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|body_discovered =
|resting_place = 1904–1949: [[Döbling Cemetery]], [[Vienna]]<br>1949–present: [[Mount Herzl|Mt. Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]
|resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|31|46|26|N|35|10|50|E|type:landmark_region:IL-JM|display=inline}}
|nationality =
|citizenship = [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]]
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'''Theodor Herzl'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜːr|t|s|əl|,_|ˈ|h|ɛər|t|s|əl}} {{respell|HURT|səl|,_|HAIRT|səl}},<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Herzl|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈhɛʁtsl̩|lang}}; {{lang-hu|Herzl Tivadar}}; {{lang-he|תֵּאוֹדוֹר הֶרְצְל|Te'odor Hertzel}}; Hebrew name given at his [[brit milah]]: '''Binyamin Ze'ev'''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Esor Ben-Sorek|title=The Tragic Herzl Family History|publisher=[[Times of Israel]]|date=18 October 2015|quote=At his brit mila he was given the Hebrew name Binyamin Zeev|url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-tragic-herzl-family-history/}}</ref>}} (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)<ref name="Cohen" /> was an [[Austro-Hungarian]] Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist who was the father of [[Types of Zionism|modern political Zionism]]. Herzl formed the [[World Zionist Organization|Zionist Organization]] and promoted [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in an effort to form a Jewish state. Due to his Zionist work, he is known in Hebrew as {{transliteration|he|Chozeh HaMedinah}} ({{lang|he|חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה}}), {{lit|Visionary of the State}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=חוזה המדינה באנגלית | פירוש חוזה המדינה בעברית |url=https://www.morfix.co.il/%d7%97%d7%95%d7%96%d7%94+%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%93%d7%99%d7%a0%d7%94 |accessdate=17 August 2022 |website=מילון מורפיקס |language=HE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theodor Herzl |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/israel/figures/herzl |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref>
Herzl was born in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], to a prosperous [[Neolog Judaism|Neolog Jewish]] family. After a brief legal career in [[Vienna]], he became the Paris correspondent for the Viennese newspaper ''[[Neue Freie Presse]]''. Confronted with [[antisemitic]] events in Vienna, he reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make [[Jewish assimilation]] impossible, and that the only solution for Jews was the establishment of a [[Jewish state]]. In 1896, Herzl published the pamphlet {{Lang|de|[[Der Judenstaat]]}}, in which he elaborated his visions of a Jewish homeland. His ideas attracted international attention and rapidly established Herzl as a major figure in the Jewish world.
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At the same time Joseph Chamberlain floated the idea of a Jewish Colony in what is now Kenya. The plan became known as the "[[British Uganda Program|Uganda Project]]" and Herzl presented it to the [[Sixth Zionist Congress]] (Basel, August 1903), where a majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) agreed to investigating this offer. The proposal faced strong opposition particularly from the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.<ref>Laqueur, Walter. The History of Zionism. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2003. p. 111</ref> In 1905 the 7th Zionist Congress, after investigations, decided to decline the British offer and firmly committed itself to a Jewish homeland in Palestine.<ref>Schneer, pp. 113–14</ref> A ''Heimstatte''—a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine secured by public law.<ref>David Vital, A People and a State (1999), p. 448</ref>
On 26 January 1904, Herzl was received in audience by [[Pope Pius X]] at the [[Holy See]] in [[Rome]], in the hope of convincing the Vatican at supporting the Zionist movement. Pius X was respectful towards Herzl, but resolutely refused to support Zionism in any way.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzl |first=Theodor |date=1904-01-26 |title=THEODOR HERZL: Audience with Pope Pius X (1904) |url=https://ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/herzl1904 |access-date= |website=Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations |language=en-gb}}</ref>
==Death and burial==
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In ''Altneuland'', Herzl did not foresee any conflict between [[Jews]] and [[Arabs]]. One of the main characters in ''Altneuland'' is a Haifa engineer, Reshid Bey, who is one of the leaders of the "New Society." He is very grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving the economic condition of Israel and sees no cause for conflict. All non-Jews have equal rights, and an attempt by a fanatical rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which is the center of the main political plot of the novel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Herzl's vision of racism|first=Shlomo|last=Avineri|author-link=Shlomo Avineri|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1062723.html|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=8 August 2009|date=2 September 2009|archive-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417060839/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1062723.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Herzl also envisioned the future Jewish state to be a "third way" between capitalism and socialism, with a developed welfare program and public ownership of the main natural resources. Industry, agriculture and trade were organized on a cooperative basis. Along with many other progressive Jews of the day, such as [[Emma Lazarus]], [[Louis Brandeis]], [[Albert Einstein]], and [[Franz Oppenheimer]], Herzl desired to enact the land reforms proposed by the American political economist [[Henry George]]. Specifically, they called for a [[land value tax]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779|title=Henry George and Zionism|work=Jewish Currents|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018155237/http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779|url-status=dead}}</ref> He called his mixed economic model "Mutualism
In ''Altneuland'', Herzl outlined his vision for a new Jewish state in the [[Land of Israel]]. He summed up his vision of an open society:<blockquote>"It is founded on the ideas which are a common product of all civilized nations ... It would be immoral if we would exclude anyone, whatever his origin, his descent, or his religion, from participating in our achievements. For we stand on the shoulders of other civilized peoples ... What we own we owe to the preparatory work of other peoples. Therefore, we have to repay our debt. There is only one way to do it, the highest tolerance. Our motto must therefore be, now and ever: 'Man, you are my brother.'"<ref name="Zion p.185">'Zion & the Jewish National Idea', in ''Zionism Reconsidered'', Macmillan, 1970 PB, p.185</ref></blockquote>
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* {{Cite book|last=Falk|first=Avner|title=Herzl, King of the Jews: A Psychoanalytic Biography of Theodor Herzl|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8191-8925-7|author-link=Avner Falk}}
* {{Cite book|last=Elon|first=Amos|title=Herzl|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|location=New York|year=1975|isbn=978-0-03-013126-4|author-link=Amos Elon|url=https://archive.org/details/herzl00elon}}
* {{Cite book|first=Alex|last=Bein|editor=[[Maurice Samuel]]|date=1941|title=Theodor Herzl: A Biography of the Founder of the Modern Zionism}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book|last=Beller|first=Steven|title=Herzl|date=2004}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=Desmond|title=Theodor Herzl. Artist and Politician|date=1974}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pawel|first=Ernst|title=The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl|date=1992}}{{ISBN?}}
====Articles====
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* {{Cite journal|first=Jacques|last=Kornberg|title=Theodor Herzl: A Reevaluation|journal=Journal of Modern History|volume=52|issue= 2|date=June 1980|pages=226–252|doi=10.1086/242094|ref=226–252|jstor=1878229 |s2cid=144647248}}
* Penslar, Derek J. "Herzl and the Palestinian Arabs: Myth and Counter-Myth." ''Journal of Israeli History'' 24.1 (2005):
* Penslar, Derek J. "Theodor Herzl, Race, and Empire." in ''Making History Jewish'' (Brill, 2020).
* Penslar, Derek Jonathan. "Herzl, Zionism and the Origins of Jewish Social Policy." in ''Theodor Herzl: Visionary of the Jewish State'' ed by Gideon Shimoni and Robert Wistrich (1999) pp.
* Penslar, Derek Jonathan. "What’s love got to do with it? The emotional language of early Zionism." ''Journal of Israeli History'' 38.1 (2020):
* Penslar, Derek J. "Declarations of (In) Dependence: Tensions within Zionist Statecraft, 1896–1948." ''Journal of Levantine Studies'' 8.1 (2018): 13+ [https://www.academia.edu/download/64675881/Derek_J_Penslar_Declarations_of_InDependence_Tensions_within_Zionist_Statecraft_18961948.pdf online].
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[[Category:Hungarian journalists]]
[[Category:Hungarian political writers]]
[[Category:Hungarian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Hungarian socialists]]
[[Category:Hungarian Zionists]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish Hungarian writers]]
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[[Category:Writers on Zionism]]
[[Category:Authors of utopian literature]]
[[Category:
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