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{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{Disputed|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Greater North Borneo
|acceptance=proposed
|region=Historically: most of [[Borneo]]<br>parts ofand [[Sumatra]], western [[Java]] and [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]
Nowadays: Throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Western Indonesian languages|Western Indonesian]] ?
|child1=[[North Borneo languages|North Borneo]]Bornean
|child2=[[Melanau-Kajang languages|Central Sarawak]]
|child3=[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]]
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}}
 
The '''Greater North Borneo languages''' are a proposed subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. The subgroup historically covers languages that are spoken throughout much of [[Borneo]] (excluding the southeastern area where the [[Barito languages|Greater Barito]] languages are spoken) and [[Sumatra]], as well as parts of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by [[Robert Blust]] (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith (2017a, 2017b).{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}}{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=346–364}}{{sfn|Smith|2017b|p=459–460}} The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical.{{sfn|Blust|2010|p=68}} Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] region.
 
The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and /[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]) and related [[Malayic languages]] such as [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]] and [[Iban language|Iban]]; as well as [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]. In Borneo itself, the largest non-Malayic GNB language in terms of the number of speakers is [[Central Dusun language|Central Dusun]], mainly spoken in [[Sabah]].{{sfn|Blust|2013|p=65}}
 
Since Greater North Borneo also includes the Malayic, Chamic, and Sundanese languages, it is incompatible with Alexander Adelaar's [[Malayo-Sumbawan]] hypothesis.{{sfn|Blust|2010|p=81}}{{sfn|Adelaar|2005}}
 
== History ==
Blust connects the GNB expansion with the migration of Austronesian speakers into the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. According to Blust, when Austronesian speakers came from the north through the [[Philippines]], they split into three groups: one that went into Borneo, one that went into [[Sulawesi]], and one that went into the [[Moluccas]].{{sfn|Blust|2010|p=45}} After landedlanding onin Borneo, the first group was further split into two: one that moved along the northwestern coast facing the [[South China Sea]], and another one that moved along the eastern coast. The language variety spoken by the northwestern group eventually developed into the Greater North Borneo languages.{{sfn|Blust|2010|p=48}}
<!-- Perhaps should be developed as its own independent article
== North Borneo ==
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== Classification ==
=== Blust (2010) ===
Robert Blust proposed a set of [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]] that defined Greater North Borneo. One of these innovations is *tuzuq replacing [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] *pitu for 'seven'.{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} The following subgroups are included:
 
*North Borneo▼
{{tree list}}
**[[Sabahan languages|Northeast Sabah]]▼
*'''Greater North Borneo'''
**[[Sabahan languages|Southwest Sabah]]▼
▲**North Borneo
**[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]▼
***[[Kayan–MurikSabahan languages|KayanicNortheast Sabah]]
▲***[[Sabahan languages|NortheastSouthwest Sabah]]
**[[Kayan language (Borneo)|Kayan]]-Murik-Merap
▲***[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]
**[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]▼
**[[Land DayakKayan–Murik languages|Land DayakKayanic]]
***[[Benyadu’Kayan language (Borneo)|BanyaduKayan]]-[[Bekati’ languages|Bekati]]Murik-Merap
▲***[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]
**Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak▼
**[[ChamicLand Dayak languages|ChamicLand Dayak]]▼
*Malayo-Chamic▼
***[[MalayicBenyadu’ language|Banyadu]]-[[Bekati’ languages|MalayicBekati]]
▲***Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak
▲**[[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
▲**Malayo-Chamic
*[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]▼
***[[RejangMalayic languagelanguages|RejangMalayic]]
***[[MoklenicChamic languages|MokenChamic]]
▲**[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
**[[MelanauRejang language|MelanauRejang]]▼
**[[ChamicMoklenic languages|ChamicMoken]]▼
{{tree list/end}}
 
While Blust assumed that all languages of Borneo other than those in Greater Barito subgroup with GNB,{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} he doesn'tdoes not attempt to explicitly classify several languages, including those with insufficient available data.{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=28}}▼
 
▲While Blust assumed that all languages of Borneo other than those in Greater Barito subgroup with GNB,{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} he doesn't attempt to explicitly classify several languages, including those with insufficient available data.{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=28}}
*(unclassified)
**[[Melanau language|Melanau]]
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=== Smith (2017a, 2017b) ===
Smith recognizes an independent Central Sarawak branch within Greater North Borneo, combining the Melanau, Kajang and Punan–Müller-Schwaner languages.{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=319}} Additionally, he also excludes Moklenic from GNB and places it all the way up as one of the primary branches of Malayo-Polynesian.{{sfn|Smith|2017b|p=459–460}}
 
*North Borneo▼
{{tree list}}
**[[Sabahan languages|Northeast Sabah]]▼
*'''Greater North Borneo'''
**[[Sabahan languages|Southwest Sabah]]
▲**North Borneo
**[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]▼
***[[Melanau–KajangSabahan languages|CentralNortheast SarawakSabah]]
▲***[[Sabahan languages|Southwest Sabah]]
▲**[[Melanau language|Melanau]]
***[[KajangNorth Sarawakan languages|KajangNorth Sarawak]]
▲**[[North SarawakanMelanau–Kajang languages|NorthCentral Sarawak]]
**Punan–Müller-Schwaner▼
***[[SundaneseMelanau language|SundaneseMelanau]]▼
*[[Kayan–Murik languages|Kayanic]]
***[[Kajang languages|Kajang]]
**[[Kayan language (Borneo)|Kayan]]-Murik-Merap
▲***Punan–Müller-Schwaner
**[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]▼
**[[Land DayakKayan–Murik languages|Land DayakKayanic]]
***[[Benyadu’Kayan language (Borneo)|BanyaduKayan]]-[[Bekati’ languages|Bekati]]Murik-Merap
▲***[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]
**Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak▼
▲**[[SabahanLand Dayak languages|NortheastLand SabahDayak]]
*Malayo-Chamic▼
***[[MalayicBenyadu’ language|Banyadu]]-[[Bekati’ languages|MalayicBekati]]
▲***Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak
▲**[[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
▲**Malayo-Chamic
▲*[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
***[[RejangMalayic languagelanguages|RejangMalayic]]
▲***[[SabahanChamic languages|Southwest SabahChamic]]
Proto-Kayanic, Proto-Punan, Proto-Müller-Schwaner, Proto-Land Dayak, and Proto-Kenyah have also been reconstructed in Smith (2017a).{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=49–50}}▼
**[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
<!--
**[[Rejang language|Rejang]]
==Austroasiatic substratum==▼
{{tree list/end}}
According to [[Roger Blench]] (2010),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blench|first=Roger|date=2010|title=Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion?|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/10637|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=30|doi=10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637}}</ref> [[Austroasiatic languages]] were once spoken in Borneo. Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin vocabulary words in modern-day Bornean branches such as [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Bidayuh languages|Bidayuh]], [[Bakati’ language|Dayak Bakatiq]], etc.), [[Dusunic languages|Dusunic]] ([[Dusun language|Central Dusun]], [[Brunei Bisaya language|Bisaya]], etc.), [[Kayan–Murik languages|Kayan]], and [[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]], noting especially resemblances with the [[Aslian languages]] of peninsular Malaysia. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.▼
 
▲Proto-[[Kayanic languages|Kayanic]], Proto-[[Punan languages|Punan]], Proto-[[Müller-Schwaner languages|Müller-Schwaner]], Proto-[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]], and Proto-[[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]] have also been reconstructed in Smith (2017a).{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=49–50}}
 
▲==Austroasiatic substratuminfluence==
▲According to [[Roger Blench]] (2010),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=2010 |title=Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion? |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/10637 |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |volume=30 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637}}</ref> [[Austroasiatic languages]] were once spoken in Borneo. Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin vocabulary words in modern-day Bornean branches such as [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Bidayuh languages|Bidayuh]], [[Bakati’ language|Dayak Bakatiq]], etc.), [[Dusunic languages|Dusunic]] ([[Dusun language|Central Dusun]], [[Brunei Bisaya language|Bisaya]], etc.), [[Kayan–Murik languages|Kayan]], and [[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]], noting especially resemblances with the [[Aslian languages]] of peninsular Malaysia. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.
 
Blench (2010) claims that lexical forms shared among Bornean and Austroasiatic languages include 'rain', 'to die', 'back (of body)', 'flying lemur', 'monkey', 'barking deer', 'lizard', and 'taro'.
 
-->
Kaufman (2018) presents further evidence of words in various Austronesian languages of Borneo that are of likely Austroasiatic origin.<ref>Kaufman, Daniel. 2018. ''Between mainland and island Southeast Asia: Evidence for a Mon-Khmer presence in Borneo''. Ronald and Janette Gatty Lecture Series. Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia, Cornell University. ([https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-handout.pdf handout] / [https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-slides.pdf slides])</ref>
<!--==See also==▼
 
*[[Languages of Kalimantan|Languages of Borneo]]-->▼
▲<!--==See also==
▲*[[Languages of Kalimantan|Languages of Borneo]]-->
 
==References==
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===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=Alexander |year=2005 |title=Malayo-Sumbawan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=357–388 |jstor=3623345 }}
* {{citeCite journal |last=BlustAdelaar |first=RobertAlexander |yeardate=20102005 |title=The Greater North Borneo HypothesisMalayo-Sumbawan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=4944 |issue=12 |pages=44–118357–388 |jstor=40783586 3623345}}
* {{citeCite bookjournal |last=Blust |first=Robert |yeardate=20132010 |title=The AustronesianGreater languagesNorth |series= Asia-Pacific LinguisticsBorneo 8Hypothesis |locationjournal=Canberra |publisher=Asia-PacificOceanic Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |editionvolume=revised49 |isbnissue=97819221850751 |hdlpages=1885/1019144–118 |hdl-accessjstor=free 40783586}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |title=The Austronesian languages |date=2013 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |isbn=9781922185075 |edition=revised |series=Asia-Pacific Linguistics 8 |location=Canberra |hdl=1885/10191 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |year=2017a |title=The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification |type=Ph.D. Dissertation |publisher=University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa |url=http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMITH_Alexander_Final_Dissertation.pdf}}
* {{citeCite journalthesis |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |title=The WesternLanguages Malayo-Polynesianof Borneo: A Comprehensive ProblemClassification |yeardate=2017b2017a |journaltype=OceanicPh.D. LinguisticsDissertation |publisher=University of Hawai'iHawai‘i Pressat Mānoa |volumeurl=56http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMITH_Alexander_Final_Dissertation.pdf |issueaccess-date=22020-05-27 |pagesarchive-date=435–4902023-07-20 |doiarchive-url=10.1353https:/ol/web.2017archive.0021 |url=org/web/20230720141839/http://museling.jhuhawaii.edu/articlewp-content/677288uploads/SMITH_Alexander_Final_Dissertation.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |date=2017b |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/677288 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=435–490 |doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 }}
{{refend}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Adelaar, Alexander |editor2=Himmelmann, Nikolaus |year=2005 |title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780700712861}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780700712861 |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=Alexander |location=London |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}}
* {{citeCite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |last2=Smith |first2=Alexander D. |year=2014 |title=A bibliographyBibliography of the languagesLanguages of Borneo (and Madagascar) |serieslast2=Borneo Research Council Reference SeriesSmith |volumefirst2=2Alexander D. |locationdate=Phillips, Maine2014 |publisher=Borneo Research Council |isbn=9781929900152 |location=Phillips, Maine}}
* {{citeCite book |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |year=2016 |title=North Borneo Sourcebook: Vocabularies and Functors |date=2016 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824857790}}
{{refend}}
 
{{Bornean languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
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