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{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Jean Béraud La Sortie Du Bourgeois.jpg|thumb|280px|''La sortie du bourgeois'', painted by [[Jean Béraud]] (1889)]]
The '''bourgeoisie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ʊər|ʒ|w|ɑː|ˈ|z|iː|audio=En-ca-bourgeoisie.oga}} {{respell|
The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the political ideology of [[
▲The '''bourgeoisie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ʊər|ʒ|w|ɑː|ˈ|z|iː|audio=En-ca-bourgeoisie.oga}} {{respell|BOORZH|wah|ZEE}}, {{IPA-fr|buʁʒwazi|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Touam-bourgeoisie.wav}}) is a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the [[Late Middle Ages]], originally as a "[[middle class]]" between [[peasant]]ry and [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]]. They are traditionally contrasted with the [[proletariat]] by their wealth, political power, and education,<ref>{{cite web |title=bourgeoisie Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about bourgeoisie |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/bourgeoisie.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002081923/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/bourgeoisie.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Siegrist|2001|p=785}} as well as their access to and control of [[Cultural capital|cultural]] and [[financial capital]]. They are sometimes divided into a [[Petite bourgeoisie|petty]] ({{lang|fr|petite}}), middle ({{lang|fr|moyenne}}), large ({{lang|fr|grande}}), upper ({{lang|fr|haute}}), and ancient ({{lang|fr|ancienne}}) bourgeoisie and collectively designated as "the bourgeoisie".
In [[
▲The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the political ideology of [[Liberalism]] and its existence within cities, recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., [[municipal charter]]s, [[town privileges]], [[German town law]]), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the [[Burgher (social class)|citizenry]] of the cities.{{sfn|Hoipkemier|2015|p=651}} Rural [[peasant]]s came under a different legal system.
▲In [[Communist philosophy]], the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the [[means of production]] during modern [[industrialization]] and whose societal concerns are the value of private [[property]] and the preservation of capital to ensure the perpetuation of their economic dominance in society.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/b/o.htm#bourgeois-society |title=Bourgeois Society |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127200949/http://www.marxists.org:80/glossary/terms/b/o.htm |archive-date=27 November 1999}}</ref>
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The [[Modern French]] word {{lang|fr|bourgeois}} ({{IPAc-en|'|b|u@r|Z|w|a:|audio=en-uk-bourgeois.ogg}} {{respell|BOORZH|wah}} or {{IPAc-en|b|u@r|'|Z|w|a:|audio=en-us-bourgeois.ogg}} {{respell|boorzh|WAH}}, {{IPA-fr|buʁʒwa|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-bourgeois.wav}}) derived from the [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|borgeis}} or {{lang|fro|borjois}} ('town dweller'), which derived from {{lang|fro|bourg}} ('[[market town]]'), from the [[Old Frankish]] {{lang|frk|burg}} ('town'); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations include the [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|burgeis}}, the [[Middle Dutch]] {{lang|dum|burgher}}, the German {{lang|de|Bürger}}, the [[Modern English]] ''[[Burgess (title)|burgess]]'', the Spanish {{lang|es|burgués}}, the Portuguese {{lang|pt|burguês}}, and the Polish {{lang|pl|burżuazja}}, which occasionally is synonymous with the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology |editor-first=C. T. |editor-last=Onions |date=1995 |page=110}}</ref>
In the 18th century, before the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799), in the French {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}}, the masculine and feminine terms {{lang|fr|bourgeois}} and {{lang|fr|bourgeoise}} identified the relatively rich men and women who were members of the urban and rural [[Estates General (France)|Third Estate]] – the common people of the French realm, who violently deposed the [[absolute monarchy]] of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] King [[Louis XVI]] (r. 1774–1791), his clergy, and his [[French nobility|aristocrats]] in the
Historically, the medieval French word {{lang|fr|bourgeois}} denoted the inhabitants of the {{lang|fr|bourgs}} (walled market-towns), the [[craft]]smen, [[artisan]]s, [[merchant]]s, and others, who constituted "the bourgeoisie". They were the socio-economic class between the peasants and the landlords, between the [[Working class|workers]] and the owners of the [[means of production]], the feudal nobility. As the economic [[manager]]s of the (raw) materials, the goods, and the services, and thus the [[capital (economics)|capital]] (money) produced by the feudal economy, the term "bourgeoisie" evolved to also denote the middle class – the businessmen
Contemporarily, the terms "bourgeoisie" and "bourgeois" (noun) identify the "ruling class" in capitalist societies, as a social stratum; while "bourgeois" (adjective / noun modifier) describes the {{lang|de|Weltanschauung}} ([[worldview]]) of men and women whose way of thinking is socially and culturally determined by their [[economic materialism]] and [[philistinism]], a social identity famously mocked in [[Molière]]'s comedy {{lang|fr|[[Le Bourgeois gentilhomme]]}} (1670), which satirizes buying the trappings of a noble-birth identity as the means of climbing the social ladder.{{sfn|Benét|1987|p=118, 759}}{{sfn|Molière|1899}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}} The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in genres such as the {{lang|fr|drame bourgeois}} (bourgeois drama) and "[[bourgeois tragedy]]".
Emerging in the 1970s, the shortened term "bougie" became [[slang]], referring to things or attitudes which are middle class, pretentious and suburban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What Does Boujee Mean And Who Said It First? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/boujee/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Dictionary.com |date=11 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222211123/https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/boujee/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, a hip-hop group Migos produced a song [[Bad and Boujee]], featuring an intentional misspelling of the word as "boujee"<ref name=":0" /> – a term which has particularly been used by [[African Americans]] in reference to African Americans. The term refers to a person of lower or middle class doing pretentious activities or [[virtue signalling]] as an affectation of the upper-class.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tulp |first=Sophia |title=What you're really saying when you call something 'bougie' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/06/30/what-youre-really-saying-when-you-call-something-bougie/37433439/ |date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=26 June 2021 |work=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626215831/https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/06/30/what-youre-really-saying-when-you-call-something-bougie/37433439/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
== History ==
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The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the {{lang|fr|bourgs}} of Central and Western Europe developed into cities dedicated to commerce and crafts. This urban expansion was possible thanks to economic concentration due to the appearance of protective self-organisation into [[guilds]]. Guilds arose when individual businessmen (such as craftsmen, artisans and merchants) conflicted with their [[rent-seeking]] feudal [[Feudal land tenure|landlord]]s who demanded greater [[Economic rent|rent]]s than previously agreed.
In the event, by the end of the [[Middle Ages]] (
=== From progress to reaction (Marxist view) ===
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[[File:Karl Marx_001.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx]]
{{Marxism|sociology}}
According to [[Karl Marx]], the bourgeois during the Middle Ages usually was a self-employed businessman – such as a merchant, banker, or entrepreneur{{sfn|Siegrist|2001|p=785}} – whose economic role in society was being the financial intermediary to the [[feudal]] [[landlord]] and the [[peasant]] who worked the [[fief]], the land of the lord. Yet, by the 18th century, the time of the [[Industrial Revolution]] (1750–1850) and of industrial capitalism, the bourgeoisie had become the economic ruling class who owned the [[means of production]] (capital and land), and who controlled the means of coercion (armed forces and legal system, police forces and prison system).{{sfn|Siegrist|2001|p=785}}{{sfn|Berend|2015|p=94}}
In such a society, the bourgeoisie's ownership of the means of production allowed them to employ and exploit the wage-earning working class (urban and rural), people whose only economic means is labour; and the bourgeois control of the means of coercion suppressed the sociopolitical challenges by the lower classes, and so preserved the economic status quo; workers remained workers, and employers remained employers.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Karl Marx |first=Karl |last=Marx |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/index.htm |title=The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230150829/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/index.htm |archive-date=30 December 2007 |date=1850 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
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=== France and Francophone countries ===
In English, the term ''bourgeoisie'' is often used to denote the middle classes. In fact, the French term encompasses both the upper and middle economic classes,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AHZMAiFx2EC&q=bourgeoisie+French+term&pg=PA23 |title=French Bourgeois Culture |first1=Béatrix |last1=Le Wita |first2=J. A. |last2=Underwood |isbn=9780521466264 |date=1994-06-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427104113/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AHZMAiFx2EC&q=bourgeoisie+French+term&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> a misunderstanding which has occurred in other languages as well. The bourgeoisie in France and many French-speaking countries consists of five evolving social layers: {{lang|fr|petite bourgeoisie}}, {{lang|fr|moyenne bourgeoisie}}, {{lang|fr|grande bourgeoisie}}, {{lang|fr|haute bourgeoisie}} and {{lang|fr|ancienne bourgeoisie}}.
==== ''Petite bourgeoisie'' ====
{{Main|Petite bourgeoisie}}
The {{lang|fr|petite bourgeoisie}} is the equivalent of the modern-day middle class, or refers to "a social class between the middle class and the lower class: the lower middle class".<ref>{{cite web |title=the petite bourgeoisie |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20petite%20bourgeoisie |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084156/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20petite%20bourgeoisie |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Nazism ===
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Because of their ascribed cultural excellence as a social class, the [[Italian Fascism|Italian fascist]] régime (1922–45) of Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] regarded the bourgeoisie as an obstacle to [[Modernism]].<ref name="Bellassai05">{{cite journal |last=Bellassai |first=Sandro |date=2005 |title=The Masculine Mystique: Anti-Modernism and Virility in Fascist Italy |journal=[[Journal of Modern Italian Studies]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=314–335|doi=10.1080/13545710500188338 |s2cid=144797296 }}</ref> Nonetheless, the Fascist State ideologically exploited the Italian bourgeoisie and their materialistic, middle-class spirit, for the more efficient cultural manipulation of the upper (aristocratic) and the lower (working) classes of Italy.
In 1938, Prime Minister Mussolini gave a speech wherein he established a clear ideological distinction between capitalism (the social function of the bourgeoisie) and the bourgeoisie (as a social class), whom he dehumanised by reducing them into high-level abstractions: a moral category and a state of mind.<ref name="Bellassai05" /> Culturally and philosophically, Mussolini isolated the bourgeoisie from Italian society by portraying them as social parasites upon the fascist Italian state and "The People"; as a social class who drained the human potential of Italian society, in general, and of the working class, in particular; as exploiters who victimised the Italian nation with an approach to life characterised by [[hedonism]] and [[Consumption (economics)|materialism]].<ref name="Bellassai05" /> Nevertheless, despite the slogan ''The Fascist Man Disdains the
Philosophically, as a [[Materialism|materialist]] creature, the bourgeois man was stereotyped as irreligious; thus, to establish an [[Existentialism|existential]] distinction between the supernatural faith of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the materialist faith of temporal religion; in ''The Autarchy of Culture: Intellectuals and Fascism in the 1930s'', the priest Giuseppe Marino said that:
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== Satire and criticism in art ==
Beyond the [[Intellectualism|intellectual]] realms of [[political economy]], history, and [[political science]] that discuss, describe, and analyse the ''bourgeoisie'' as a social class, the colloquial usage of the [[sociology|sociological]] terms ''bourgeois'' and ''bourgeoise'' describe the social [[stereotype]]s of the [[old money]] and of the {{lang|fr|[[nouveau riche]]}}, who is a politically timid conformist satisfied with a wealthy, [[consumerism|consumerist]] style of life characterised by [[conspicuous consumption]] and the continual striving for [[Social status|prestige]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |date=1980}}</ref><ref>Sven Beckert "Propertied of Different Kind: Bourgeoisie and Lower Middle Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States" in ''The Middling Sorts: Explorations in the History of the American Middle Class'' (2001) Burton J. Bledstein and Robert D. Johnston, Eds. (2001)</ref> This being the case, the cultures of the world describe the [[philistinism]] of the middle-class personality, produced by the excessively rich life of the bourgeoisie, is examined and analysed in comedic and dramatic plays, novels, and films (see [[Authenticity (philosophy)|Authenticity]]).[[File:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg|thumb|The 17th-century French playwright Molière (1622–73) catalogued the social-climbing essence of the bourgeoisie in {{lang|fr|Le Bourgeois gentilhomme}} (1670)|left]]
The term bourgeoisie has been used as a pejorative and a term of abuse since the 19th century, particularly by intellectuals and artists.{{sfn|McCloskey|2016|p=XVII}}
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*[[Bourgeoisie of Nigeria]]
*[[Poorter]] (in the Netherlands)
*[[Beurgeois]] (affluent French Muslims of North
*''[[Bildungsbürgertum]]''
*''[[Boliburguesía]]''
*[[Burgher (social class)|Burgher]]
*[[Burgess (title)|Burgess]]
*[[Chōnin]]
*[[Citizenship]]
*[[Conspicuous consumption]]
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*[[Petite bourgeoisie]]
*[[Political class]]
*[[Proletariat]], the opposite of the
*[[Rational-legal authority]]
*[[Russian oligarch]]
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* {{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Frank J. |title=Becoming Bourgeois: Merchant Culture in the South, 1820–1865 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ZHraBlhr8C |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |date=20 October 2006 |isbn=978-0813124049}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cousin |first1=Bruno |last2=Chauvin |first2=Sébastien |date=2021 |title=Is there a global super-bourgeoisie? |journal=[[Sociology Compass]] |volume=15 |number=6 |pages=1–15 |url=https://sebastienchauvin.org/is-there-a-global-super-bourgeoisie-2021/ |doi=10.1111/soc4.12883 |s2cid=234861167}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dejung |first1=Christof |last2=Motadel |first2=David |last3=Osterhammel |first3=Jürgen |title=The Global Bourgeoisie: The Rise of the Middle Classes in the Age of Empire |date=2019 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691177342 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691177342/the-global-bourgeoisie}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Margaret R. |title=The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680–1780 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W47a6jQOJYQC |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=10 December 1996 |isbn=978-0520202603}}
* {{cite book |last=Lockwood |first=David |title=Cronies or Capitalists? The Russian Bourgeoisie and the Bourgeois Revolution from 1850 to 1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZZgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=23 April 2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0562-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=McCloskey |first1=Deirdre N. |title=The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-55663-5 |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/B/bo3750637.html}}
* {{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Jerrold |title=Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics, and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnUgrSFm1YIC |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date=1999}}▼
* {{cite book |
▲* {{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Jerrold |title=Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics, and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnUgrSFm1YIC |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date=1999|isbn=9780801860638 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Robert W. |title=Changing India: Bourgeois Revolution on the Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb_z1KghC1oC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |edition=2nd |date=2003|isbn=9780521009126 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Trigilia |first=Carlo |title=Class, Social |encyclopedia=[[International Encyclopedia of Political Science]] |pages=270–275 |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |volume=1 |date=2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9781412959636}}
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