Wikipedia

Präsident: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Hatnote|"Präsident" also refers to the [[President of Germany]] or [[President of Austria]].}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name=Nesselsdorf Präsident
|name=Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft Präsident <br> ''also known as'' Tatra Präsident
| manufacturer=[[Tatra (car){{Lang|de|Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G.]]}}<br>''todaynow [[Tatra, A.S.(company)|Tatra]]''
| production=1897
|assembly assembly= [[Kopřivnice|Nesselsdorf]], [[Margraviate of Moravia]], [[Cisleithania]]
| predecessor=
| successor=
| image=PresidentFirstCar.jpg
| class=
| platform=
| transmission= 2-speed<ref name="Margolius Henry speeds2015">{{
Cite book
|layout=[[RR layout]]
| first1=Ivan
|body_style=[[Runabout (car)|Runabout]]
| first2=John G.
|engine= 2 cylinder Benz <br>2750 cc; 3,68kW (5HP) at 600 rpm
| isbn=978-1-84584-799-9
|wheelbase= {{convert|1780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| last1=Margolius
|length={{convert|3225|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| last2=Henry
|width= {{convert|1472|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| oclc=973620118
|height={{convert|2290|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (with roof on)<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| pages=27–30, 32–33, 35
|weight={{convert|1072|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| publication-place=Dorchester
|designer=Leopold Sviták, [[Hans Ledwinka]], [[Edmund Rumpler]]
| publisher=Veloce
| title=Tatra : the legacy of Hans Ledwinka
| url={{ Google Books URL | 1=mYK_CwAAQBAJ | p=27 }}
| year=2015
}}</ref>
| layout=[[Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|RR layout]]
| body_style=[[Phaeton body|Phaeton]]
| engine={{Cvt|2714|cc|cuin}}, {{Cvt|120|x|120|mm}} bore/stroke, water cooled, [[Flat-twin engine|flat-twin]],<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> [[Flathead engine|flathead]]<ref>{{
Cite book
| first1=Ivan
| first2=John G.
| isbn=978-1-84584-799-9
| last1=Margolius
| last2=Henry
| oclc=973620118
| page=211
| publication-place=Dorchester
| publisher=Veloce
| title=Tatra : the legacy of Hans Ledwinka
| url={{Google Books URL | 1=mYK_CwAAQBAJ | p=211}}
| year=2015
}}</ref> [[Carl Benz#Benz and Cie. expansion|Benz]]<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" />
| powerout={{Cvt|6.5|bhp}} at {{Val | 1=600 | ul=rpm}}
| wheelbase= {{Cvt|1780|mm|in}}<ref name="K. 1977">{{
Cite magazine
| accessdate=2023-09-12
| date=1977
| first1=S.
| language=cs
| last1=K.
| magazine=Svět motorů
| number=50
| title=Tatra 'Präsident' - rok výroby 1977
| url=https://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident
| volume=31
}}</ref>
| length={{Cvt|3225|mm|in}}<ref name="K. 1977" />
| width= {{Cvt|1472|mm|in}}<ref name="K. 1977" />
| height={{Cvt|2290|mm|in}} (with roof on)<ref name="K. 1977" />
| weight={{Cvt|1072|kg|lb}}<ref name="K. 1977" />
| designer={{ill|Leopold Sviták|cs}}, [[Hans Ledwinka]], [[Edmund Rumpler]]
}}
 
The '''Präsident''' was an automobile manufactured by [[Tatrathe (car){{Lang|de|Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft A.G.]]}} ('''Nesselsdorf''' or '''NW'''), nowsince known1919 as '''[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]'''), in 1897. It was the first actually drivablepractical, factory made petrol-engined automobile produced inpetrol [[Austria-Hungary]]engine as wellautomobile asbuilt in [[Central and Eastern Europe]]<ref>[http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Tatra.html]</ref> (save the attempt of [[Siegfried Marcus]] of Vienna to build a self-propelled car in 1875). It was constructed by Leopold Sviták and [[Hans Ledwinka]]. The automobile was more of a carriage without horses than a car in modern sense. The car is steered via handlebars (while most of the cars of the era had a clique). The wooden bodywork is placed on an iron frame. It has four seats and a convertible top that would cover only the rear seats. Both axles have suspension of semi-elliptical leaf springs. The wheels were similar to the ones of a horse carriage, but had a rubber tyres. The car had a two cylinder spark ignition Benz engine placed by the rear axle.{{
Cite web
| access-date=2023-09-12
| archive-date=2016-04-07
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407083803/http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Tatra.html
| title=Tatra - SpeedyLook encyclopedia
| url-status=dead
| url=http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Tatra.html
| website=myetymology.com
}}</ref> ([[Siegfried Marcus]]'s earlier cars were experimental and not practical). It was constructed by {{ill|Leopold Sviták|cs}} and [[Hans Ledwinka]]. The automobile was more of a carriage without horses than a car in modern sense. The car is steered via [[Bicycle handlebar#History|handlebars]] (while most of the cars of the era had a [[Tiller#Tillers on other vehicles|tiller]]). The wooden bodywork is placed on an iron frame. It has four seats and a convertible top that would cover only the rear seats. Both axles have suspension of semi-elliptical leaf springs. The wheels were similar to the ones of a horse carriage, but had rubber tyres. The car had a two cylinder spark ignition Benz engine placed by the rear axle.
 
==History==
In 1895, NW's director Hugo Fischer von Röslerstamm decided set up an experimental automobile shop.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> Baron {{ill|Theodor von Liebieg|cs}} of [[Liberec]], whose {{Cvt|2500|km}} driving tour of Europe in 1894, which transpired without any major difficulties, brought fame to the [[Benz Viktoria]], and ingratiated Liebieg to Benz. Liebieg advised the directors of NW to work with Benz, and they opened negotiations with [[Carl Benz#Benz and Cie. expansion|Benz & Cie.]]<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> In the winter of 1896{{Spaced ndash}}1897, NW sent Franz Cáhel, NW's chief machinist, to Mannheim (the home of Benz & Cie.) to purchase licensing allowing them to build automobiles with Benz engines.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> NW also bought a [[Benz Viktoria]], and a new [[Flat-twin engine|flat-twin]] Benz engine (Benz had only just patented his flat, also called boxer, engine in 1896).<ref name="Remek 2012 p. 62">{{
Ignác Šustala, a skilled [[joiner]], started to manufacture horse carriages at his own farm. In 1853 he borrowed some money and established a small manufacturing business. Initially the horse carriages were made there, but soon it started manufacturing also rail wagons. Shortly before his death Ignác Šustala established a joint stock company Nesselsdorfer Wagenfabrik.
Cite book
| date=2012
| first=Branko
| isbn=978-80-247-3538-2
| language=cs
| last=Remek
| oclc=791313475
| page=62
| publication-place=Praha
| publisher=Grada
| title=Automobil a spalovací motor : historický vývoj
| trans-title=The automobile and the internal combustion engine : historical development
| url={{Google Books URL | 1=wxD86UnsmVcC | p=62}}
}}</ref> The Benz Viktoria is a single-cylinder, [[phaeton body]] automobile, and was the first four-wheeled vehicle model produced by Benz & Cie.
 
The Viktoria and the engine arrived at the [[Nový Jičín|Neutitschein]] train station on 7 March 1897. Leopold Sviták, NW's master mechanic, and Cáhel, who had learned to drive while visiting Benz, picked up the Viktoria and drove it to [[Kopřivnice|Nesselsdorf]].<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" />
The company's director Hugo Fischer bought from [[Carl Benz]] one [[Benz Phaeton]] automobile as well as a latest Benz engine; this was instigated by [[:cs:Theodor von Liebieg|Baron Theodor Liebig]] of [[Liberec]], whose {{Convert|2500|km|abbr=on}} drive of 1894 around Europe without any major difficulties brought fame to [[Benz Viktoria]] and consequent Carl Benz's gratitude. The [http://www.linternaute.com/auto/magazine/photo/musee-de-l-automobile-de-mulhouse-1878-1913/image/benz-phaeton-type-velo-244689.jpg Phaeton] was used as a model for construction of the factory's first car in 1897, however it isn't the Phaeton's copy, whole new conception was applied. Leopold Sviták, the factory's foreman, was head of the construction works. The automobile was named the Präsident; the construction was finished in May 1898.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
 
[[File:NW Präsident.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Präsident in Czech National Technical Museum]]
The Viktoria was given the name "{{Lang|de|Instruktor}}" ("Instructor"), because it served as a model during the building of NW's first automobile.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> However, NW's automobile is not a copy of the Viktoria. Work on the new car did not begin until June.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> Sviták led the project.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> The automobile was up and running that fall. It was given the name "Präsident" in honor of Count Gustav Pötting-Persing, the first president of the {{Ill | 1=Österreichischer Automobil-Club | 2=de | lt=Austrian Automobile Club}} ({{Lang-de|Österreichischer Automobil-Club}}), which had just been founded on 6 February.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> Production of the Präsident was very expensive; the total cost was 400,000&nbsp;[[Austro-Hungarian gulden|gulden]].<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" />
 
On 21 May 1898, the Präsident took its first long distance trip, from [[Kopřivnice|Nesselsdorf]] to [[Vienna]], a distance of {{Cvt|328|km}}. The drivers were Fischer and Baron Liebieg, and it took them 14.5&nbsp;hours to complete the journey. Their average speed was {{Cvt|22.6|km/h}}, and there were no significant malfunctions.<ref name="Mareš 1984">{{
Cite magazine
| accessdate=2023-09-12
| date=1984
| first=Vlastimil
| lang=cs
| last=Mareš
| magazine=stop : auto-moto revue
| number=8
| title=Z galérie veteránov
| url=https://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident
}}</ref>
 
While in Vienna, the Präsident was one of four cars shown in the "Collective Exhibition of Austrian Automobile Manufacturers" ({{Lang-de|Collectiv-Ausstellung der Automobilbauer Österreichs}}), which was organized by the Austrian Automobile Club, and held as part of the {{ill|Franz Joseph Jubilee-Exhibition|de|Jubiläumsausstellung 1898|lt=Jubilee-Exhibition}} ({{Lang-de|Jubiläumsausstellung}}). After the exhibition the Präsident was donated to the Austrian Automobile Club, whose headquarters was in Vienna's first district, to be used for training drivers.<ref>{{
Cite book
| first1=Ivan
| first2=John G.
| isbn=978-1-84584-799-9
| last1=Margolius
| last2=Henry
| oclc=973620118
| page=31
| publication-place=Dorchester
| publisher=Veloce
| title=Tatra : the legacy of Hans Ledwinka
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYK_CwAAQBAJ&q=%22After%20the%20exhibition%20the%20Pr%C3%A4sident%20was%20donated%20to%20the%20%C3%96sterreichische%20AutomobilClub%20to%20help%20in%20training%20new%20drivers%22
| year=2015
}}</ref>
 
[[File:NW Präsident.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The original Präsident, displayed in the [[National Technical Museum (Prague)|National Technical Museum]] in [[Prague]]]]
 
==Design==
The car had a [[Flat engine|flat]] two-cylinder four stroke spark ignition Benz engine. It had two speed transmission which propelled the rear axle via flat strap.
there was no design to this car
 
The bodywork was derived from a [[Mylord (coach)|Mylord type horse carriage]]. At the time NW was renowned in the monarchy for its luxurious carriages, and the automobile itself was made in according fashion.
 
It was able to reach up to {{Convert|30|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}. It seated four, the two rear seats could be covered by a convertible top. The car was steered by handlebars. Tilting the handlebars forward and backward changed gears (forward,lower gear, backward, upper gear). The wheels were wooden with gum tires.
 
The unique features of the car were a differential and functional bumper.<ref name="Rosenkranz 2007">{{
==Präsident today==
Cite book
| first=Karel
| isbn=9788023998764
| last=Rosenkranz
| oclc=228593681
| publication-place=Kopřivnice
| publisher=Tatra
| title=Passenger Cars Tatra
| year=2007
}}</ref>
 
==Conservation==
===Original===
The very first carPräsident produced (factory number 50,<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" /> even though it was the first) is now displayed in Czechthe [[National Technical Museum (Prague)|National Technical Museum]] in [[Prague]], and is still driveabledrivable. UnfortunatelyHowever, before it was handedgiven to the Museummuseum in 1918, it was used in Austria to train drivers, and itwas underwenttherefore some modificationsmodified, whichso it differs significantly infringedfrom the original design. (includingNotably, engineit swap)does not have its original Benz engine.<ref name="ReferenceAMareš 1984" /> The engine whichnow is nowfitted in the Präsident is probably the first oneengine made by in Kopřivnice,Nesselsdorf afterby theNW manufacture(NW ofbegan manufacturing engines started in 1900).<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web
Cite magazine
|url=http://www.tatraportal.com/clanky/prezident/sm1978_27-5.jpg
| accessdate=2010-06-14
|title=Setkání s kopřivnickým prvorozencem (Meeting with the first-born from Kopřivnice)
| date=1978
|accessdate=2010-06-14
| issue=27
|work=Svět motorů 27/1978}}
| title=Setkání s kopřivnickým prvorozencem
| trans-title=Meeting with the first-born from Kopřivnice
| url=https://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident
| volume=32
| magazine=Svět motorů
}}
</ref>
 
[[File:NW Präsident copy.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Präsident replica in Tatra factory museum]]
[[File:EnginePräsident.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Benz engine in 1977 Präsident replica]]
 
===Replica===
AIn 1977 a group of enthusiasts from the Tatra factory made an exact replica of the 1897 original state1897 Präsident. inThe 1977, whichreplica is now to be seendisplayed in the Tatra factory museum in Kopřivnice.
 
There were a few reasons why the replica was built. First of all, the company wanted to have the Präsident for the jubilee celebrations, and secondly the original underwent modifications of engine, accessory, lights, the convertible top as well as of the colour livery, and thus it couldn't represent the factory's very first car. The work on replica started in March 1974 and were scheduled to be finished on 1 May 1977.
Line 51 ⟶ 170:
60 original papers of design documentation survived, however another 1150 had to be made, for which purposes the original Präsident was used. The manufacture took place in Tatra factory and was conducted by its engineers as well as retired workers of technical department.
 
The engine was manufactured also by Tatra. Four of them were made - one for the "new" Präsident, one for the National Technical Museum, where it is on exposition near the original Präsident (which has a larger engine than it was made with), and the two other were made to be joined as a four-cylinder used in a replica of the [[NW First Truck|First Truck]]. The replica is driveabledrivable and is on display in Tatra factory museum.<ref name="ReferenceBK. 1977">{{Cite web/>
|url=http://www.tatraportal.com/clanky/prezident1977/sm1977_50-2.jpg
|title=Tatra Präsident - rok výroby 1977 (Tatra - Präsident - year of manufacture 1977)
|accessdate=2010-06-14
|work=Dr. S. K., Svět motorů 50/1977}}
</ref>
 
==Legacy==
The cars NW produced after the Präsident followed it closely in design.<ref name="Margolius Henry 2015" />
The initial cars from Kopřivnice, which were made individually, followed production of Präsident and were derived from it. They were named Meteor, Nesselsdorf, Wien. Bergsteiger, Versucher, Adhof, Spitzbub, Balder and Metrans. They differed in design details; belt drive was replaced by a four speed gear-box with spur gears. A cable drive was used before the gearbox, but it was not successful.<ref name="ReferenceRosenkranz"/>
 
* ''Meteor'' (number 51)
In 1899, the NW-cars ''Wien'' and ''Nesselsdorf'', achieved their first significant racing success on the trotter course at the [[Prater|Prater Park]] in [[Vienna]]. It was the first race in Austrian monarchy at all - started on October 23, 1899. The driver of the winning NW-car ''Wien'' was baron Theodor von Liebig. The other NW-car ''Nesselsdorf'' was the second one before all concurente of four Benz-cars and four Dietrich-Bolleé cars. Liebig won also other races later, which led to manufacture of first true race car made by NW - the [[NW Rennzweier|Rennzweier]].<ref name="ReferenceRosenkranz"/>
* ''Nesselsdorf'' (number 52)
** for Count Gustav Pötting-Persing
* ''Wien'' (number 53)
** for Baron {{ill|Theodor von Liebieg|cs}}
* ''Bergsteiger'' (number 54)
* ''Versucher'' (number 55)
* ''Auhof'' (number 56)
* ''Spitzbub'' (number 57)
 
The ''Balder'' and ''Metrans'' are sometimes listed as Präsident-derived cars, but the ''Balder'' was actually a {{Cvt|9|hp}} [[NW A|Nesselsdorf A – Vierer]].<ref>{{
For later models the alphabets were used (A, B, S, [[Tatra 20|T]], U ...), and since about 1921 as the company changed name to Tatra, it uses numbers to name the models ([[Tatra 11|11]], [[Tatra 12|12]], [[Tatra 20|20]]...). One year after the manufacture of Präsident, the [[NW First Truck|First Truck]] was built.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web
Cite web
|url=http://www.tatraportal.com/clanky/prezident_vyjel/sm1973_23-2.jpg
| access-date=2023-09-19
|title=President vyjel! (President has driven out!)
| language=cs
|accessdate=2010-06-14
| title=NW
|work=Svět motorů 23/1973}}
| url=https://tatra-oldtimer.webnode.cz/historie-/nw/nw-a-vierer-balder/
</ref> The manufacture of cars continued in Kopřivnice till 1998 with the last car [[Tatra T700]]. The manufacture of heavy duty trucks continues up today.
| website=A Vierer Balder :: Tatra-oldtimer
}}</ref>
 
Some elements of the design were modified, e.g. the belt drive was replaced by a four speed gearbox with spur gears. A cable drive was attempted before the gearbox, but it was not successful.<ref name="Rosenkranz 2007" />
Even today's models (i.e. [[Tatra 815]]) follow the unique design features (such as [[backbone chassis|backbone tube with swinging half-axles]]) which were introduced by [[Hans Ledwinka]] in 1920s, who himself took part in construction of the Präsident. Throughout the time, Tatra introduced to automotive world revolutionary concepts such as modern car aerodynamics through model [[Tatra T77]], as well as design of a "peoples car" through [[Tatra V570]] and [[Tatra T97]]. However, 40 years of planned economy in Czechoslovakia made the company to specialize in heavy off-road trucks while the manufacture of cars was only subsidiary. The turmoil years after the [[Velvet revolution]] brought Tatra to the edge of bankruptcy and consequently the manufacture of cars was abandoned, while only the production of [[Tatra_(company)#Trucks|heavy-duty trucks]] continues.
 
===Use in racing===
On 23 October 1899, two of these Präsident-derived cars, the ''Wien'' and the ''Nesselsdorf'', competed in the first automobile race held in [[Austria-Hungary]]. The race took place in [[Vienna]], on the {{Lang|de|[[Trabrennbahn Krieau]]}}, a [[Harness racing|trotting]] track near the [[Prater]]. Competing cars were the ''Wien'', the ''Nesselsdorf'', four [[Carl Benz|Benz]] cars, and four [[Lorraine-Dietrich|Dietrich-Bolleé]] cars. Baron {{ill|Theodor von Liebieg|cs}}, driving the ''Wien'', won the race, and the ''Nesselsdorf'' came in second.
 
In March 1900, Liebieg raced the {{Cvt|192|km|mi}} triangle track [[Nice]]{{Spaced ndash}}[[Draguignan]]{{Spaced ndash}}Nice, where he won the second stage outright.{{Clarify|date=September 2023}} Four days later he won the four-seaters under {{Cvt|1000|kg}} class in the famous Nice{{Spaced ndash}}[[La Turbie]] hill climb race.
 
The Präsident-derived cars Liebieg was competing with were designed for ordinary use, not racing. So after his successes of late 1899 and early 1900, Liebieg commissioned NW to produce a new automobile specifically designed for racing. NW fulfilled this order with the [[NW Rennzweier|Rennzweier]], the first race car built in [[Central Europe]].<ref name="Rosenkranz 2007" />
 
===Later models===
For later models the alphabets were used (A, B, S, [[Tatra 20|T]], U ...), and since about 1921 as the company changed name to Tatra, it uses numbers to name the models ([[Tatra 11|11]], [[Tatra 12|12]], [[Tatra 20|20]]...). One year after the manufacture of Präsident, the [[NW First Truck|First Truck]] was built.<ref>{{
Cite magazine
| accessdate=2023-09-12
| date=1973
| first=S.
| language=cs
| last=K.
| magazine=Svět motorů
| number=23
| title=President vyjel!
| trans-title=The president has left!
| url=https://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident
| volume=27
}}
</ref> The manufacture of cars continued in Kopřivnice till 1998 with the last car [[Tatra T700]]. The manufacture of heavy duty trucks continues up to today.
 
Even today's models (i.e. [[Tatra 815]]) follow the unique design features (such as [[backbone chassis|backbone tube with swinging half-axles]]) which were introduced by [[Hans Ledwinka]] in 1920s, who himself took part in construction of the Präsident. Throughout the time, Tatra introduced to the automotive world revolutionary concepts such as modern car aerodynamics through model [[Tatra T77]], as well as design of a "peoples car" through [[Tatra V570]] and [[Tatra T97]]. However, 40 years of planned economy in Czechoslovakia made the company to specialize in heavy off-road trucks while the manufacture of cars was only subsidiary. The turmoil years after the [[Velvet revolution]] brought Tatra to the edge of bankruptcy and consequently the manufacture of cars was abandoned, while only the production of [[Tatra (company)#Trucks|heavy-duty trucks]] continues.
 
==See also==
* [[VinFast LUX SA2.0#VinFast President|VinFast President]], limited edition car model made by [[VinFast]] named after the Nesselsdorf Präsident<ref>{{
Cite web
| access-date=2023-09-19
| date=2020-09-21
| first=Gregor
| language=de
| last=Hebermehl
| title=Vinfast President: Vietnamesischer Luxus-SUV auf BMW-X5-Basis
| url=https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/neuheiten/vinfast-president-vietnamesischer-luxus-suv-auf-bmw-x5-basis/
| website=auto motor und sport
}}</ref>
 
==References==
Line 76 ⟶ 239:
 
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident Tatra portal - Web site about TATRA cars and trucks - Magazine articles about Präsident (Czech, Slovak)]
* [http://www.tatraportal.sk/?ukaz=data/clanky/prezident Magazine articles about the Präsident] {{In lang|cs|sk}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0evxUfS4x4 Video of Präsident and other Tatras driving through the streets of Prague in 1936]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329174313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0evxUfS4x4 Video of Präsident and other Tatras driving through the streets of Prague in 1936]
 
{{Commons category|Präsident}}
 
{{Tatra models}}
Line 88 ⟶ 250:
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear-engined vehicles]]
[[Category:AutomobilesCars powered by boxer engines]]
[[Category:1890s automobilescars|Tatra Prasident]]
[[Category:VehiclesFirst introducedcar inmade 1897by manufacturer|Tatra Prasident]]
[[Category:FirstCars automobileintroduced madein by manufacturer|Tatra Prasident1897]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Präsident"