attributed. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day. Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly {{cvt|20|mph|km/h}} and by September 1, it reached hurricane status. Over the next three days, Donna deepened significantly and reached maximum sustained winds of {{convert|130 |mph (210 |km/h)|abbr=on}} on September 4. Thereafter, it maintained intensity as it struck the Lesser Antilles later that day. On [[Sint Maarten]], the storm left a quarter of the island's population homeless and killed seven people. An additional five deaths were reported in [[Anguilla]], and there were seven other fatalities throughout the [[Virgin Islands]]. In [[Puerto Rico]], severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities, 85 of them in [[Humacao, Puerto Rico|Humacao]] alone.
Donna further intensified to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 6, and attained peak winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) twenty-four hours later. The storm then weakened over the next few days, making multiple [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]s in [[The Bahamas]] as a Category 3 hurricane. Donna generated severe wind gusts of up to 173 mph (278 km/h) over southern portions of the archipelago nation, and prolific rains affected the country and the nearby [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]. Several small island communities in the southern regions of The Bahamas were leveled, but no damage total or fatalities were reported.▼
 
▲Donna further intensified to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 6, and attained peak winds of {{convert|145 |mph (230 |km/h)|abbr=on}} twenty-four hours later. The storm then weakened over the next few days, making multiple [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]s in [[The Bahamas]] as a Category 3 hurricane. Donna generated severe wind gusts of up to {{convert|173 |mph (278 |km/h)|abbr=on}} over southern portions of the archipelago nation, and prolific rains affected the country and the nearby [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]. Several small island communities in the southern regions of The Bahamas were leveled, but no damage total or fatalities were reported.
As it neared the United States, Donna encountered weaker steering currents, turned northwestward, and re-intensified. Early on September 10, Donna made landfall on the [[Florida Keys]] with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h), the most severe observed there since [[1935 Labor Day hurricane|1935]]. Donna then weakened as it paralleled the southwestern Florida peninsula, making landfall south of [[Naples, Florida|Naples]] with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). In the [[Florida Keys]], [[coastal flooding]] severely damaged 75% of buildings, destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon. On the mainland, 5,200 houses were damaged, which does not include the 75% of homes damaged at [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]]; 50% of buildings were also destroyed in the city of [[Everglades, Florida|Everglades]]. Crop losses were also extensive. A total of 50% of the [[grapefruit]] crop was lost, 10% of the [[orange (fruit)|orange]] and [[tangerine]] crop was lost, and the [[avocado]] crop was almost destroyed. In the state of Florida alone, there were 13 deaths and $300 million in losses.▼
 
▲As it neared the United States, Donna encountered weaker steering currents, turned northwestward, and re-intensified. Early on September&nbsp;10, Donna made landfall on the [[Florida Keys]] with winds of {{convert|145&nbsp;|mph (230&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}}, the most severe observed there since [[1935 Labor Day hurricane|1935]]. Donna then weakened as it paralleled the southwestern Florida peninsula, making landfall south of [[Naples, Florida|Naples]] with winds of {{convert|120&nbsp;|mph (195&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}}. In the [[Florida Keys]], [[coastal flooding]] severely damaged 75% of buildings, destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon. On the mainland, 5,200&nbsp;houses were damaged, which does not include the 75% of homes damaged at [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]]; 50% of buildings were also destroyed in the city of [[Everglades, Florida|Everglades]]. Crop losses were also extensive. A total of 50% of the [[grapefruit]] crop was lost, 10% of the [[orange (fruit)|orange]] and [[tangerine]] crop was lost, and the [[avocado]] crop was almost destroyed. In the state of Florida alone, there were 13&nbsp;deaths and $300&nbsp;million in losses.
Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 1 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from [[North Florida]]. By early on September 12, the storm made landfall near [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]], as a Category 2 hurricane. Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to 100 mph (155 km/h), damaging or destroying several buildings in [[Eastern North Carolina]], while crops were damaged as far as {{convert|50|mi|km}} inland. Additionally, storm surge caused significant [[coastal erosion|beach erosion]] and structural damage at [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]]. Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries. Later on September 12, Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward. The storm struck [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland. On the following day, Donna became [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] over [[Maine]].▼
 
▲Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 1 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from [[North Florida]]. By early on September 12, the storm made landfall near [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]], as a Category 2 hurricane. Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to {{convert|100 |mph (155 |km/h)|abbr=on}}, damaging or destroying several buildings in [[Eastern North Carolina]], while crops were damaged as far as {{convert|50|mi|km}} inland. Additionally, storm surge caused significant [[coastal erosion|beach erosion]] and structural damage at [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]]. Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries. Later on September 12, Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward. The storm struck [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland. On the following day, Donna became [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] over [[Maine]].
 
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Donna 1960 track.png}}
On August 29, a [[tropical wave]] exited the west coast of Africa near [[Dakar]]. That day, it is estimated a tropical depression developed along the wave southeast of [[Cape Verde]]. There was a lack of data for several days, but it is estimated that the system gradually intensified. On September&nbsp;2, ships in the region suggested there was a tropical storm after reporting winds of over {{convert|50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;|mi/h|km/h)|abbr=on|lk=on}}. That day, the [[Hurricane Hunters]] flew into the system and observed a well-defined [[eye (cyclone)|eye]], along with winds of {{cvt|140|mph|km/h}}.<ref name="mwr" /> Based on the data, the [[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]] office in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], initiated advisories on Hurricane Donna at 22:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on September&nbsp;2,<ref>{{cite report |author=Ralph Higgs |title=Hurricane Advisory Number 1 Donna |publisher=San Juan Weather Bureau |date=1960-09-02 |access-date=2013-09-03 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim04.gif |format=GIF |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060014/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim04.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> about {{convert|700|mi|km}} east of the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="prelim1">{{cite report |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |title=Tropical Storm "Donna" September 2-13, 1960 Preliminary Report |access-date=2013-09-03 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim01.gif |format=GIF |date= |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055431/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim01.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> It is estimated that the storm attained hurricane status a day prior. The [[Azores High]] to the north was unusually powerful, which caused Donna to move to the west-northwest.<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal |author=Gordon E. Dunn |date=March 1961 |title=The Hurricane Season of 1960 |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |journal=Monthly Weather Review |pages=99; 104–107 |access-date=2013-09-03 |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/089/mwr-089-03-0099.pdf |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1961)089<0099:thso>2.0.co;2 |volume=89 |issue=3 |doi-access=free |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303105822/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/089/mwr-089-03-0099.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> When advisories began, Donna was intensifying into a major hurricane, which is the equivalent of a Category&nbsp;3 or higher on the [[Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale]]; it would ultimately maintain this status for nearly eight &nbsp;days.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
 
Continuing to the west-northwest, Donna strengthened further, attaining [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;4—an intensity it maintained for two more days.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Operationally, winds were estimated to be {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite report |author=Ralph Higgs |title=Hurricane Advisory Number 8 Donna |publisher=San Juan Weather Bureau |date=1960-09-04 |access-date=2013-09-03 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim07.gif |format=GIF |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108140422/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim07.gif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WU>{{cite web |url=https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/atlantic/1960/Major-Hurricane-Donna |title=Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones: Major Hurricane Donna |publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|The Weather Underground]] |author=NOAA |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911133746/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/atlantic/1960/Major-Hurricane-Donna |url-status=live }}</ref> Late on September&nbsp;4, the eye of Donna moved over [[Barbuda]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], and [[Anguilla]], and passed just south of [[Anegada]]. Donna was then well-organized, described in the ''[[Monthly Weather Review]]'' as akin to "an intense, idealized hurricane." A weakening [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] to the north turned the hurricane more northwesterly, bringing it within {{convert|85|mi|km}} of the north coast of [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="mwr" /> The storm then underwent further intensification to Category&nbsp;4 status on September&nbsp;6, and reached its first peak of {{convert|145&nbsp;|mph (230&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}} by 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;7.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} At that time, Donna began turning more to the west as a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] built to its north, and it soon weakened back to Category&nbsp;3 status. Over the next few days, the intense hurricane moved slowly through the southern [[Bahamas]] without defined steering currents, and the eye passed near or over [[Mayaguana]], [[Acklins]], [[Long Cay|Fortune Island]], and [[Ragged Island, Bahamas|Ragged Island]].<ref name="mwr" />
 
While passing through the [[Straits of Florida]], Donna brushed the northern coast of Cuba on September&nbsp;9 with gale-force winds. Subsequently, a [[cold front]] moved eastward through the United States and weakened the ridge, causing the hurricane to turn more to the northwest. It re-intensified over warm [[sea surface temperatures]],<ref name="mwr" /> and the hurricane's minimum [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] dropped to {{cvt|930|mbar|inHg}} on September&nbsp;10.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Between 02:00 and 03:00&nbsp;UTC that day, the {{convert|21|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide}} eye of Donna crossed through the [[Florida Keys]] at [[Conch Key, Florida|Conch Key]], just northeast of [[Marathon, Florida|Marathon]], with sustained winds of {{cvtconvert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and gusts to {{cvt|178|mph|km/h}}. The hurricane continued to the northwest along the southwest coast of Florida, passingweakening overdue to interaction with the peninsula, before making landfall on [[Goodland, Florida|Goodland]], a short distance east of [[Marco Island, Florida|Marco Island]], with winds of {{cvtconvert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="mwr" /> Donna then traversed [[Naples, Florida|Naples]] and [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] before turning inland to the northeast.
 
At 0800&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;11, Donna exited [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] into the western Atlantic with winds of about 85&nbsp;{{convert|75|mph (165&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}}, still as an organized hurricane. Accelerating to the northeast due to an approaching trough, the hurricane re-intensified slightly before making [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], early on September&nbsp;12 with winds of {{cvtconvert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. At 0900&nbsp;UTC that day, Donna again emerged over open waters near Virginia, although it had weakened, and the eye expanded to over {{convert|50|mi|km}} in diameter. Late on September&nbsp;12, the hurricane made landfall innear [[WesthamptonBrookhaven, New York]], as a highlow-end Category&nbsp;12 hurricane with sustained winds of 90&nbsp;{{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="mwr" /><ref name="metasummary">{{cite report|author=Sandy Delgado|author2=Chris Landsea|date=July 2016|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1960)|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|access-date=2018-08-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/1956-60_HURDAT_reanalysis_metadata.pdf}}</ref> On September&nbsp;13, Donna became [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] over northern Maine before entering eastern Canada, having become associated with the approaching cold front. After moving across [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]], Donna reached the [[Labrador Sea]] and dissipated early on September&nbsp;14.<ref name="mwr" />{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
 
==Preparations==
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===Caribbean===
Hurricane Donna caused very extensive damage on [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint-Martin]], killed 7 and left at least a quarter of the island's population homeless. A weather station in [[Sint Maarten]] reported sustained wind gusts of {{convert|125&nbsp;|mph (205&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|952|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} pressure reading in the main airport.<ref name="mwr" />
Donna killed two people on Antigua.<ref name="ap96">{{cite news|title=Hurricane Donna Threatens Florida|agency=Associated Press|date=1960-09-06|newspaper=Kentucky New Era|access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F-YrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6492,4711459&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102602/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F-YrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6492%2C4711459&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> During the passing of Hurricane Donna, [[Anguilla]] recorded five deaths, including a woman who died when the roof of her house collapsed.
 
Line 65 ⟶ 67:
 
===Turks and Caicos and Bahamas===
On [[Grand Turk Island|Grand Turk]] in the [[Turks and Caicos]], Donna produced winds of {{convert|58&nbsp;|mph (93&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}}, as the strongest winds remained north of the island. However, the storm dropped heavy rainfall of over {{convert|20|in|mm|abbr=on}}, much of which fell in a 12‑hour period.<ref name="mwr" /> Despite the rains, damage there was minor.<ref name="upi98" />
 
In the Bahamas, the [[anemometer]] at Ragged Island blew away after registering a {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} wind gust. At Mayaguana, where residents evacuated to a missile tracking base, hurricane-force winds raged for 13&nbsp;hours.<ref name="mwr" /> The winds largely destroyed the village of [[Abraham's Bay]] on the island.<ref name="ap99">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The News and Courier|date=1960-09-09|title=Hurricane Donna Turns Slightly Toward North|access-date=2013-10-31|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2ZJJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1426,1340319&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Andros, Bahamas|Andros]] experienced hurricane-force winds for a few hours, and winds on Fortune Island were estimated at {{convert|173&nbsp;|mph (278&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}} before the anemometer blew away. The strongest winds remained south of the northwestern Bahamas, which limited damage there.<ref name="mwr" /> Donna cut communications between several islands.<ref name="upi98" />
 
Several small island communities in the southern Bahamas were leveled. North Caicos reported {{convert|20|in|mm}} of rainfall in 24 hours.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080911165537/http://www.tciredcross.com/English%202007%20hurricane%20book.pdf 2007 Hurricane Guide: Are You Prepared?] Turks & Caicos Islands Red Cross (2007). Retrieved on 2008-10-10.</ref>
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*[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946068/the-palm-beach-post/ "Little Damage", p. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172844/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86946068/the-palm-beach-post/ |date=October 29, 2021 }}</ref>{{rp|6}} [[Boynton Beach, Florida|Boynton Beach]] observed wind gusts up to {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[South Lake Worth Inlet|the inlet]].<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|1}} Storm surge covered [[Florida State Road A1A|State Road A1A]] with mud and sand.<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|6}} In [[North Palm Beach, Florida|North Palm Beach]], winds shattered a few windows and destroyed a shopping center sign.<ref name="PBP 9/11 Local"/>{{rp|1}} A fire destroyed a cocktail lounge in [[Juno Beach, Florida|Juno Beach]] after response teams were unable to extinguish the blaze due to high winds.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86947588/the-palm-beach-post/|title=Fire Destroys Cocktail Lounge In Juno Beach|date=September 11, 1960|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=1|access-date=October 12, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86947588/the-palm-beach-post/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref>
 
Large tracts of [[mangrove]] forest were lost in the western portion of [[Everglades National Park]], while at least 35% of the white heron population in the park were killed.<ref name="Dunion">{{cite journal |author1=Jason P. Dunion |author2=Christopher W. Landsea |author3=Samuel H. Houston |author4=Mark D. Powell |date=September 2003 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/dunion.pdf |issue=9 |volume=131 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1992:AROTSW>2.0.CO;2 |title=A Reanalysis of the Surface Winds for Hurricane Donna of 1960 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |pages=1992–1993 |publisher=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |bibcode=2003MWRv..131.1992D |issn=1520-0493 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174611/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/dunion.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The lodge and marina at [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]], as well as a ranger's way station near [[Cape Sable]], were virtually destroyed.<ref name="evans"/> Tides from [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]] southward ranged between {{convert|4|and|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. In [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]], about 50% of buildings were destroyed due to strong winds and coastal flooding, and roofs were blown off or damaged.<ref name="stormdata" /> Floodwaters reached about {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height inside the historic [[Old Collier County Courthouse|Collier County Courthouse]], forcing refugees taking shelter in the building to evacuate to the second floor.<ref name="lost civilization">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48613930/the-miami-news/|title=Collier County &ndash; A Lost Civilization|date=September 12, 1960|newspaper=The Miami News|author=Howard Van Smith|page=4A|access-date=October 13, 2021|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48613930/the-miami-news/|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> The city briefly became inaccessible due to inundated roads. Thousands of trees were toppled,<ref name="stormdata" /> blocking portions of the [[Tamiami Trail]].<ref name="ap911" /> Approximately half of the homes in [[Chokoloskee, Florida|Chokoloskee]] were destroyed, while floodwaters entered a number of homes in [[Ochopee, Florida|Ochopee]]. The community of [[Immokalee, Florida|Immokalee]] reported about $3&nbsp;million in damage. In [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], storm surge entered many high-priced homes, while the {{convert|900|ft|m|abbr=on}} fishing pier was wrecked. A total of 19&nbsp;cottages and 12&nbsp;mobile homes at Gordon Pass were damaged beyond repairs. Throughout Naples, Donna demolished 87&nbsp;homes and damaged 614&nbsp;others in Everglades City. ''[[The Miami News]]'' described [[Vanderbilt Beach, Florida|Vanderbilt Beach]] as being reduced to "another welter of splintered homes."<ref name="lost civilization"/> Throughout [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]], strong winds and coastal flooding combined destroyed 153&nbsp;homes, severely damaged 409&nbsp;others, and caused caused minor damage to 1,049&nbsp;dwellings.<ref name="red cross1">{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros1.gif |title=Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau |date=1960-10-20 |agency=American Red Cross |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |page=1 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808030027/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros1.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Hurricane Donna damage.jpg|thumb|right|Damage on [[Sanibel Island]] from Hurricane Donna]]Donna left about $3&nbsp;million in property damage and two deaths in [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]]. A new church in [[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]] was destroyed, while much of the city was left without power.<ref name="at a glance"/> In [[Winter Haven, Florida|Winter Haven]], 13&nbsp;homes were destroyed, 100&nbsp;others suffered major damage, and 2,400&nbsp;dwellings experienced minor damage. One person was killed in the city.<ref name="red cross1"/> The turn into southern Florida lessened damage in the Tampa area.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dick Bothwell |date=1960-09-11 |title=Back to Normal By Friday |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |access-date=October 11, 2021 |page=8-A |agency=United Press International |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pz5SAAAAIBAJ&pg=5905,77631&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102504/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pz5SAAAAIBAJ&pg=5905%2C77631&dq=hurricane+donna&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> High winds deroofed in armory building in [[Dade City, Florida|Dade City]] sheltering 150&nbsp;people.<ref name="at a glance"/> In [[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia County]], Donna destroyed 10&nbsp;homes, severely damaged 112&nbsp;homes, and caused minor damage to 1,100&nbsp;others, while 25&nbsp;buildings were demolished, 400&nbsp;substantially damaged, and inflicted minor damage to 750&nbsp;others. One fatality occurred in the county.<ref name="red cross1"/><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros4.gif |title=Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau |date=October 20, 1960 |agency=American Red Cross |publisher=United States Weather Bureau |page=4 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801133532/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/preloc/redcros4.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Throughout the state of Florida, the storm destroyed 2,156&nbsp;homes and trailers, severely damaged 3,903, and inflicted minor impact on 30,524 others. Approximately 391&nbsp;farm buildings were destroyed, an additional 989&nbsp;suffered extensive impact, and 2,499 others received minor damage. Roughly 174&nbsp;buildings were demolished, 1,029 received major impact, and 4,254 suffered minor damage. Additionally, 281&nbsp;boats were destroyed or severely damaged. A total of 50% of grapefruit crop was lost, 10% of the orange and tangerine crops were ruined, and the avocado crop was almost destroyed. With at least $350&nbsp;million in damage in Florida alone, Donna was the costliest hurricane to impact the state, at the time. Additionally, there were 14&nbsp;confirmed fatalities: six from drowning, four from heart attacks, two from automobile accidents, and two from electrocution. About 1,188 others were injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/news/miami.gif |title=Here's What Donna Did |year=1960 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 18, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055417/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/news/miami.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The storm brought minor impact to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Wind gusts of {{cvt|50|mph|km/h}} along the coast felled trees and tree limbs, resulting in electrical and telephone-service outages. In [[Brunswick, GA]], a power outage at the power plant caused a minor explosion. Heavy rainfall temporarily flooded some streets in the city. Further north in [[South Carolina]], gale-force winds were reported along the coast, but caused little damage. An F3 tornado struck areas just north of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Downtown Charleston]], destroying several houses and severely damaging a number of others. There were 10 injuries, some of which were caused by flying glass. Damage from this tornado was over $500,000. An F1 tornado also touched down in [[Garden City Beach, South Carolina|Garden City Beach]], destroying or extensively damaging six buildings.<ref name="stormdata">{{cite report |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-CEF7855A-93B3-4427-9FD6-EB0EA9E3DE72.pdf |website=ncdc.noaa.gov |title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1960 |agency=National Climatic Data Center |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024655/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-CEF7855A-93B3-4427-9FD6-EB0EA9E3DE72.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name=Tordata>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/1960/9/11/table |title=Tornado History Project: September 11, 1960 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802084515/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/1960/9/11/table |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Beaufort County, South Carolina|Beaufort County]], many trees were uprooted, power lines were downed, homes were unroofed, piers were destroyed, and there was significant damage to corn and soybean crops.<ref name="bccc">{{cite news |url=http://circanceast.beaufortccc.edu/Brown/hurricanes/Donna/BL065.pdf |title=Losses Heavy As Donna Rips Through County |year=1960 |newspaper=Beaufort County Community College |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221801/http://circanceast.beaufortccc.edu/Brown/hurricanes/Donna/BL065.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In North Carolina, Donna brought two tornadoes to the state. An F1 tornado damaged several small buildings in [[Bladen County, North Carolina|Bladen County]]. An F2 tornado in [[Sampson County, North Carolina|Sampson County]] destroyed a dwelling with eight occupants, all of whom were hospitalized.<ref name=Tordata/> Along the coast, wind gusts as high as {{convert|100&nbsp;|mph (155&nbsp;|km/h)|abbr=on}} damaged or destroyed several buildings. Additionally crops were damaged as far as {{convert|50|mi|km}} inland. Storm tides ranging from {{convert|4|to|8|ft|m}} above normal caused significant beach erosion and structural damage at [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]].<ref name="stormdata" /> Additionally, [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina|Topsail Beach]] was reported to have been 50% destroyed. In [[Southport, North Carolina|Southport]], the town docks were almost completely demolished.<ref name="sno">{{cite news|url=http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20100915/articles/100919787?p=2&tc=pg|title=Back Then - Hurricane Donna rushes ashore in 1960|author=Scott Nunn|date=2010-09-15|newspaper=[[Star-News]]|page=2|access-date=2014-06-26|archive-date=May 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502175754/http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20100915/articles/100919787?p=2&tc=pg|url-status=live}}</ref> There were eight deaths, including three from drowning, two from falling trees, two from weather-related traffic accidents, and one from electrocution. At least 100&nbsp;people were injured enough to require hospitalization.<ref name="stormdata" /> Damage in North Carolina exceeded $5&nbsp;million, with the worst impact occurring in [[New Hanover County, North Carolina|New Hanover County]].<ref name="sno" />
 
In Virginia, the east coast of the state reported hurricane-force winds, while gusts reached up to {{convert|89|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach]].<ref name="valate" /> Strong winds toppled trees and electrical wires, which blocked streets. Additionally, buildings suffered roof damage and broken windows; some structures were completely destroyed. Offshore, rough seas sank or destroyed numerous small crafts, while a {{convert|12000|t|lb}} vessel was driven aground. The storm killed three people in Virginia; two of the deaths occurred when a barge collided with a freighter and later sank, and another after a man attempted to safeguard his boat. Strong winds and heavy rains were observed in eastern [[Maryland]]. [[Ocean City, Maryland|Ocean City]] suffered the worst impact, with over $300,000 in property damage. The storm also damaged crops in the area, especially corn and apples. Effects from the storm in Delaware were similar, with property damage and considerable losses to corn and apple crops. In [[Pennsylvania]], wind gusts up to {{convert|59|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in the southeastern portions of the state toppled many trees and utility wires. Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets. Low-lying areas in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks]] and [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery counties]] were inundated with up to {{convert|3|ft|m}} of water after many streams and creeks nearby overflowed. One death in the state was reported after a boy was swept into a swollen creek behind his home in [[Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania|Sharon Hill]].<ref name="stormdata" />
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After becoming extratropical, the remnants of Donna continued northeastward into [[New Brunswick]], [[Quebec]], and then [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Labrador]]. Wind gusts of {{cvt|53|mph|km/h}} in Quebec snapped electrical poles and trees. One death occurred when a man suffered a heart attack when his home was threatened by a fire. Additionally, weather-related traffic accidents in the province resulted in two injuries.<ref>{{cite report |website=ec.gc.ca |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=F9D67490-1 |title=1960-Donna |date=2009-11-05 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006001118/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=F9D67490-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Aftermath, records and retirement==▼
==Depictions in popular culture==▼
[[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winner [[John Steinbeck]] wrote about Hurricane Donna in his 1962 non-fiction memoir ''[[Travels with Charley: In Search of America]]''. Steinbeck had had a truck fitted with a custom camper-shell for a journey he intended to take across the United States, accompanied by his poodle Charley. He planned on leaving after Labor Day from his home in [[Sag Harbor]], Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Steinbeck |title=Travels with Charley: In Search of America |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1962 |isbn=1101615168 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102505/https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
 
The winds of Donna can be seen in the feature film ''[[Blast of Silence]]'' (1961); the final scenes on Long Island had been previously scheduled, and the filmmakers decided to go ahead and shoot the exterior scene despite the hurricane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=68995&category=Trivia |title=Trivia for Blast of Silence (1961) |website=tcm.com/tcmdb |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref>▼
 
▲==Aftermath, records and retirement==
{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
Following the storm, [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] issued a disaster declaration for Florida and North Carolina, allowing residents of those states to be eligible for public assistance.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/106 |title=Florida Hurricane Donna (DR-106) |website=fema.gov |agencypublisher=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Homeland Security]] |access-date=June 25, 2014 |location=Washington, D.C. |date= |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055354/http://www.fema.gov/disaster/106 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |website=fema.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/107 |title=North Carolina Hurricane Donna (DR-107) |agencypublisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency |publisher=United States Department of Homeland Security |access-date=June 25, 2014 |location=Washington, D.C. |date= |archive-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092218/http://www.fema.gov/disaster/107 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The United States military sent a plane carrying doctors and food from [[Patrick Air Force Base]] to Mayaguana in the Bahamas.<ref name="ap99" /> Crews of doctors and workers with food and supplies left from Key West and Miami to traverse the Florida Keys, bringing aid to affected residents.<ref name="ap911" /> In Marathon, a large reconstruction program rehabilitated the key by [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/25/archives/facelifting-erases-scar-donna-left-in-keys.html |title=Face-Lifting Erases Scar Donna Left in Keys |author=Larry Solloway |date=1960-12-25 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=June 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001848/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/25/archives/facelifting-erases-scar-donna-left-in-keys.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Coral reefs were damaged in the [[Key Largo]] National Marine Sanctuary by the hurricane.<ref>{{cite web |website=er.usgs.gov |url=http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/gallery.html |title=The Effects of African Dust on Coral Reefs and Human Health |date=2010-06-14 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104338/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/gallery.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Donna caused a significant negative impact on aquatic life in north [[Florida Bay]]. Marine life was either stranded by retreating salt water which had been driven inland or killed by muddied waters in its wake. Oxygen depletion due to animals perishing in the hurricane caused additional mortality. Although salinity levels returned to normal within six weeks, dissolved oxygen concentrations remained quite low for a longer time frame. Marine life was scarce for several months in areas of greatest oxygen depletion. Sports fishing in the area took a few months to recover. Juvenile pink shrimp moved from their estuarine nursery grounds into deeper water about {{convert|60|mi|km}} offshore, where they were subsequently captured by fishermen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tabb |first1=Durbin C. |last2=Jones |first2=Albert C. |year=1962 |title=Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=375–378 |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[375:eohdot]2.0.co;2}}</ref> A [[Caspian tern]] was swept up the North American coast well to the north of its traditional breeding grounds, to [[Nova Scotia]], which was witnessed four hours after the storm went by Digby Neck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |title=Caspian Tern |date=1998-02-20 |publisher=Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History |access-date=2011-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610175630/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0184.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref>
 
Because of itsstorm's devastating impacts andimpact, the highname mortalityDonna associatedwas with[[List theof retired Atlantic hurricane, thenames|retired]] namefollowing "Donna"the was1960 retiredseason, and will never again be used for an [[Northanother Atlantic tropical cyclone|Atlantic hurricane]];. theThe name was replaced bywith Dora for the "[[Hurricane1964 Dora|Dora]]"Atlantic inhurricane season|1964 season]].<ref>{{cite report web|url=httphttps://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednamesaboutnames_history.shtml |title=RetiredTropical HurricaneCyclone NamesNaming SinceHistory 1954and |date=2009-04-22Retired Names|publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-datelocation=2011-02-21Miami, Florida|archiveaccess-date=JuneMarch 728, 20152024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://webnews.archivegoogle.orgcom/web/20150607205216/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtmlnewspapers?id=SBgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3564,4294106&dq=abby+brenda+cleo+dora&hl=en|title=Roll of Hurricanes Starts with Abby|urldate=June 24, 1964|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|access-statusdate=liveJune 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
▲==Depictions in popular culture==
▲[[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winner [[John Steinbeck]] wrote about Hurricane Donna in his 1962 non-fiction memoir ''[[Travels with Charley: In Search of America]]''. Steinbeck had had a truck fitted with a custom camper-shell for a journey he intended to take across the United States, accompanied by his poodle Charley. He planned on leaving after Labor Day from his home in [[Sag Harbor]], Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Steinbeck |title=Travels with Charley: In Search of America |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1962 |isbn=1101615168 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106102505/https://books.google.com/books?id=NThOOkb6BdoC&q=Travels+with+Charley%3A+In+Search+of+America+hurricane+donna&pg=PT304 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
▲The winds of Donna can be seen in the feature film ''[[Blast of Silence]]'' (1961); the final scenes on Long Island had been previously scheduled, and the filmmakers decided to go ahead and shoot the exterior scene despite the hurricane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=68995&category=Trivia |title=Trivia for Blast of Silence (1961) |website=tcm.com/tcmdb |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref>
 
==See also==
Line 144 ⟶ 146:
* [[Hurricane Irma]] (2017) – another intense hurricane with a similar track in Florida
* [[Hurricane Isaias]] (2020) – similarly affected the entire east coast of the United States
* [[Hurricane Ian]] (2022) - a storm with a similar track, particularly through the Florida Peninsula
 
==References==
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[[Category:Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saint Martin (island)|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saba (island)|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Anguilla|Donna]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands|Donna]]
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[[Category:1960 in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:1960 meteorology]]
[[Category:1960Tropical naturalcyclones disastersin 1960]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1960 natural disasters in the United States]]
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