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{{short description|Type of research vessel}}
 
{{Unreferenced|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Echo Sounding USN.jpg|thumb|An illustration depicting underwater mapping capability of [[USNS Bowditch (T-AGS-62)]]]]
[[File:Гидрографическое судно Маршал Геловани.jpg|thumb|Hydrographic vessel Marshal Gelovani]]
[[File:Northern Storm - Clinton - Survey - Ystad-2021.jpg|thumb|Clintons ''Northern Storm'' in the harbour of [[Ystad]] 7 July 2021.]]
 
A '''survey vessel''' is any type of ship or boat that is used for [[underwater survey]]s, usually to collect data for [[Cartography|mapping]] or planning [[underwater construction]] or mineral extraction. It is a type of [[research vessel]], and may be designed for the purpose, modified for the purpose or temporarily put into the service as a [[vessel of opportunity]], and may be crewed, remotely operated, or autonomous. The size and equipment vary to suit the task and availability.
 
==Role==
The task of survey vessels is to map the bottom, and measure the characteristics of the [[benthic zone]], full water column, and surface for the purpose of:
* [[hydrography]], the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans and other natural bodies of water, and the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of other activities associated with those bodies of water,
* [[hydrography]]
* general [[oceanography]], the scientific study of the oceans,
* mapping of [[marine habitats]] as part of the process of assessing the state of the ecology,
* measurement of [[environmental impact]] of natural and anthropogenic changes,
* salvage
* planning of [[marine salvage]], the process of recovering a ship and its cargo after a shipwreck or other maritime casualty,
* [[dredging]]
* [[dredging]], the excavation of material from underwater, to recover materials or to alter the bottom profile, usually for navigational of construction purposes,
* [[Maritime archaeology|marine archaeology]]
* [[underwater construction]], which is industrial construction in an underwater environment,
* [[coastal engineering]], the branch of civil engineering concerned with construction at or near the coast, and the development of the coast itself,
* [[maritime archaeology]], the study of human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains,
* [[underwater mining]] and [[extraction of petroleum]].
 
==Survey equipment==
Typically, modern survey vessels are equipped with one or more of the following equipment:
* [[Satellite navigation]] to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning,
* [[GPS]] positioning and logging
* [[Scientific echosounder|singleSingle beam sonar]] for the measurement of underwater physical and biological components,
* [[Multibeam echosounder|multibeamMultibeam sonar]] to accurately and efficiently map the seabed
* [[Side-scan sonar]] to efficiently create relief images of large areas of the sea floor.
* [[Magnetometer|towedTowed magnetometer]] for measuring the Earth's magnetic field, in geophysical surveys, to detect magnetic anomalies,
* [[Reflection seismology]] equipment for subsurface profiling. [[Seismic source]]s include [[Seismic source#Air gun|air guns]], [[Seismic source#Plasma sound source|sparkers]] and [[Seismic source#Boomer sources|boomers]].
* [[Bedrock|subsurface]] profiler
* Bottom sampling equipment such as [[Van Veen grab sampler]], [[Box corer]], [[Epibenthic sled]] or other [[Core sample|core sampling]] equipment.
* [[Convenience sampling|grab sampler]]
* [[CTD (instrument)|CTD sondes]] to measure the electrical conductivity, temperature, and pressure of seawater
* bottom coring device
* [[Inertial measurement unit|Inertial Measurement Unit]]▼
* DCHP
* [[CTD (instrument)|CTD]]
▲* [[Inertial measurement unit|Inertial Measurement Unit]]
 
==Unmanned and autonomous survey vessels==
[[File:Autonomousresearchvess.jpg|thumb|upright|USV used in [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] research, June 2011]]
{{main|Unmanned surface vehicle|Autonomous underwater vehicle}}
Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs; also known as unmanned surface vessels (USVs) or (in some cases) autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Niu|first1=Hanlin|last2=Lu|first2=Yu|last3=Savvaris|first3=Al|last4=Tsourdos|first4=Antonios|date=2018|title=An energy-efficient path planning algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0029801818300258|journal=Ocean Engineering|language=en|volume=161|pages=308–321|doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.025|s2cid=115280769}}</ref> uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsrp/meetings/webinar-march-april-2021/March%203/01_Directors/04_Mayer-HSRP_MARCH_2021-1.pdf|title=UNCREWED SURFACE VESSEL Research and Development Program at the NOAA – UNH Joint Hydrographic Center/Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}}</ref> or colloquially '''drone ships'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mizokami|first=Kyle|date=2019-01-15|title=The U.S. Navy's Big Push Into Drone Ships Will Lead to Unmanned Vessels Carrying Weapons|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a25907713/us-navy-drone-ship/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US}}</ref>) are boats or ships that operate on the surface of the water without a crew.<ref name="definition">{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Ru-jian |first2= Shuo|last2= Pang|first3= Han-bing|last3= Sun |first4= Yong-jie |last4=Pang |date=2010 |title=Development and missions of unmanned surface vehicle |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Application |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1007/s11804-010-1033-2 |bibcode=2010JMSA....9..451Y |s2cid=109174151 }}</ref> USVs operate with various levels of autonomy, from simple remote control,<ref>{{cite web |title=SM200 Wireless Remote-Helm Control System |date=11 December 2020 |url=https://sea-machines.com/sm200 |publisher=Sea Machines |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> to autonomous [[COLREGs]] compliant navigation.<ref name="ASView">{{cite web |title=L3Harris ASView™ Control System |url=https://www.l3harris.com/all-capabilities/asview-control-system |publisher=L3Harris |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs; also known as unmanned surface vessels or in some cases autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs),<ref name="Niu et at 2018" /> uncrewed surface vessels,<ref name="NOAA" /> or colloquially, drone ships<ref name="Mizokami" />) are boats or ships that operate on the surface of the water without a crew.<ref name="definition" /> USVs operate with various levels of autonomy, from simple remote control,<ref name="Sea machines" /> to autonomous [[COLREGs]] compliant navigation.<ref name="ASView" />
 
An autonomous survey vessel is an unmanned vessel equippedfitted with survey equipment and capable of operating without human supervision while performing survey work, either uploading the data in real time, or at pre-programmed stages, or on a remote command. [[Autonomous underwater vehicle]]s set up for survey work are a subclass of autonomous survey vessels that operate underwater. Autonomousunmanned survey vessels are usually relatively small and therefore economical to acquire and operate, and can be sent to areas too hazardous for a larger or crewed vessel, as well as for extensive and time-consuming but routine surveys.
 
USVs are valuable in [[oceanography]], as they are more capable than moored or drifting [[weather buoy]]s, but far cheaper than the equivalent [[weather ship]]s and [[research vessels]],<ref name="stevens" /> and more flexible than [[Voluntary observing ship program|commercial-ship contributions]], and, with solar cells to power their electronics, can have months of marine persistence.<ref name="wired" /> Powered USVs are a powerful tool for use in [[hydrographic survey]].<ref name="Manley" /> Using a small USV in parallel to traditional survey vessels as a 'force-multiplier' can double survey coverage and reduce time on-site.<ref name="Ortmann 2016" />
 
==History==
{{see also|Hydrography#History}}
 
{{expand section|date=July 2022}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="ASView">{{cite web |title=L3Harris ASView Control System |url=https://www.l3harris.com/all-capabilities/asview-control-system |publisher=L3Harris |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
 
<ref name="definition">{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Ru-jian |first2= Shuo|last2= Pang|first3= Han-bing|last3= Sun |first4= Yong-jie |last4=Pang |date=2010 |title=Development and missions of unmanned surface vehicle |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Application |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1007/s11804-010-1033-2 |bibcode=2010JMSA....9..451Y |s2cid=109174151 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Manley">{{cite journal |last1=Manley |first1=Justin E. |title=Unmanned Surface Vehicles, 15 Years of Development |url= https://www.ieeeoes.org/history/080515-175.pdf|journal=[[IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society]] | date=2008|access-date=14 Oct 2019 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Mizokami" >{{Cite web|last=Mizokami|first=Kyle|date=2019-01-15|title=The U.S. Navy's Big Push Into Drone Ships Will Lead to Unmanned Vessels Carrying Weapons|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a25907713/us-navy-drone-ship/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Niu et at 2018" >{{Cite journal |last1=Niu |first1=Hanlin |last2=Lu |first2=Yu |last3=Savvaris |first3=Al |last4=Tsourdos |first4=Antonios |date=2018 |title=An energy-efficient path planning algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0029801818300258 |journal=Ocean Engineering |volume=161 |pages=308–321 |doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.025 |bibcode=2018OcEng.161..308N |hdl=1826/13249 |s2cid=115280769|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NOAA" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsrp/meetings/webinar-march-april-2021/March%203/01_Directors/04_Mayer-HSRP_MARCH_2021-1.pdf|title=Uncrewed Surface Vessel Research and Development Program at the NOAA – UNH Joint Hydrographic Center/Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Ortmann 2016" >{{cite web|author=Andrew Orthmann |url=https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/bering-sea-asv-force-multiplier |title=Bering Sea ASV Force Multiplier |publisher=Hydro-international.com |date=2016-11-22 |access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Sea machines" >{{cite web |title=SM200 Wireless Remote-Helm Control System |date=11 December 2020 |url=https://sea-machines.com/sm200 |publisher=Sea Machines |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
 
<ref name=stevens>[http://www.ece.stevens-tech.edu/sd/archive/07F-08S/websites/grp14/documents/Grp14_Brochure.pdf/ Stevens Institute of Technology student USV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811002903/http://www.ece.stevens-tech.edu/sd/archive/07F-08S/websites/grp14/documents/Grp14_Brochure.pdf |date=2010-08-11 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=wired>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/05/wave-glider-crosses-pacific/all/1/|title=Robot Boats Survive Epic Voyage Across the Pacific — So Far|date=23 May 2012|magazine=WIRED|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>
 
}}
 
==See also==
*[[Office of Coast Survey]]
*[[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]]
 
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Survey ships]]
 
{{ship-type-stub}}
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