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{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Ann Hariett Emma Edwards
| name =
| image = Leonowens Portrait.jpg
| imagesize = 175px
| caption = Anna Leonowens, c. 1905
| birth_date = {{birth date|1831|11|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|1|19|1831|11|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| spouse = {{marriage|Thomas Leon (or Lane/Lean) Owens
|resting_place = [[Mount Royal Cemetery]]
|relatives=[[Boris Karloff]] (great-nephew)▼
| children = 4, including [[Louis T. Leonowens]]
▲| relatives = [[Boris Karloff]] (great-nephew)
}}
'''Anna Harriette Leonowens''' (born '''Ann Hariett Emma Edwards''';<ref>{{Cite book |author=Habegger |title=Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens |year=2014 |page=417}}</ref> 5 November 1831 – 19 January 1915) was an [[Anglo-Indian]] or [[Company rule in India|Indian]]-born British<ref>Morgan, ''Bombay Anna'',
She became well known with the publication of her memoirs, beginning with ''The English Governess at the Siamese Court'' (1870), which chronicled her experiences in [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] (modern [[Thailand]]), as teacher to the children of the Siamese [[Mongkut|King Mongkut]]. Leonowens's own account was fictionalised in [[Margaret Landon]]'s best-selling novel ''[[Anna and the King of Siam (novel)|Anna and the King of Siam]]'' (1944), as well as adaptations for other media such as [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s 1951 musical ''[[The King and I]]''.
During the course of her life, Leonowens also lived in [[Western Australia]], [[Straits Settlement|Singapore and Penang]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[German Empire|Germany]]. In later life, she was a lecturer of [[Indology]] and a suffragist. Among other achievements, she co-founded the [[Nova Scotia College of Art and Design]].
==Early life and family==
Anna Leonowens's mother,
Leonowens's maternal grandfather, William Vawdrey (or Vaudrey) Glascott, was an English-born [[commissioned officer]] of the [[Rajputana Rifles|4th Regiment, Bombay Native Infantry]], in the [[Bombay Army]]. Glascott arrived in India in 1810,<ref>Morgan, ''Bombay Anna'', pp. 20, 241.</ref> and was apparently married in 1815, although his wife's name is not known.<ref>Morgan, ''Bombay Anna'', pp. 23–24, 28.</ref> According to biographer Susan Morgan, the only viable explanation for the complete and deliberate lack of information regarding Glascott's wife in official British records is that she "was not European".<ref>Morgan, ''Bombay Anna'', p. 23.</ref> Morgan suggests that she was "most likely ... [[Anglo-Indian]] (of [[mixed race]]) born in India." Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816.
For most of her adult life, Anna Leonowens had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname "Crawford" in [[Caernarfon]], Wales, and giving her father's [[military rank|rank]] as [[captain (armed forces)|captain]]. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at Caernarfon, news which came as a shock to the town that had long claimed her as one of its most famous natives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pheeds.com/Caernarfon.html |title=Caernarfon website |access-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715073408/http://pheeds.com/Caernarfon.html |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
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==Marriage, Western Australia and widowhood==
Anna Edwards's husband-to-be,
In 1852, the young couple, accompanied by Anna's uncle, {{thinspace|W.
Anna Leonowens – using her middle name of Harriett – tried to establish a school for young ladies. In March 1854, the infant Thomas died at the age of 13 months,<ref>''The Inquirer'' (Perth), 22 March 1854, p. 2.</ref> and, later that year, a daughter, Avis Annie, was born.<ref>The birth certificate of Avis Leonowens cited her mother's name as "Harriette Annie Leonowens", née Edwards. (Register of Births, Western Australia, no. 2583, 1854.)</ref> In 1855, Thomas Leonowens was appointed to Glasscott's former position with the commissariat at Lynton, and the family moved there. <ref name="
The Leonowens family left Australia abruptly in April 1857, sailing to Singapore,<ref name="
==Teacher at the Siamese court==
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[[Image:King Mongkut and Prince Chulalongkorn.jpg|thumb|upright|King [[Mongkut]] with his heir, Prince [[Chulalongkorn]], both in naval uniforms (c. 1866)]]
Leonowens served at court until 1867, a period of nearly six years, first as a teacher and later as language secretary for the
In 1868, Leonowens was on leave for her health in England and had been negotiating a return to the court on better terms when [[Mongkut#Death and legacy|Mongkut fell ill and died]]. The
==Literary career==
By 1869, Leonowens was in New York City, where she briefly opened a school for girls in the [[West New Brighton, Staten Island|West New Brighton]] section of [[Staten Island]], and she began contributing travel articles to a [[Boston]] journal, ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', including "The Favorite of the Harem", reviewed by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "an Eastern love story, having apparently a strong basis of truth".<ref>'September Magazines', ''The New York Times'' (2 September 1872), p. 2.</ref> She expanded her articles into two volumes of memoirs, beginning with ''The English Governess at the Siamese Court'' (1870),<ref>Anna Leonowens (1870) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RYWLVLbr4wC ''The English Governess at the Siamese Court''], Fields, Osgood and Co., Boston</ref> which earned her immediate fame but also brought charges of [[sensationalism]]. In her writing, she casts a critical eye over court life; the account is not always a flattering one, and has become the subject of controversy in [[Thailand]], and she has also been accused of exaggerating her influence with the king.<ref>Henry Maxwell, Letter to the Editor: "The King and I", ''The Times'' (19 October 1953), p. 3, col. F.</ref><ref>Direck Jayanama, Letter to the Editor: {{"'}}The King and I' Foreign Policy of a Siamese Ruler", ''The Times'' (26 October 1953), p. 11, col. F.</ref>
There have also been claims of fabrication: the likelihood of the argument over slavery, for example, when King Mongkut was for 27 years a Buddhist monk and later abbot, before ascending to the throne. It is thought that his religious training and vocation would never have permitted the views expressed by Leonowens's cruel, eccentric and self-indulgent monarch. Even the title of her memoir is inaccurate, as she was neither English nor did she work as a governess:<ref>{{Cite book |author=Habegger |title=Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens |year=2014 |page=4}}</ref> Her task was to teach English, not to educate and care for the royal children comprehensively. Leonowens claimed to have spoken Thai fluently, but the examples of that language presented in her books are unintelligible, even if one allows for clumsy transcription.<ref>{{Cite book |author=William Warren |title=Who Was Anna Leonowens? |work=Travelers' Tales Thailand |year=2002 |page=86}}</ref>
Leonowens was a [[first-wave feminism|feminist]], and in her writings she tended to focus on what she saw as the subjugated status of Siamese women, including those sequestered within the ''Nang Harm'', or royal [[harem]]. She emphasised that although Mongkut had been a forward-looking ruler, he had desired to preserve customs such as prostration and [[sexual slavery]] that seemed unenlightened and degrading. The sequel, ''Romance of the Harem'' (1873),<ref>Anna Leonowens (1873) [https://books.google.com/books?id=_hdp2H2VNscC ''Romance of the Harem''], James R. Osgood and Co., Boston</ref> incorporates tales based on palace gossip, including the king's alleged torture and execution of one of his concubines, Tuptim. The story lacks independent corroboration and is dismissed as out of character for the king by some critics.<ref>{{cite news|author=Erlanger, Steven |title=A Confection Built on a Novel Built on a Fabrication |date=7 April 1996 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/07/theater/theather-a-confection-built-on-a-novel-built-on-a-fabrication.html |access-date=8 August 2008}}</ref> A great-granddaughter, Princess Vudhichalerm Vudhijaya (b. 21 May 1934), stated in a 2001 interview, "King Mongkut was in the [[Bhikkhu|monk's]] hood for 27 years before he was king. He would never have ordered an execution. It is not the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] way." She added that the same Tuptim was her grandmother and had married Chulalongkorn as one of his minor wives.<ref>Nancy Dunne, {{"'}}Life as a royal is not for me': A Thai princess tells Nancy Dunne the truth about 'The King and I' and how she prefers a simple life in the US", ''Financial Times'' (25 August 2001), p. 7.</ref> Moreover, there were no dungeons below the Grand Palace or anywhere else in Bangkok as the high ground-water level would not allow this. Nor are there any accounts of a public burning by other foreigners staying in Siam during the same period as Leonowens.<ref>{{Cite book |author=William Warren |title=Who Was Anna Leonowens? |work=Travelers' Tales Thailand |year=2002 |pages=86–87}}</ref>
While in the United States, Leonowens also earned much-needed money through popular lecture tours. At venues such as the house of Mrs. Sylvanus Reed in [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|Fifty-third Street, New York City]], in the regular members' course at Association Hall, or under the auspices of bodies such as the [[Brooklyn Historical Society|Long Island Historical Society]], she lectured on subjects including "Christian Missions to Pagan Lands" and "The Empire of Siam, and the City of the Veiled Women".<ref name="Mrs. Leonowens' First Lecture' 1874 p. 4">"Mrs. Leonowens' First Lecture", ''The New York Times'' (20 October 1874), p. 4.</ref><ref>"Amusements", ''The New York Times'' (31 October 1871), p. 4.</ref><ref>"Lectures and Meetings to Come", ''The New York Times'' (16 November 1874), p. 8.</ref><ref>"A Boston Letter", ''Independent'' (10 October 1872), p. 6.</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported: "Mrs. Leonowens' purpose is to awaken an interest, and enlist sympathies, in behalf of missionary labors, particularly in their relation to the destiny of Asiatic women."<ref name="Mrs. Leonowens' First Lecture' 1874 p. 4" /> She joined the literary circles of New York and Boston and made the acquaintance of local lights on the lecture circuit, such as [[Oliver Wendell Holmes
==Canada and Germany==
In 1878, Leonowens's daughter Avis Annie Crawford Connybeare married Thomas Fyshe, a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[bank]]er and the cashier (general manager) of the [[Bank of Nova Scotia]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], where she resided for nineteen years as she continued to travel the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7355 |title=Biography – EDWARDS, ANNA HARRIETTE – Volume XIV (1911–1920) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |publisher=Biographi.ca |date=24 August 1922 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> This marriage ended the family's money worries. Leonowens resumed her teaching career and taught daily from 9 am to 12 noon for an autumn half at the [[Berkeley School For Boys|Berkeley School]] of New York at 252 [[Madison Avenue (Manhattan)|Madison Avenue, Manhattan]], beginning on 5 October 1880; this was a new [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] for colleges and schools of science and her presence was advertised in the press.<ref>"Classified Ad 10 – No Title", ''The New York Times'' (6 October 1880),
Having returned to Halifax, she again became involved in women's education, and was a [[suffragist]]. She initiated a reading circle and a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] club, was one of the founders of the [[Local Council of Women of Halifax]] and the Victoria School of Art and Design (now the [[Nova Scotia College of Art and Design]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dagg |first1=Anne Innis |author-link=Anne Innis Dagg |title=The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books |publisher=Wilfried Laurier University Press |year=2001 |page=167}}</ref> From 1888 to 1893, Anna Leonowens lived with her daughter Avis and her grandchildren in [[Kassel]], Germany.
[[File:Mrs. Anna H. Leonowens and grandchildren, Montreal, QC, 1911.jpg|thumb|Leonowens in Montreal with two of her grandchildren]] On her way back to Canada, she met her son Louis again, after nineteen years of separation. He had returned to [[Siam]] in 1881, had become an officer in the Siamese royal [[cavalry]] and a [[teak]] trader. From his marriage to Caroline Knox—a daughter of Sir [[Thomas George Knox]], the British [[consul-general]] in Bangkok, and his Thai wife, Prang Yen<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-08|title=Second times the charm - Louis T. Leonowens|url=https://expatlifeinthailand.com/lifestyle/second-times-the-charm-louis-t-leonowens/|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Expat Life in Thailand|language=en-GB}}</ref>—he had two children, aged two and five years. After the death of his wife, he entrusted them to his mother's care, who took them with her to Canada, while Louis returned to Siam.<ref name="Morgan 2008 186" /> Anna Leonowens met Chulalongkorn again when both visited London in 1897, thirty years after she had left Siam. During this audience, the king took the opportunity to express his thanks in person, but he also voiced his dismay at the inaccuracies in Leonowens's books. According to Leonowens' granddaughter Anna Fyshe, who had accompanied her, the king asked: "why did you write such a wicked book about my father King Mongkut? You know that you have made him utterly ridiculous". In response, according to Fyshe, Leonowens insisted that she had written "the whole truth" and that Mongkut had indeed been "a ridiculous and a cruel, wicked man".<ref>{{Cite book |author=Habegger |title=Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens |year=2014 |page=354}}</ref> With her granddaughter Anna, Leonowens stayed in [[Leipzig]], Germany, until 1901. She studied Sanskrit and classical Indian literature with the renowned Indology professor [[Ernst Windisch]] of the [[Leipzig University]], while her granddaughter studied piano at the [[University of Music and Theatre Leipzig#History|Royal Conservatory of Music]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Morgan |title=Bombay Anna |year=2008 |pages=53, 203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Habegger |title=Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens |year=2014 |pages=8, 90}}</ref>
[[File:Leonowens_001.jpg|thumb|Anna Leonowens's grave at [[Mount Royal Cemetery]], Montreal]]
In 1901, she moved to [[Montreal]], Quebec, where she lectured Sanskrit at [[McGill University]]. She delivered her last lecture at the age of 78.<ref>{{Cite book |author=John Gullick |title=Adventurous Women in South-East Asia: Six Lives |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |page=142}}</ref> Anna Leonowens died on 19 January 1915, at 83 years of age.<ref>"Deaths", ''The Times'' (21 January 1915);
==In popular culture==
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Landon had, however, created the iconic image of Leonowens, and "in the mid-20th century she came to personify the eccentric [[Victorian era|Victorian]] female traveler".<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Riding |title=Globe-Trotting Englishwomen Who Helped Map the World |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 August 2004 |page=E1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/arts/globe-trotting-englishwomen-who-helped-map-the-world.html }}</ref> The novel was adapted as a hit musical by [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]], ''[[The King and I]]'' (1951), starring [[Gertrude Lawrence]] and [[Yul Brynner]], which ran 1,246 performances on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Vincent |last=Canby |title=Once Again, The Taming of a Despot |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 April 1996 |page=C1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/theater/theater-review-once-again-the-taming-of-a-despot.html }}</ref> and was also a hit in London and on tour. In 1956, a [[The King and I (1956 film)|film version]] was released, with [[Deborah Kerr]] starring in the role of Leonowens and Brynner reprising his role as the king. Brynner starred in many revivals until his death in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|last=Capua|first=Michelangelo|publisher=McFarland|title=Yul Brynner: A Biography|year=2006|isbn=0-7864-2461-3}}</ref>
The humorous depiction of Mongkut as a [[polka]]-dancing [[Despotism|despot]], as well as the king's and Anna's apparent romantic
During a visit to the United States in 1960, the monarch of Thailand, [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol]] (a great-grandson of Mongkut), and his entourage explained<ref>'King's Ears Won't Hear Songs from "King and I"', ''The Washington Post'' (28 June 1960), p. C1.</ref> that from what they could gather from the reviews of the musical, the characterisation of Mongkut seemed "90 percent exaggerated. My great-grandfather was really quite a mild and nice man."<ref>Marguerite Higgins, "Siam King Found Shy And Welfare-Minded", ''The Washington Post'' (30 August 1951), p. B11.</ref> Years later, during her 1985 visit to New York, Bhumibol's wife, [[Sirikit|Queen Sirikit]], went to see the Broadway musical at the invitation of Yul Brynner.<ref>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010930002644/http%3A//www%2Ethaiembdc%2Eorg/monarchy/k_i/bostonk_i%2Ehtml Archived copy] at the [[Library of Congress]] (30 September 2001).</ref> The then ambassador of Thailand to the
In 1972, [[Twentieth Century Fox]] produced a non-musical American TV series for [[CBS]], [[Anna and the King (TV series)|''Anna and the King'']], with [[Samantha Eggar]] taking the part of Leonowens and Brynner reprising his role as the king. Margaret Landon charged the makers with "inaccurate and mutilated portrayals" of her literary property and sued unsuccessfully for copyright infringement.<ref>Lawrence Meyer, "Court And 'The King{{'"}}, ''The Washington Post'' (21 November 1972), p. B2.</ref><ref>''Landon v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.'', 384 F. Supp. 450 (S.D.N.Y. 1974), in Biederman ''et al.'' (2007) ''Law and Business of the Entertainment Industries'', 5th edition, pp. 349–356, Greenwood Pub. Group, Westport, Connecticut {{ISBN|978-0-31308-373-0}}</ref> The series was not a success and was cancelled after only 13 episodes. In 1999 an [[The King and I (1999 film)|animated film]] using the songs of the musical was released by [[Warner Bros. Animation]]. In the same year, [[Jodie Foster]] and [[Chow Yun-fat]] starred in a new feature-length cinematic adaptation of Leonowens's books, also titled ''[[Anna and the King]]''. One Thai critic complained that the [[filmmakers]] had made Mongkut "appear like a cowboy"; this version was also banned by censors in Thailand.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120709095546/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_2000_Jan_3/ai_58532685 "Thailand bans 'Anna and the King{{'"}}], (3 January 2000) ''Asian Economic News'', Retrieved 29 August 2008</ref>
Leonowens appears as a character in [[Paul Marlowe]]'s novel ''Knights of the Sea'', in which she travels from Halifax to Baddeck in 1887 to take part in a campaign to promote women's suffrage during a [[by-election]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
==Later research==
Leonowens kept the actual facts of her early life a closely guarded secret throughout her life, and never disclosed them to anybody, including her family.<ref name="Chalermsri" /> They were uncovered by researchers long after her death;
The fact that Leonowens's claimed birth in Caernarfon was fabricated was first uncovered by [[W. S. Bristowe]], an arachnologist and frequent visitor to Thailand, who was researching a biography of her son Louis. Bristowe failed to locate Louis's certificate of birth in London (as claimed by Anna), prompting further research that led to him identifying her origins in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=William |editor1-last=O'Reilly |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Habegger |editor2-first=Larry |title=Travelers' Tales, Thailand: True Stories |date=2002 |publisher=Travelers' Tales |location=San Francisco |isbn=9781932361803 |pages=88–89 |chapter=Who Was Anna Leonowens?}}</ref> His findings were published in the 1976 book ''Louis and the King of Siam'', and later writers have expanded on this line of research, including Leslie Smith Dow in ''Anna Leonowens: A Life Beyond The King and I'' (1991) and Susan Kepner in her 1996 paper "Anna (and Margaret) and the King of Siam".<ref name="Chalermsri">{{cite journal |last1=Chantasingh |first1=Chalermsri |title=The Power of the Auteur: The Case of the Anna Myth (1870-1999) |journal=Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University |date=2006 |volume=28 |issue=Special issue 2006 |pages=74–106 |url=https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasu/article/view/239986}}</ref> More recent full-length scholarly biographies by Susan Morgan (''Bombay Anna'', 2008) and Alfred Habegger (''Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens, Schoolmistress at the Court of Siam'', 2014) brought widespread attention to Leonowens's actual life story.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=E. Bruce |title=Review of Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens |work=New Mandala |date=29 September 2014 |url=https://www.newmandala.org/book-review/review-of-masked-the-life-of-anna-leonowens-tlc-nmrev-lxxviii/ |language=en-AU |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
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*Dow, Leslie Smith. ''Anna Leonowens: A Life Beyond The King and I'', Pottersfield Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-919001-69-6}}
* {{Cite book |author=Alfred Habegger |title=Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens, Schoolmistress at the Court of Siam |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2014}}
*{{cite report |title=Anna and Thomas Leonowens in Western Australia, 1853-1857 |first1=Alfred |last1=Habegger |first2=Gerard |last2=Foley |year=2010 |series=Occasional Papers |number=1 |publisher=State Records Office of Western Australia, Department of Culture and the Arts, Government of Western Australia |url=http://sro.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/occasionalpaper1-leonowensinwesternaustralia.pdf#overlay-context=archive-collection/family-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318152932/http://sro.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/occasionalpaper1-leonowensinwesternaustralia.pdf#overlay-context=archive-collection/family-history |archive-date=2012-03-18 |access-date=2024-05-24 }}
*Morgan, Susan. ''Bombay Anna: The Real Story and Remarkable Adventures of the King and I Governess'', University of California Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-520-25226-4}}
*[[Seni Pramoj]] and [[Kukrit Pramoj]]. ''The King of Siam speaks'' {{ISBN|974-8298-12-4}}
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{{commons category}}
* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7355 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
* {{Gutenberg author |id=
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Anna Harriette Leonowens}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5966}}
* {{Google books author}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209204629/https://www.louist.co.th/ Louis T. Leonowens (Thailand) Ltd.], the company founded by Leonowens's son
*(Thai) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314043532/http://www.matichon.co.th/art/art.php?srctag=0604010147&srcday=2005%2F09%2F01&search=no "Anna Leonowens: Who says she's a compulsive liar?"]
*(Thai) {{Cite web |url=http://www.matichon.co.th/art/art.php?srctag=0602010247&srcday=2005%2F09%2F01&search=no |title="Letter from 'King Mongkut' to 'Anna' from To Dear and the case of 'Son Glin'." |access-date=13 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319033129/http://www.matichon.co.th/art/art.php?srctag=0602010247&srcday=2005%2F09%2F01&search=no |archive-date=19 March 2007 |url-status=dead }} ''Art and Culture Magazine'', [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=th&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070319033129%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichon.co.th%2Fart%2Fart.php%3Fsrctag%3D0602010247%26srcday%3D2005%252F09%252F01%26search%3Dno English translation here].
*(Thai) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314043541/http://www.matichon.co.th/art/art.php?srctag=0607010347&srcday=2005%2F09%2F01&search=no "King Mongkut set up 'secret mission' disguising Sir John and Anna, hid Laos in Khmer"]
*(Thai) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312213716/http://www.matichon.co.th/art/art.php?srctag=0652010447&srcday=2005%2F09%2F01&search=no "King Mongkut's letters to Anna: When Madame Teacher plays political negotiator"]
{{Rattanakosin}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leonowens, Anna}}
[[Category:19th-century British autobiographers]]
[[Category:British schoolteachers]]
[[Category:British governesses]]
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[[Category:Academic staff of McGill University]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:British women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Writers about Thailand]]
[[Category:19th-century British educators]]
[[Category:19th-century British women educators]]
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