Dogma: Difference between revisions

'''Dogma''', in theits broadbroadest sense, is any belief held unquestioningly and with undefended certainty. It may be in the form of an official system of [[principle|principles]]s or [[doctrine|doctrines]]s of a [[religion]], such as [[Judaism]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Judaism]], or [[Protestantism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05089a.htm|title=Dogma|website=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605133144/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05089a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Islam]], as well as the [[Philosophical theory|positions]] of a philosopher or of a [[Philosophical movement|philosophical school]], such as [[Stoicism]].

The word ''dogma'' was adopted in the 17th century from {{lang-la|dogma|philosophical tenet or principle}}, derived from the {{lang-grc|[[:wikt:δόγμα|δόγμα]]|[[:wikt:dogma|dogma]]|opinion, belief, judgement}} from the {{lang-grc|[[:wikt:δοκεῖ|δοκεῖ]]|dokeî|it seems that...}}. The plural is based on the {{lang-la|[[:wikt:dogmata|dogmata]]}}, though ''[[:wikt:dogmas|dogmas]]'' may be more commonly used in English.

In Christianity, a ''dogma'' is a belief communicated by divine revelation and defined by the Church,{{sfn|Blackburn|2016|p=139}} The organization's formal religious positions may be taught to new members or simply communicated to those who choose to become members. It is rare for agreement with an organization's formal positions to be a requirement for attendance, though membership may be required for some church activities.<ref name{{sfn|Blackburn|2016|p="oxfordreference.com">[http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t98.e978], "dogma" The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Simon Blackburn. Oxford University Press, 2011.</ref> 139}}

For [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Christianity]], the dogmata are contained in the [[Nicene Creed]] and the [[canon law]]s of two, three, seven, or twenty [[ecumenical council]]s (depending on whether one is [[Church of the East]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], or [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]). These tenets{{which}} are summarized by [[John of Damascus]] in his ''Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith'', which is the third book of his main work, titled ''The Fount of Knowledge''. In this book he takes a dual approach in explaining each article of the faith: one, directed at Christians, where he uses quotes from the [[Bible]] and, occasionally, from works of other [[Church Fathers]], and the second, directed both at members of non-Christian religions and at [[atheist]]s, for whom he employs [[term logic|Aristotelian logic]] and [[dialectics]].

In the Jewish commentary tradition, ''dogma'' is a principle by which the [[Rabbanim]] can try the proofs of faith about the existence of God and truth; <ref>[[Joseph Albo]], [[Sefer HaIkkarim]]</ref> ''dogma'' is what is necessarily true for rational thinking.<ref>"Fons Vitae" of [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]]</ref> In Jewish [[Kabbalah]], a ''dogma'' is an ''[[archetype]]'' of the [[Pardes (exegesis)|Pardes]] or ''Torah Nistar'', the secrets of Bible. In the relation between "logical thinking" and "rational Kabbalah" the "[[Partzuf]]" is the means to identify "dogma".{{clarify|date=January 2023}}

[[View (Buddhism)|View]] or position ([[Pali]] ''{{IASTlang-sa|diṭṭhiदृष्टि|dṛṣṭi|translit-std=IAST}}'',; [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IASTlang-pi|dṛṣṭidiṭṭhi|script=Latn|translit-std=IAST}}'') is a central idea in [[Buddhism]] that corresponds with the Western notion of dogma.{{sfn|Fuller|2005|page=1}} In Buddhist thought, a view is not a simple, abstract collection of propositions, but a charged interpretation of experience which intensely shapes and affects thought, sensation, and action.<ref name="Lusthaus 2002">{{cite book|first=Dan|last=Lusthaus|title=Buddhist Phenomenology|url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/buddhist_phenomenology_-_a_pholosophical_investigation_of_yogacara_buddhism_and_the_cheng_wei-shih_lun.pdf|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=242, n. 46|access-date=2018-08-27|archive-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219223250/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/buddhist_phenomenology_-_a_pholosophical_investigation_of_yogacara_buddhism_and_the_cheng_wei-shih_lun.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Having the proper mental attitude toward views is therefore considered an integral part of the Buddhist path, as sometimes correct views need to be put into practice and incorrect views abandoned, while at other times all views are seen as obstacles to enlightenment.{{sfn|Fuller|2005|pages=1–2}}

* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Fuller |title=The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Notion%20of%20Ditthi%20in%20Theravada%20Buddhism_Fuller.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092537/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Notion%20of%20Ditthi%20in%20Theravada%20Buddhism_Fuller.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 26, 2015 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005}}

* [http://bible.crosswalk.com/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=1378&version=kjv Dogma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213061957/http://bible.crosswalk.com/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=1378&version=kjv |date=2007-02-13 }} – [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong's]] N.T. Greek Lexicon