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{{war}}
 
A '''blue-water navy''' is a [[Navy|maritime force]] capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans[[ocean]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/courses/RND/bmd|title=British Maritime Doctrine, BR 1806, Third Edition|year=2004|quote=The operating areas of maritime forces range from the deep waters of the open oceans (known colloquially as blue water).|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225005304/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/courses/RND/bmd|archive-date=2014-02-25}}</ref> While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise [[Command of the sea|sea control]] at long range.
 
The term "blue-water navy" is a [[Maritime geography|maritime geographical]] term in contrast with "[[brown-water navy]]" (riverlittoral waters and near to shore) and "[[green-water navy]]" (near to shore and open oceans).
 
The [[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]] of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans. A blue-water navy allows a country to [[power projection|project power]] far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time."<ref name="DSS Trend Report">{{cite web | url=http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | title=Special Focus Area: Marine Sensors | publisher=Defense Security Service (United States Department of Defense) | work=Targeting U.S. Technologies: A Trend Analysis of Reporting from Defense Industry | year=2010 | access-date=July 15, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915162319/http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | archive-date=September 15, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
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==Attributes==
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 001012-N-0000N-001.jpg|thumb|A blue-water navy still remains susceptible to [[asymmetric warfare|asymmetric threats]], an example being the [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]] in October 2000.]]
In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of [[capital ship]]s such as [[battleship]]s/, [[battlecruiser]]s, [[aircraft carrier]]s, and [[nuclear submarine]]s. For instance, during the debate in the 1970s whether Australia should replace {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}}, a former [[Chief of Navy (Australia)|chief of navy]] claimed that if Australia did not replace her last aircraft carrier, she "would no longer have a blue-water navy".<ref name="Brown2004">{{citation | url=http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=2104 | title=Why buy Abrams Tanks? We need to look at more appropriate options | first=Gary | last= Brown | date=31 March 2004 | journal=On Line Opinion | publisher= The National Forum}}</ref> In the end Australia did not buy a new carrier, but former Parliamentary defence advisor Gary Brown could still claim in 2004 that her navy remained "an effective blue-water force".<ref name=Brown2004 /> The [[Soviet Navy]] towards the end of the [[Cold War]] is another example of a blue-water navy that had minimal carrier aviation, relying instead on submarines, missile-carrying surface ships, and long-range bombers based on land.<ref name="Cockburn1984">{{cite book|author=Andrew Cockburn|title=The threat: inside the Soviet military machine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vjyAAAAMAAJ | page=408 |access-date=30 April 2012|year=1984|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn= 978-0-394-72379-2 |quote=in the past 15 years the Soviet Navy has steadily grown from a coastal defense force into a blue water navy powerful enough to challenge the US Navy in most major ocean areas of the world}}</ref>
 
A blue-water navy implies force protection from [[Submarine|sub-surfaceunderwater warfare]], [[Surface combatant|surface warfare]], and airborne[[aerial warfare]] threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at long range. A hallmark of a true blue-water navy is the ability to conduct [[Underway replenishment|replenishment at sea]] (RAS),<ref>{{citation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pDfAAAAMAAJ&q=true+blue-water | title=Cold war at sea: high-seas confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union | first=David Frank | last=Winkler | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year=2000 | isbn= 978-1-55750-955-0 |page=32}}</ref> and the commissioning of underway replenishment ships is a strong sign of a navy's blue-water ambitions.<ref name="Cole2001">{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Bernard D.|title=The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-First Century|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwallatseach0000cole |url-access=registration| access-date=30 April 2012|year=2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-239-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatwallatseach0000cole/page/104 104]}}</ref> While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral waters, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces ([[asymmetric warfare]]). Maintenance and logistics at range have high costs, and there might be a saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or [[surface-to-surface missile]] assets, [[Diesel-electric#Submarines|diesel-electric submarines]], or asymmetric tactics suchwith as[[fast Fastattack Inshorecraft]] Attack Craft(FAC). An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]] in [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://proceedings.ndia.org/5560/Wednesday/Session_III-A/Heijster.pdf|title=Smart Range of Burst fuzes|access-date=2009-02-23 |publisher= TNO|date= April 6, 2005|author = Rob van Heijster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm|title= Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats|access-date= 2009-02-23|publisher= defense-update.com|date= January 10, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070116024340/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm|archive-date= 2007-01-16|url-status= dead}}</ref>
 
The term 'blue-water navy' should not be confused with the capability of an individual ship. For example, vessels of a green-water navy can often operate in blue water for short periods of time. A number of nations have extensive maritime assets but lack the capability to maintain the required sustainable logistic reach.<ref name="Routledge"/> Some of them join coalition task groups in blue-water deployments such as anti-piracy patrols off Somalia.
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In their 2012 publication, "''Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific''", professors Geoffrey Till and Patrick C. Bratton outlined what they termed as "concise criteria" with regard to the definitions of brown-, green- and blue-water navies. Quote; "''...a brown-water navy standing for a navy capable of defending its coastal zones, a green-water navy for a navy competent to operate in regional sea and finally [a] blue-water navy described as a navy with capability to operate across the deep waters.''"<ref name="Bratton"/> They go on to say that even with such a definition and understanding of naval hierarchy, it is still "ambiguous". For example, while France and the United States may be considered blue-water navies, he states that the "operational capability and geographic reach of both navies are definitely different."<ref name="Bratton">{{cite book|last1=Bratton|first1=Patrick C|last2=Till|first2=Geoffrey|title=Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1136627248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxOpAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
 
Another definition states that 'brown-water' refers to the littoral areas within 100 [[nautical mile]]s of the coastline. 'Green-water' begins from 100 nautical miles out to the next major land formation, while 'blue-water' is the ability to project force out to at least 1,500 nautical miles beyond the coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Athwal|first1=Amardeep|title=China-India Relations: Contemporary Dynamics|date=10 Oct 2007|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134074662|page=131, note 12}}</ref> Traditionally a distinction used to be made between a coastal [[brown-water navy]] operating in the [[littoral|littoral zone]] to 200 nautical miles (or 370 [[kilometre]]s) and an oceangoing blue-water navy. However, the [[United States Navy]] created a new term, [[green-water navy]], to replace the term 'brown-water navy' in US Navy parlance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt |title= Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon |location=Washington, DC |date=13 October 2005 |publisher=US Navy |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date= 15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015040114/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>U.S. Navy [[Chief of Naval Operations]] [[Admiral]] [[Michael Mullen]] pointed out in an interview with KQV ([[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]): "We are looking at, in addition to the blue-water ships which I would characterize and describe as our aircraft carriers and other ships that support that kind of capability, we're also looking to develop capability in what I call the green-water and the brown-water, and the brown-water is really the rivers . . . These are challenges we all have, and we need to work together to ensure that the sea lanes are secure." FC [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen060519-kqv.txt KQV RADIO (PITTSBURGH) INTERVIEW WITH JOE FENN MAY 19, 2006]</ref> Today, a brown-water navy has come to be known as a predominantly [[Maritime geography#Riverine|riverine]] and [[littoral zone|littoral]] force.
 
Despite the above, however, there is no agreed definition of the term.<ref name=Michiko/>
 
===Classification and naval hierarchy===
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] flotilla of Western Fleet escort [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] (R33) and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] (R22) in the Arabian Sea; according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system, six navies are considered to be rankranks 1-3 blue-water "multi-regional power projection" navies, capable of operating in multiple regions adjacent its own.<ref name=Kirchberger/>]]
 
There have been many attempts by naval scholars and other authorities to classify world navies, including; Michael Morris,<ref name="classification">{{cite book|title=Small Navies: Strategy and Policy for Small Navies in War and Peace (Dr Deborah Sanders, Dr Ian Speller, Professor Michael Mulqueen)|date=28 June 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781472417619|pages=34–43}}<!--|access-date=15 December 2015--></ref> British naval historians Eric Grove<ref name=classification/> and Professor Geoffrey Till,<ref name=classification/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century|date=2 Aug 2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781135756789|pages=113–120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNgIbiDghI4C&q=Seapower%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20the%20Twenty-First%20Century%202004|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> French strategist Hervé Coutau-Bégarie<ref name=classification/><ref>Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, ''Traité de stratégie'', (Economica: Paris 2002). pp 617-621</ref> and professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=classification/><ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> All identify basic common criteria for gauging the capability of navies, such as; total displacement and number of ships; modernity and power of weapons and systems; logistical and geographic reach with capacity for sustained operations; and the professional qualifications/disposition of sailors.<ref name=classification/>
[[File:Carriers Cavour (550) - Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and Charles de Gaulle (R91) underway in 2013.JPG|thumb|left|{{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|C 550|2}} (foreground) operating with {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75|2}} (middle) and {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}} (background) in the [[Gulf of Oman]], 2013 ]]
The table below shows the world naval hierarchy according to the classification system by professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=Kirchberger/> Their system originates from 1996<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/> and outlines ten ranks, distinguished by capability. Since then it has been used by various other experts to illustrate the subject.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name="Howarth2006">{{cite book|last1=Howarth|first1=Peter|title=China's Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134203956|pages=179}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> According to Todd and Lindberg, a "blue-water navy" is one that can project any sort of power beyond its own territorial waters.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> However they used the principle of [[Loss of Strength Gradient|loss of strength gradient]] and other criteria to distinguish navies by capability under the four "blue-water" ranks.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> The six ranks of "Non blue-water navies" can be further broken down into "green-water" and "brown-water navies", and according to Todd and Lindberg, these are navies only capable of operating as coastal defence forces, coast guards or riverine forces.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/>
 
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
! rowspan="2"| Non blue-water: green-water navies
| 5 || Regional offshore<br />coastal defence || Coastal defence within and slightly beyond EEZ || Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Israel, Singapore, Pakistan, and others
|-
 
| 6 || Inshore<br />coastal defence || Coastal defence confined to inner EEZ || North Korea, Myanmar, Brunei, Sri Lanka, Sweden<ref>Friedner Parrat, C., 2022. Swedish Coastal Defence Over Four Centuries: War as a Changing Institution of International Society. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), p.350–363.DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.156</ref> and others
|-
! rowspan="4"| Non blue-water: brown-water navies
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{{update|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Aircraft Carrier Liaoning CV-16.jpg|thumb|Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'']]
The [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities. WritingChina's forambition towards blue-water capability received much attention, particularly from the [[United States Naval Institute|US Naval InstituteCongress]]<ref inname="China">Ronald 2012O'Rourke, Dr James Mulvenon believed that "theChina ChineseNaval navyModernization: isImplications stillfor primarilyU.S. aNavy brownCapabilities—Background and green-waterIssues navyfor Congress", highlightingDecember problems10, with2012, replenishmentpage 7</ref> and logistics[[United asStates keyDepartment shortcomingsof in PLAN ambitionsDefense|Department of becomingDefense]],<ref aname="US blue-waterDOD capable fleet.<refReport">{{cite bookjournal|title=China'sMilitary Energyand Strategy:Security TheDevelopments ImpactInvolving onthe BeijingPeople's MaritimeRepublic Policiesof China 2013|datejournal=2012|publisher=NavalDod: InstituteAnnual PressReport to Congress|locationdate=United States2013|isbnpages=978161251151138–39|editionurl=2012http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf|pagesaccess-date=1–9 (Part 1) }}<!2014-11-10|accessarchive-date=3 December 2015-01->13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113120816/http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiswith lineboth ofacknowledging thinkingthat hasChina's alsoprimary beenaim heldwas byto aproject numberpower ofin academicsthe throughout[[Island thechain years,strategy|First includingand DrSecond Peterisland Howarth,chains]].<ref name="Howarth2006US DOD Report"/><ref>{{cite bookjournal |last1=HowarthO'Rourke |first1=Peter Ronald|title=China's RisingNaval Sea PowerModernization: TheImplications PLAfor U.S. Navy's SubmarineCapabilities—Background Challengeand Issues for Congress|datejournal=18Congressional AprilResearch 2006Service|publisherdate=Routledge22 January 2020|location=London|isbnurl=9781134203956|pages=179https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> ProfessorIn a Timo2013 Kivimäkireport to Congress,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kivimäki|first1=Timo|title=Wardefense Orexperts Peacealso inasserted that over the Southcoming decades, China Sea?|date=2002|publisher=NIASwould Press|location=Denmark|isbn=9788791114014|pages=65–66|edition=Issuegain 45}}the capability to project power across the globe &ndash; similar to Britain's 1982 [[Falklands War]].<!--|access-dateref name=3"US DecemberDOD 2015--><Report"/ref> DrIn addition, there were those who thought China already had a blue-water navy, such as British naval historian and professor DennyGeoffrey RoyTill,<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=RoyTill|first1=DennyGeoffrey|title=China'sNaval ForeignModernisation Relationsin South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences|date=115 JanuaryAugust 19982013|publisher=Rowman & LittlefieldRoutledge|location=UnitedLondon States|isbn=9780847690138978-1135953942|pagespage=112–113267}}<!--|access-date=316 DecemberMarch 2015--></ref> and also, Professor BartDavid DesseinShambaugh who believed that the PLAN had transitioned from a green-water navy to that of a "limited" blue-water navy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=DesseinShambaugh|first1=BartDavid|title=Interpreting China as a Regional andGoes Global Power: Nationalism andThe HistoricalPartial Consciousness in World PoliticsPower|date=2618 NovJanuary 20142013|publisher=PalgraveOxford MacmillanUniversity Press|location= United Kingdom|isbn=97811374503029780199323692|pagepages=175289–290}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>
 
China's ambition towards blue-water capability received much attention, particularly from the [[United States Congress]]<ref name="China">Ronald O'Rourke, "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress", December 10, 2012, page 7</ref> and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]],<ref name="US DOD Report">{{cite journal|title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013|journal=Dod: Annual Report to Congress|date=2013|pages=38–39|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf|access-date=2014-11-10|archive-date=2015-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113120816/http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> with both acknowledging that China's primary aim was to project power in the [[First island chain|First and Second island chains]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Rourke |first1= Ronald|title=China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=22 January 2020|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf}}</ref> In a 2013 report to Congress, defense experts also asserted that over the coming decades, China would gain the capability to project power across the globe &ndash; similar to Britain's 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/> In addition, there were those who thought China already had a blue-water navy, such as British naval historian and professor Geoffrey Till,<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn=978-1135953942|page=267}}<!--|access-date=16 March 2015--></ref> and also, Professor David Shambaugh who believed that the PLAN had transitioned from a green-water navy to that of a "limited" blue-water navy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shambaugh|first1=David|title=China Goes Global: The Partial Power|date=18 January 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= United Kingdom|isbn=9780199323692|pages=289–290}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>
 
Since 2008, the PLAN has conducted anti-piracy missions in the [[Gulf of Aden]] on a [[People's Liberation Army Navy#2008 anti-piracy operations|continuous basis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peter A. Dutton & Ryan D. Martinson|title=NWC China Maritime Studies 13: Beyond the Wall Chinese far sea operations|date=13 May 2015|publisher=Naval War College|location=United States|page=33|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110023343/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
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The [[Indian Navy]] is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier power projection since 1961.<ref name="George-Gilboy">{{cite book|first1=George J.|last1=Gilboy|first2=Eric|last2=Heginbotham|title=Chinese and Indian Strategic Behavior: Growing Power and Alarm|date=12 Mar 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|pages=175–176|isbn=9781107661691}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Freeman|first1=Carla P|title=Handbook on China and Developing Countries|date=30 Apr 2015|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781782544210|page=455}}<!--|access-date=4 December 2015--></ref> This, according to Dr. George J. Gilboy and political scientist Eric Heginbotham, gives the Indian Navy the "leading power projection capability in the region".<ref name="George-Gilboy"/> The Indian Navy is also the only Asian navy considered to be a rank three "multi-regional power projection navy" per Todd and Lindberg's classification system.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> In his discussion paper for Consultancy Africa Intelligence, Greg Ryan asserts that in recent years, the Indian Navy has emerged as a "global power in the blue water sense".<ref name="CAI">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Greg|title=The expansion of India's blue water capabilities into African maritime territories|journal=Consultancy Africa Intelligence|date=8 September 2014|issue=Discussion paper|url=http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121239/http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
 
India initially outlined its intentions of developing blue-water capabilities under the 2007 ''Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan'',<ref name="India">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528002213/http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-date=2008-05-28 | title=India's drive for a 'blue water' navy | author=Scott, David | journal=[[Journal of Military and Strategic Studies]]| date=Winter 2007–2008 | volume=10 | issue=2 | page=42}}</ref><ref name="India1">{{cite book|first1=Atish|last1=Sinha|first2=Madhup|last2=Mohta|title=Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-593-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lKEJBadmAQC}}</ref> with the navy's priority being the projection of "power in India's area of strategic interest", the [[Indian Ocean]] Region.<ref name="wcmp">{{cite book|editor1-first=Antony|editor1-last=Preston|editor2-first=John|editor2-last=Jordan|editor3-first=Stephen|editor3-last=Dent|title=Warship|year=2007|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=978-1844860418|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dytTKHJ0_mUC&q=kolkata+class+destroyer&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=275 India's Military Modernization: Plans and Strategic Underpinnings], Gurmeet Kanwal, September 24, 2012</ref> Since 2007 the navy has increased its presence in the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] to the [[Strait of Malacca]], and routinely conducts [[Piracy in Somalia#Military presence|anti-piracy]] operations and partnership building with [[Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation|other navies]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Ocean: Reviving IOR-ARC forum|url=http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|publisher=Strategic Affairs|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124833/http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy - Naval Operations|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625095547/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the [[South China Sea|South]] and [[East China Sea|East China sea]]s as well as the western [[Mediterranean]] simultaneously.<ref>{{cite news|title=The power of the sea|url=httphttps://www.deccanchronicle.com/140523/commentary-op-ed/article/power-sea|access-date=23 May 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=David|title=India as an Asia Pacific power|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1136620089|pages=140–143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RGpAgAAQBAJ&q=indian+navy+deployments+south+china+sea&pg=PA141}}</ref> The navy has a listening post in [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=India activates first listening post on foreign soil: radars in Madagascar|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-activates-first-listening-post-on-foreign-soil-radars-in-madagascar/205416/|access-date=15 March 2015|agency=The Indian Express|date=18 July 2007}}</ref>
 
India inducted its first aircraft carrier in 1961, and the navy has ever since operated two independent carrier task forces. After {{INS|Viraat}} and {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} were decommissioned, the country’s strike force currently centers on the two carrier battle groups: {{INS|Vikramaditya}}, and a new indigenous aircraft carrier, {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} commissioned in September 2022, restoring India's two-carrier capability. The Indian Navy also possesses an [[amphibious transport dock]], {{INS|Jalashwa}}, and currently operates 2 [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant''-class]] indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine with two more under construction, along with leasing one {{Sclass|Akula|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered attack submarine and has many more ships of different types planned or under construction.
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{{Main|Italian Navy}}
[[File:Cavour Napoli 2010.jpg|thumb|Italian aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|''Cavour'']]]]
The [[Italian Navy]] was categorised as a "regional blue-water navy" in [[Liu Huaqing]]'s Memoirs (1994),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SDDDP_a3yIQC&q=regional-blue+water+type&pg=PA100 The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles?], 2012 (Footnote no. 16, page 139)</ref> and as a rank three "multi regional power projection navy" by Professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg in 1996.<ref name="Lindberg-classification" /> In the former 1989 publication "''The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East''", Joseph I. Coffey asserted that Italy's blue-water capabilities didn't extend beyond the Mediterranean sea.<ref name="Coffey">{{cite book|last1=Coffey|first1=Joseph I.|title=The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East|date= 1989 |publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|location=United States|isbn= 9780822911548|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmttAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Atlantic+Alliance+and+the+Middle+East |access-date= 30 November 2015}}</ref> Today the navy possesses two [[aircraft carrier]]s ({{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|C 550|2}} and {{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Giuseppe Garibaldi |C 551|2}}), a third one to be commissioned in 2023, as well as a modern fleet of surface combatants and submarines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/sommergibili/PublishingImages/todaro_hp.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021846/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/sommergibili/PublishingImages/todaro_hp.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/5a/b6/aa/5ab6aa6b864f1d8ef1d5e5a52000711a.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> The Marina Militare routinely deploys to the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Persian Gulf]] as part of multinational anti-piracy missions such as [[Operation Ocean Shield]] and [[Operation Atalanta]],<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/operations/Pagine/default.aspx Marina Militaire – Operations], marina.difesa.it, (In Italian)</ref> and is capable of deploying a carrier battle group in support of NATO or EU operations such as during [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom#.Italy |Operation Enduring Freedom]] (2001) and [[EU Navfor Med]] ([[European migrant crisis]]). In 2015 scholar Sarah Kirchberger mentioned Italy as a blue-water navy capable of operating in the high seas far from its home.<ref>{{cite book|first = Sarah |last = Kirchberger|title = Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications |publisher = Springer|date = 2015|page = 69|isbn = 9783662471272|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tbr-CQAAQBAJ&q=blue%20water%20navy%20italy%20spain%20russia%20brazil%20india%20france%20uk%202015&pg=PA69}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
 
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The [[United States Navy]] is considered a blue-water navy by experts and academics.<ref name="Bratton"/><ref name="Trident"/><ref name="Bennett"/> It is distinguished from other power projection navies in that it is considered a global blue-water navy, able to operate in the deep waters of every ocean simultaneously.<ref name="Routledge"/> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the United States Navy is a rank one "global-reach power projection navy", and the only navy to occupy this rank.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>
 
The USN maintains teneleven [[carrier strike group]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.surfpac.navy.mil/Ships/Carrier-Strike-Group-COMCARSTRKGRU-9/About/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.surfpac.navy.mil}}</ref> (centered on the {{Sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}} and {{Sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier|1}}s), of which six are deployed or ready for deployment within 30&nbsp;days, and two ready for deployment within 90&nbsp;days under the Fleet Response Plan (FRP). The USN also maintains a continuous deployment of nine [[expeditionary strike group]]s that embark a [[Marine Expeditionary Unit]] with an [[Aviation Combat Element]] on [[List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships|amphibious warfare ships]].<ref>[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 Status of the U.S Navy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221114823/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 |date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref> The US [[Military Sealift Command]] is the largest of its kind in the world and is responsible for delivering military transport and ship replenishment around the globe.<ref>[http://www.msc.navy.mil/ Military Sealift Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210032557/http://www.msc.navy.mil/ |date=2007-02-10 }}, msc.navy.mil, Retrieved 23 June 2014</ref>
 
The US Navy has shown countless examples of its blue-water combat capabilities and has the ability to [[power projection|project force]] onto the [[littoral zone|littoral regions]] of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises. Some examples of such are [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]].
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The [[Brazilian Navy]] is experiencing a "shift in maritime priorities" with ambitions of developing a blue-water navy.<ref name="Brazil1">{{cite journal|last1=Pryce|first1=Paul|title=The Brazilian Navy: Green Water or Blue?|journal=Offiziere.ch|date=19 January 2015|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=187085|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> While the navy maintains a mix of capabilities enabling it to operate in the wider South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian government wishes to be recognized as "the leading maritime power in the Southern Hemisphere" and is seeking to develop a modern naval shipbuilding industry.<ref name="Brazil1"/>
 
Iran theThe [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iranian Navy]] aims to develop blue-water capabilities: in July 2016, it announced plans to establish a presence in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], <ref name="fas.org_2016">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies |date=6 February 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R44017.pdf |work=Congressional Research Service |page=22 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> and as of May 2021 has sent ships into the region.<ref name="The Iran Primer">{{cite web |author=Michael Connell |date=March 12, 2013 |title=Gulf III: Iran's Power in the Sea Lanes |url=http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/mar/12/gulf-iii-iran%E2%80%99s-power-sea-lanes |access-date=January 5, 2016 |publisher=The Iran Primer, [[United States Institute of Peace]]}}</ref>
 
==See also==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy"