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The ''corn'' or ''dry gallon'' is used (along with the dry quart and pint) in the United States for grain and other dry commodities. It is one-eighth of the (Winchester) bushel, originally defined as a cylindrical measure of {{sfrac|18|1|2}} inches in diameter and 8 inches in depth, which made the bushel {{nowrap|8 in × ({{sfrac|9|1|4}} in)<sup>2</sup> × [[Pi|{{pi}}]] ≈ 2150.42017 cubic inches}}. The bushel was later defined to be 2150.42 cubic inches exactly, thus making its gallon exactly {{val|268.8025|u=in3}} ({{val|4.40488377086|u=L}}); in previous centuries, there had been a corn gallon of between 271 and 272 cubic inches.
The ''wine'', ''fluid'', or ''liquid gallon'' has been the standard US gallon since the early 19th century{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}. The wine gallon, which some sources relate to the volume occupied by eight medieval [[English unit#Weight|merchant pounds]] of wine, was at one time defined as the volume of a cylinder 6 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter, i.e. {{nowrap|6 in × ({{sfrac|3|1|2}} in)<sup>2</sup> × {{pi}} ≈ 230.907 06 cubic inches}}. It was redefined during the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1706 as 231 cubic inches exactly, the earlier definition with {{pi}} approximated to {{sfrac|22|7}}.
<math display=block> \pi r^2h \approx \frac{22}{7}\times\left ( \frac{7 ~ \mathrm{in}}{2} \right )^2\times6 ~ \mathrm{in} = 231 ~ \mathrm{in}^3.</math>
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Although the wine gallon had been used for centuries for import duty purposes, there was no legal standard of it in the [[Exchequer]], while a smaller gallon {{nowrap|(224 cu in)}} was actually in use, requiring this statute; the 231 cubic inch gallon remains the US definition today.
In 1824, Britain adopted a close approximation to the ''ale gallon'' known as the ''imperial gallon'', and abolished all other gallons in favour of it. Inspired by the [[kilogram]]-litre relationship{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}, the imperial gallon was based on the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 [[inch of mercury|inches of mercury]] (14.7345 pound-force per square inch) and at a temperature of {{cvt|62|F}}.
In 1963, this definition was refined as the space occupied by 10 pounds of distilled water of density {{val|0.998859|u=g/mL}} weighed in air of density {{val|0.001217|u=g/mL}} against weights of density {{nowrap|8.136 g/mL}} (the original "brass" was refined as the densities of [[brass]] alloys vary depending on metallurgical composition), which was calculated as {{val|4.546091879|u=L}} to ten significant figures.<ref name=BS350Foreword/>
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Historically, gallons of various sizes were used in many parts of Western Europe. In these localities, it has been replaced as the unit of capacity by the [[litre]].
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
|+ Comparison of gallons
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|-
| 231 || {{val|3.785411784}}
| Statute of 5 Queen Anne<br />
| 7.48 || 8.33
| 7 || 6 || 0.04
|-
| 268.8025|| {{val|4.40488377086}}
| Winchester, statute of 13 & 14 [[William III of England|William III]]<br
| 6.43 || 9.71
| 18.5 || 1 || {{val|0.00001}}
|-
| ≈ 277.4194|| 4.54609
| '''Standard imperial gallon'''
| ≈ 6.23 || 10
| {{sfrac|5|2|3}} || 11 || {{val|0.0002}}
| |||