Content deleted Content added
→Classification and naval hierarchy: combined duplicate citations |
Rescuing orphaned refs ("Howarth2006" from rev 1230423925) |
||
(37 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown) | |||
Line 3:
{{war}}
A '''blue-water navy''' is a [[Navy|maritime force]] capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open
The term "blue-water navy" is a [[Maritime geography|maritime geographical]] term in contrast with "[[brown-water navy]]" (
The [[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]] of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans. A blue-water navy allows a country to [[power projection|project power]] far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time."<ref name="DSS Trend Report">{{cite web | url=http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | title=Special Focus Area: Marine Sensors | publisher=Defense Security Service (United States Department of Defense) | work=Targeting U.S. Technologies: A Trend Analysis of Reporting from Defense Industry | year=2010 | access-date=July 15, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915162319/http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | archive-date=September 15, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Attributes==
[[File:
In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of [[capital ship]]s such as [[battleship]]s
A blue-water navy implies force protection from [[
The term 'blue-water navy' should not be confused with the capability of an individual ship. For example, vessels of a green-water navy can often operate in blue water for short periods of time. A number of nations have extensive maritime assets but lack the capability to maintain the required sustainable logistic reach.<ref name="Routledge"/> Some of them join coalition task groups in blue-water deployments such as anti-piracy patrols off Somalia.
Line 22:
In their 2012 publication, "''Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific''", professors Geoffrey Till and Patrick C. Bratton outlined what they termed as "concise criteria" with regard to the definitions of brown-, green- and blue-water navies. Quote; "''...a brown-water navy standing for a navy capable of defending its coastal zones, a green-water navy for a navy competent to operate in regional sea and finally [a] blue-water navy described as a navy with capability to operate across the deep waters.''"<ref name="Bratton"/> They go on to say that even with such a definition and understanding of naval hierarchy, it is still "ambiguous". For example, while France and the United States may be considered blue-water navies, he states that the "operational capability and geographic reach of both navies are definitely different."<ref name="Bratton">{{cite book|last1=Bratton|first1=Patrick C|last2=Till|first2=Geoffrey|title=Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1136627248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxOpAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
Another definition states that 'brown-water' refers to the littoral areas within 100 [[nautical mile]]s of the coastline. 'Green-water' begins from 100 nautical miles out to the next major land formation, while 'blue-water' is the ability to project force out to at least 1,500 nautical miles beyond the coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=
Despite the above, however, there is no agreed definition of the term.<ref name=Michiko/>
===Classification and naval hierarchy===
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] flotilla of Western Fleet escort [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] (R33) and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] (R22) in the Arabian Sea; according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system, six navies are considered to be
There have been many attempts by naval scholars and other authorities to classify world navies, including; Michael Morris,<ref name="classification">{{cite book|title=Small Navies: Strategy and Policy for Small Navies in War and Peace (Dr Deborah Sanders, Dr Ian Speller, Professor Michael Mulqueen)|date=28 June 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781472417619|pages=34–43}}<!--|access-date=15 December 2015--></ref> British naval historians Eric Grove<ref name=classification/> and Professor Geoffrey Till,<ref name=classification/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century|date=2 Aug 2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781135756789|pages=113–120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNgIbiDghI4C&q=Seapower%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20the%20Twenty-First%20Century%202004|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> French strategist Hervé Coutau-Bégarie<ref name=classification/><ref>Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, ''Traité de stratégie'', (Economica: Paris 2002). pp 617-621</ref> and professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=classification/><ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> All identify basic common criteria for gauging the capability of navies, such as; total displacement and number of ships; modernity and power of weapons and systems; logistical and geographic reach with capacity for sustained operations; and the professional qualifications/disposition of sailors.<ref name=classification/>
[[File:Carriers Cavour (550) - Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and Charles de Gaulle (R91) underway in 2013.JPG|thumb|left|{{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|C 550|2}} (foreground) operating with {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75|2}} (middle) and {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}} (background) in the [[Gulf of Oman]], 2013 ]]
The table below shows the world naval hierarchy according to the classification system by professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=Kirchberger/> Their system originates from 1996<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/> and outlines ten ranks, distinguished by capability. Since then it has been used by various other experts to illustrate the subject.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name="Howarth2006">{{cite book|last1=Howarth|first1=Peter|title=China's Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134203956|pages=179}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> According to Todd and Lindberg, a "blue-water navy" is one that can project any sort of power beyond its own territorial waters.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> However they used the principle of [[Loss of Strength Gradient|loss of strength gradient]] and other criteria to distinguish navies by capability under the four "blue-water" ranks.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> The six ranks of "Non blue-water navies" can be further broken down into "green-water" and "brown-water navies", and according to Todd and Lindberg, these are navies only capable of operating as coastal defence forces, coast guards or riverine forces.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/>
{|class="wikitable"
Line 50:
|-
| 4 || Regional<br />power projection || Limited range power projection beyond [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) || [[Spanish Navy|Spain]], [[Brazilian Navy|Brazil]], [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force|Japan]], [[Royal Australian Navy|Australia]], [[Republic of Korea Navy|South Korea]], [[German Navy|Germany]], [[Egyptian Navy|Egypt]], [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| Non blue-water: green-water navies
| 5 || Regional offshore<br />coastal defence || Coastal defence within and slightly beyond EEZ || Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Israel, Singapore, Pakistan
|-
| 6 || Inshore<br />coastal defence || Coastal defence confined to inner EEZ || North Korea, Myanmar, Brunei, Sri Lanka, Sweden<ref>Friedner Parrat, C., 2022. Swedish Coastal Defence Over Four Centuries: War as a Changing Institution of International Society. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), p.350–363.DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.156</ref> and others
|-
! rowspan="4"| Non blue-water: brown-water navies
Line 80:
{{update|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Aircraft Carrier Liaoning CV-16.jpg|thumb|Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'']]
The [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities.
Since 2008, the PLAN has conducted anti-piracy missions in the [[Gulf of Aden]] on a [[People's Liberation Army Navy#2008 anti-piracy operations|continuous basis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peter A. Dutton & Ryan D. Martinson|title=NWC China Maritime Studies 13: Beyond the Wall Chinese far sea operations|date=13 May 2015|publisher=Naval War College|location=United States|page=33|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110023343/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
Line 102 ⟶ 100:
The [[Indian Navy]] is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier power projection since 1961.<ref name="George-Gilboy">{{cite book|first1=George J.|last1=Gilboy|first2=Eric|last2=Heginbotham|title=Chinese and Indian Strategic Behavior: Growing Power and Alarm|date=12 Mar 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|pages=175–176|isbn=9781107661691}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Freeman|first1=Carla P|title=Handbook on China and Developing Countries|date=30 Apr 2015|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781782544210|page=455}}<!--|access-date=4 December 2015--></ref> This, according to Dr. George J. Gilboy and political scientist Eric Heginbotham, gives the Indian Navy the "leading power projection capability in the region".<ref name="George-Gilboy"/> The Indian Navy is also the only Asian navy considered to be a rank three "multi-regional power projection navy" per Todd and Lindberg's classification system.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> In his discussion paper for Consultancy Africa Intelligence, Greg Ryan asserts that in recent years, the Indian Navy has emerged as a "global power in the blue water sense".<ref name="CAI">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Greg|title=The expansion of India's blue water capabilities into African maritime territories|journal=Consultancy Africa Intelligence|date=8 September 2014|issue=Discussion paper|url=http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121239/http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
India initially outlined its intentions of developing blue-water capabilities under the 2007 ''Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan'',<ref name="India">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528002213/http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-date=2008-05-28 | title=India's drive for a 'blue water' navy | author=Scott, David | journal=[[Journal of Military and Strategic Studies]]| date=Winter 2007–2008 | volume=10 | issue=2 | page=42}}</ref><ref name="India1">{{cite book|first1=Atish|last1=Sinha|first2=Madhup|last2=Mohta|title=Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-593-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lKEJBadmAQC}}</ref> with the navy's priority being the projection of "power in India's area of strategic interest", the [[Indian Ocean]] Region.<ref name="wcmp">{{cite book|editor1-first=Antony|editor1-last=Preston|editor2-first=John|editor2-last=Jordan|editor3-first=Stephen|editor3-last=Dent|title=Warship|year=2007|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=978-1844860418|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dytTKHJ0_mUC&q=kolkata+class+destroyer&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=275 India's Military Modernization: Plans and Strategic Underpinnings], Gurmeet Kanwal, September 24, 2012</ref> Since 2007 the navy has increased its presence in the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] to the [[Strait of Malacca]], and routinely conducts [[Piracy in Somalia#Military presence|anti-piracy]] operations and partnership building with [[Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation|other navies]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Ocean: Reviving IOR-ARC forum|url=http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|publisher=Strategic Affairs|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124833/http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy - Naval Operations|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625095547/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the [[South China Sea|South]] and [[East China Sea|East China sea]]s as well as the western [[Mediterranean]] simultaneously.<ref>{{cite news|title=The power of the sea|url=
India inducted its first aircraft carrier in 1961, and the navy has ever since operated two independent carrier task forces. After {{INS|Viraat}} and {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} were decommissioned, the country’s strike force currently centers on the two carrier battle groups: {{INS|Vikramaditya}}, and a new indigenous aircraft carrier, {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} commissioned in September 2022, restoring India's two-carrier capability. The Indian Navy also possesses an [[amphibious transport dock]], {{INS|Jalashwa}}, and currently operates 2 [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant''-class]] indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine with two more under construction, along with leasing one {{Sclass|Akula|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered attack submarine and has many more ships of different types planned or under construction.
Line 110 ⟶ 108:
{{Main|Italian Navy}}
[[File:Cavour Napoli 2010.jpg|thumb|Italian aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|''Cavour'']]]]
The [[Italian Navy]] was categorised as a "regional blue-water navy" in [[Liu Huaqing]]'s Memoirs (1994),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SDDDP_a3yIQC&q=regional-blue+water+type&pg=PA100 The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles?], 2012 (Footnote no. 16, page 139)</ref> and as a rank three "multi regional power projection navy" by Professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg in 1996.<ref
{{Clear}}
===Russia===
{{update|date=December 2023}}
{{Main|Russian Navy|Soviet Navy}}
[[File:Russian aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.jpg|thumb|Russian aircraft carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}}]]
The [[Soviet Navy]] maintained naval forces able to rival those of the United States; however, following the end of the [[Cold War]] and dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, the [[Russian Navy]] experienced a severe decline due to lack of funding.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book|last1=Austin|first1=Greg|title=The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia|date=14 Jul 2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860644856}}<!--|access-date=5 December 2015--></ref> By the late 1990s, there was little tangible evidence of Russian blue-water capability.<ref name=Austin/> It wasn't until 2007, under President [[Vladimir Putin]], that "naval ambition broadened in scope and aimed at re-creating a large blue-water navy".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dutton|first1=Peter|title=Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1136316968|pages=119–120}}</ref> Today, the Russian Navy is considered to be a rank 3 "multi-regional power projection navy" by Todd and Lindberg's classification system.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> The Russian Navy has also been described as a blue-water navy by British naval historian Professor Geoffrey Till.<ref name="Routledge"/>
{{Clear}}
Line 141 ⟶ 134:
The [[United States Navy]] is considered a blue-water navy by experts and academics.<ref name="Bratton"/><ref name="Trident"/><ref name="Bennett"/> It is distinguished from other power projection navies in that it is considered a global blue-water navy, able to operate in the deep waters of every ocean simultaneously.<ref name="Routledge"/> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the United States Navy is a rank one "global-reach power projection navy", and the only navy to occupy this rank.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>
The USN maintains
The US Navy has shown countless examples of its blue-water combat capabilities and has the ability to [[power projection|project force]] onto the [[littoral zone|littoral regions]] of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises. Some examples of such are [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]].
Line 155 ⟶ 148:
[[File:Bayraktar Kızılelma on the deck of TCG Anadolu (L-400) - 1.jpg|thumb|[[TCG Anadolu|TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)]] and the [[TF2000-class destroyer]]s will provide blue-water operational capabilities for the [[Turkish Naval Forces|Turkish Navy]]. [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] is a jet-engined [[UCAV]] designed to operate on TCG ''Anadolu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service|title=Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service|author=Emma Helfrich|website=thedrive.com|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/video/strait-talk/turkish-navy-officially-welcomes-its-new-flagship-tcg-anadolu/64356f5e9d32a80017b0933d|title=Turkish Navy Officially Welcomes Its New Flagship, TCG Anadolu|publisher=[[TRT World]]|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Baykar MIUS Official">{{cite web|url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/|title=Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight|website=baykartech.com|date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/|title=Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu|website=navalnews.com|publisher=Naval News|author=Tayfun Özberk|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imgs.stargazete.com/imgsdisk/2022/12/14/carpici-tcg-anadolu-acikl-819_2-41.jpg|title=Image of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAVs deployed on TCG Anadolu (L-400)|website=stargazete.com|date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwJ7fyvexGc|title=Bayraktar Kızılelma: Maiden Flight|publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=14 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8gkHRMewMg|title=Maiden flight of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV (14 December 2022)|publisher=SavunmaSanayiST|date=14 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herk |first=Hans van |title=Kızılelma takes to the sky! |url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/k-z-lelma-takes-to-the-sky |date=14 December 2022 |website=www.scramble.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
While considered to be a green-water navy,<ref name="Routledge"/> the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] is undergoing transition to develop blue-water capabilities.<ref name="Hatou">{{Cite journal|author=Tomohisa Takei|date=November 2008|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/SSG/topics-column/images/c-030/c-030_eng.pdf|title=Japan Maritime Self Defense Force in the New Maritime Era|journal=Hatou|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref name="SLOC">{{cite journal|last=Katsumata|first=Hidemichi|date=February 2009|title =Japanese sealane defense today|journal=Ships of the World|volume=702|pages=76–81|location =Japan|publisher=Kaijin-sha}}</ref> It began in 1981 when [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Zenkō Suzuki]] put forward a new doctrine requiring the JMSDF to expand its operations by 1,000 miles for defense of the nation's [[sea lines of communication]].<ref name="Hatou"/><ref name="SLOC"/> To respond to the growing blue-water requirements, the JMSDF has been developing impressive capabilities, most notably the creation of destroyer flotillas centered on large helicopter destroyers (such as the [[Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer|''Hyūga''-class helicopter carrier]]) and large [[Aegis Combat System|
The [[Republic of Korea Navy]] also has ambitions to develop blue-water capabilities.<ref name="autogenerated2001">[http://www3.yonsei.ac.kr:8888/kdjlibrary/historyData/researchData/viewNew.asp?pkid=30009&searchValue=&sYear=2001&sMonth=03&sDay=01&eYear=2001&eMonth=04&eDay=17&searchFlag=Y&historyYear=&itemGubun=1&page=1 "김대통령, 해군사관학교 졸업 및 임관식 참석말씀"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121219201811/http://www3.yonsei.ac.kr:8888/kdjlibrary/historyData/researchData/viewNew.asp?pkid=30009&searchValue=&sYear=2001&sMonth=03&sDay=01&eYear=2001&eMonth=04&eDay=17&searchFlag=Y&historyYear=&itemGubun=1&page=1 |date=2012-12-19 }}. <U>Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library Official Website</U>. Retrieved March 12, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/22419/republic_of_korea_navy_and_chinas_rise.html | title=Republic of Korea Navy and China's Rise: Balancing Competing Priorities | publisher=Belfer Centre | work=Maritime Asia Report | access-date=2013-04-24 | author=Roehrig, Terence}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=The Emergence of a Korean Navy — A Japanese Perspective| journal= [[Naval War College Review]] | date=Spring 2010 |volume=32 |number= 2| url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1595&context=nwc-review| author=Koda, Yoji | pages=23| issn= 0028-1484}}</ref> In 2001, the South Korean President, [[Kim Dae-jung]], announced plans to build a "Strategic Mobile Fleet".<ref name="autogenerated2001"/> The plan includes the construction of up to three {{Sclass|Dokdo|amphibious assault ship|1}}s, with a [[Flight deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski-jump]] for the operation of [[V/STOL]] jet fighters being considered for the second vessel currently under construction.<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/S-Korea-Envisions-Light-Aircraft-Carrier S. Korea Envisions Light Aircraft Carrier] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131026174917/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/S-Korea-Envisions-Light-Aircraft-Carrier |date=2013-10-26 }}, defensenews.com, 26 October 2013</ref> On 3 December 2021 the National Assembly passed the budget to fund a fixed-wing aircraft carrier tentatively named [[CVX-class aircraft carrier]] capable of operating F35B, expected to enter operations possibly as early as 2033.<ref>Dominguez, Gabriel & Dae Young Kim (24 February 2021). [https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-to-begin-work-on-light-aircraft-carrier-in-2022 "South Korea to begin work on light aircraft carrier in 2022"]. www.janes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/202112033171i |title=결국 되살아난 '경항모 예산' 72억…해군, 내년 기본설계 추진|publisher=hankyung.com|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="yna1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211202169100001?section=politics/all&site=major_news01_related|title=국방 분야 핵심공약 좌초 우려에 정무라인 물밑작업 끝 원안 통과문대통령, 경항모 중요성 거듭 강조…예산부활 보고받고는 '반색|publisher=yna.co.kr|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
The [[Brazilian Navy]] is experiencing a "shift in maritime priorities" with ambitions of developing a blue-water navy.<ref name="Brazil1">{{cite journal|last1=Pryce|first1=Paul|title=The Brazilian Navy: Green Water or Blue?|journal=Offiziere.ch|date=19 January 2015|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=187085|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> While the navy maintains a mix of capabilities enabling it to operate in the wider South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian government wishes to be recognized as "the leading maritime power in the Southern Hemisphere" and is seeking to develop a modern naval shipbuilding industry.<ref name="Brazil1"/>
The [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iranian Navy]] aims to develop blue-water capabilities: in July 2016, it announced plans to establish a presence in the [[Atlantic Ocean]],<ref name="fas.org_2016">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies |date=6 February 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R44017.pdf |work=Congressional Research Service |page=22 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> and as of May 2021 has sent ships into the region.<ref name="The Iran Primer">{{cite web |author=Michael Connell |date=March 12, 2013 |title=Gulf III: Iran's Power in the Sea Lanes |url=http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/mar/12/gulf-iii-iran%E2%80%99s-power-sea-lanes |access-date=January 5, 2016 |publisher=The Iran Primer, [[United States Institute of Peace]]}}</ref>
==See also==
|