Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1124781314 by MuhammadshirazIqbal (talk) Unexplained content change. |
added a citation |
||
| (32 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 28:
}}
'''Port Jackson''', consisting of the waters of '''Sydney Harbour''', [[Middle Harbour]], North Harbour and the [[Lane Cove River|Lane Cove]] and [[Parramatta River|Parramatta]] Rivers, is the [[ria]] or [[harbor|natural harbour]] of [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. The harbour is an inlet of the [[Tasman Sea]] (part of the [[South Pacific Ocean]]). It is the location of the [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]. The location of the [[History of Australia|first European settlement and colony]] on the Australian mainland, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney.
Port Jackson, in the early days of the colony, was also used as a [[Metonymy|shorthand]] for Sydney and its environs. Thus, many botanists, see, e.g., [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]'s ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111968|title=Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802–1805 /|last=Brown|first=Robert|publisher=typis R. Taylor et socii|location=Londini}}</ref> described their specimens as having been collected at Port Jackson.
Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself, particularly [[Sydney New Year's Eve]] celebrations. The harbour is also the starting point of the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2024 |url=https://rolexsydneyhobart.com/about-the-race/course/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=rolexsydneyhobart.com}}</ref>
The waterways of Port Jackson are managed by [[Transport for NSW]]. [[Sydney Harbour National Park]] protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks and picnic areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/sydney-harbour-national-park|title=Sydney Harbour National Park|website=NSW National Parks}}</ref> The harbour is a global [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]] for marine and estuarine
diversity.<ref name="">{{cite journal |last1=Mayer-Pinto |first1=M. |last2=Johnston |first2=E. L. |last3=Hutchings |first3=P. A. |last4=Marzinelli |first4=E. M. |last5=Ahyong |first5=S. T. |last6=Birch |first6=G. |last7=Booth |first7=D. J. |last8=Creese |first8=R. G. |last9=Doblin |first9=M. A. |last10=Figueira |first10=W. |last11=Gribben |first11=P. E. |last12=Pritchard |first12=T. |last13=Roughan |first13=Steinberg |last14=Steinberg |first14=P. D. |last15=Hedge |first15=L. H. |date=2015 |title=Sydney Harbour: a review of anthropogenic impacts on the biodiversity and ecosystem function of one of the world’s largest natural harbours |url=http://www.oceanography.unsw.edu.au/private/publications/2015/Johnston_2016_SydneyHarbourDiversity_MarFreshRes.pdf |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=66 |pages=1088–1105 |doi=10.1071/MF15157 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
==History==
Line 41 ⟶ 42:
[[File:Darling Harbour, 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Clipper ships in [[Darling Harbour]] in 1900]]
At the time of the European arrival and colonisation, the land around Port Jackson was inhabited by the Eora clans, including the [[Gadigal]], [[Cammeraygal]], and [[Wangal]]. The Gadigal inhabited the land stretching along the south side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head, in an arc west to the present [[Darling Harbour]]. The Cammeraygal lived on the northern side of the harbour. The area along the southern banks of the [[Parramatta River]] to [[
===Cook's naming of Port Jackson===
Line 47 ⟶ 48:
===First Fleet===
Eighteen years later, Port Jackson saw the arrival of the [[First Fleet]]. On 21 January 1788, after arriving at [[Botany Bay]], Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] took a [[longboat]] and two [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]] up the coast to sound the entrance and examine Cook's Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed overnight at [[Watsons Bay
|chapter-url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/DownloadDocument.ashx?DocumentID=1102
|url-status=dead
Line 59 ⟶ 60:
|isbn=0-9596484-3-7
|chapter=Phillip's First Three Days in Port Jackson: 21st, 22nd and 23rd January 1788
|publisher=Shelagh and George Champion
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|publisher=Charles Potter, Government Printer
Line 73 ⟶ 75:
===Later events===
The [[Great White Fleet]], the [[United States Navy]] battle fleet, arrived in Port Jackson in August 1908 by order of U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], making this Sydney's first international airport.
===Attack on Sydney Harbour===
{{further|Attack on Sydney Harbour}}
[[File:Ko-hyoteki Sydney.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Japanese Kō-hyōteki class midget submarine]] M-21 being raised from Taylor's Bay on 1 June 1942]]
In 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the [[Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net]] was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green (Laings) Point, [[
|chapter-url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5060289
|chapter=M24 Japanese Midget Submarine wreck site
Line 101 ⟶ 103:
===Fortifications===
{{further|Sydney Harbour defences}}
[[Fort Denison]] is a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the [[Royal Botanic
There are fortifications at [[Sydney Heads]] and elsewhere, some of which are now heritage listed. The earliest date from the 1830s, and were designed to defend Sydney from seaborn attack or convict uprisings. There are four historical fortifications located between [[Taronga Zoo]] and Middle Head, [[
▲[[Fort Denison]] is a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] in Sydney Harbour.
▲There are fortifications at [[Sydney Heads]] and elsewhere, some of which are now heritage listed. The earliest date from the 1830s, and were designed to defend Sydney from seaborn attack or convict uprisings. There are four historical fortifications located between Taronga Zoo and Middle Head, [[Mosman, New South Wales|Mosman]], they are: the [[Middle Head Fortifications]], the [[Georges Head Battery]], the [[Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position]] and a small fort located on [[Bradleys Head]], known as the [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]]. The forts were built from [[sandstone]] quarried on site and consist of various tunnels, underground rooms, open batteries and casemated batteries, shell rooms, [[gunpowder magazine]]s, barracks and trenches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Defence+heritage+in+and+around+Sydney+Harbour|title=DECC – Defence heritage in and around Sydney Harbour<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=1 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231062413/http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Defence+heritage+in+and+around+Sydney+Harbour|archive-date=31 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_02_2.cfm?itemid=5056455|title=heritage.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{further|Geography of Sydney}}
[[File:Sydneycityscape.jpg|thumb|The Harbour as seen aloft from [[Tasman Sea]]
[[File:001syd harbour2008-9.JPG|thumb|The harbour is the focal point for the [[Sydney New Year's Eve]] celebrations]]
[[File:Sydney Harbour at dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district]] skyline viewed from the harbour]]
Line 131 ⟶ 132:
* [[Bradleys Head]]
* [[Cremorne Point]]
* [[
* [[
* [[McMahons Point]]
* [[Balls Head Reserve|Balls Head]]
Line 139 ⟶ 140:
East to west, south side
* [[South Head, New South Wales|South Head]]
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[Bennelong Point]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]]
* [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]]
Line 151 ⟶ 152:
===Islands===
There are several islands within the harbour, including [[Shark Island (Port Jackson)|Shark Island]], [[Clark Island (New South Wales)|Clark Island]], [[Fort Denison]], [[Goat Island (Port Jackson)|Goat Island]], [[Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)|Cockatoo Island]], [[Spectacle Island (Port Jackson)|Spectacle Island]], [[Snapper Island (New South Wales)|Snapper Island]] and [[Rodd Island]]. Some other former islands, including [[Garden Island, New South Wales|Garden Island]], [[Glebe Island]] and [[Berry Island, New South Wales|Berry Island]], have been linked to the shore by land reclamation, though their names often still contain the word "island". Two other former islands, [[Bennelong Island]] and Darling Island, are similarly now linked to the mainland, but rarely mentioned as islands. The former [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|Dawes Island]] was joined to another small island to create Spectacle Island.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Sydney Harbour Islands|url=https://ashet.org.au/images/All-islands.pdf|url-status=
===Tributaries and waterways===
* [[Tank Stream]] was a freshwater course emptying into [[Sydney Cove]]. Today it is little more than a stormwater drain but originally it was the fresh water supply for the fledgling colony of New South Wales. It originated from a swamp to the west of present-day [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] and at high tide entered Sydney Cove at the intersection of [[Bridge Street, Sydney|Bridge]] and [[Pitt Street]]s.
* [[Middle Harbour]] is the northern arm of Port Jackson. It begins as a small creek (Middle Harbour Creek) at St Ives.<ref>UBD Citylink Street Directory Page 155 Map reference F4</ref> It joins the main waterway between two headlands, Middle Head and Grotto Point Reserve, west of Sydney Heads.
* [[Parramatta River]] is the western arm of Port Jackson. The river begins at the confluence of [[Old Toongabbie
* [[Lane Cove River]] rises near [[Thornleigh]] and flows generally south for about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Its catchment area is approximately 95.4 square kilometres (36.8 sq mi).
* [[Tarban Creek]], a northern tributary of the Parramatta River, enters Port Jackson at Hunters Hill.
* [[Johnstons Creek (New South Wales)|Johnstons Creek]] rises in Stanmore and flows in a generally northward direction, passing through the inner-western suburbs of Forest Lodge, Annandale and Glebe. The creek passes beneath the stands of the now demolished [[Harold Park Paceway]] prior to emptying into [[Rozelle Bay]] at Bicentennial Park, Glebe. [[Orphan School Creek]] is a tributary.
* [[Duck River (New South Wales)|Duck River]] is a perennial stream and southern tributary of the Parramatta River.
===Climate===
[[File:Sydney Harbour in bushfire smoke.jpg|thumb|220px|Port Jackson shrouded in bushfire smoke during [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|Black Summer]]
Port Jackson has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with warm, somewhat humid summers and mild to cool winters, with moderate rainfall spread throughout the year. Due to its exposed proximity to the Tasman Sea, it is slightly cooler, wetter and windier than [[Observatory Park, Sydney|Observatory Hill]] to the west. In addition to featuring the lowest maximum summer temperatures in the Sydney region (averaging just 24.4 °C (75.9 °F)), Port Jackson is also least affected by extreme heat due to frequent [[sea breeze]]s. Conversely, winter nights are among the warmest in Sydney, and rarely dip below {{convert|8.0|C}}, although [[fog]] often occurs and may be disruptive.
Port Jackson's weather station is located within a [[lighthouse]] just south of Georges Head at [[Georges Heights]] in [[
{{Weather box
|location = Sydney Harbour ([[Western Channel Pile Light]])
Line 283 ⟶ 285:
Other bridges spanning Port Jackson waterways are [[Pyrmont Bridge]] spanning Darling Harbour; the [[Anzac Bridge]] (formerly known as the Glebe Island Bridge), spanning Blackwattle Bay; the [[Iron Cove Bridge]] spanning [[Iron Cove]]; the [[Spit Bridge]] spanning Middle Harbour; the [[Roseville Bridge]] spanning Middle Harbour; the [[Tarban Creek Bridge]] spanning Tarban Creek.
The original [[Meadowbank
There is a single track rail bridge on the
=== Punts ===
Line 299 ⟶ 301:
A road tunnel, the [[Sydney Harbour Tunnel]] passing underneath the Harbour to the east of the bridge was opened in August 1992.
In 2005, 2010 and in 2014, the NSW Government proposed a rail tunnel be constructed to the west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Construction of an extra pair of road tunnels to the west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, as part of the [[Sydney Metro]] project, was approved in January 2017 while the Harbour tunnelling was completed in March 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sydney Harbour metro tunnelling now complete|url= https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2020/03/19/sydney-harbour-metro-tunnelling-now-complete/|work=Infrastructure Magazine|date=19 March 2020|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|last=McNab |first=Heather |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/central-sydney/twin-tunnels-under-sydney-harbour-given-green-light-for-metro-project/news-story/7923884c3fef395be8b1a96aeca2bb9e |title=Twin tunnels under Sydney Harbour given green light for metro project |website=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph
The [[Western Harbour Tunnel
===Cruise ship terminals===
[[File:cruise ship in Sydney Cove Australia.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Carnival Spirit]]'' [[cruise ship]] in [[Sydney Cove]] in 2013]]
Permanent cruise ship terminals are located at the [[Overseas Passenger Terminal]] at Circular Quay, [[Sydney Cove]] and at the [[White Bay Cruise Terminal]] at [[White Bay, New South Wales|White Bay]]. White Bay's evolution to a cruise terminal came with the closure of Darling Harbour terminal to make way for the [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]] development.<ref name="sydneyports.com.au">{{
===Other port facilities===
Line 338 ⟶ 341:
==Maritime transport==
[[File:Dee Why ferry.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Dee Why-class ferry|SS Dee Why]]'' in 1930]]
[[Sydney Ferries]] operate services from [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]] to [[
Water taxi and water limousine operators offer transport not restricted by timetables or specific routes, and can also provide a service to or from private wharfs and houses on the waterfront. Sightseeing harbour cruises are operated daily from Circular Quay. Whale watching excursions are also operated from Port Jackson.
Line 367 ⟶ 370:
<gallery>
File:Clifftop, hilly homes in Vaucluse in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia.png|Sydney Harbour in distance as seen aloft from Tasman Sea, overlooking the clifftop suburb of [[Vaucluse, New South Wales|Vaucluse]].
File:QE2 Sydney1.jpg|The ''[[
File:Sydney Harbour New Years Eve 2012-2013.jpg|Sydney Harbour on New Year's Eve
File:Portjackson.jpg|View of Port Jackson and Sydney's CBD.
Line 373 ⟶ 376:
File:Sydney Harbour Bridge from the air.JPG|Sydney Harbour and Port Jackson displaying aerial views of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the [[Sydney Opera House]]. The CBD is located to the far left of the photo.
File:Sydney Harbour, from Dumaresq Road, Rose Bay, New South Wales (2011-01-05) 03.jpg|Port Jackson, as seen from [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]].
File:Sydney Harbour panorama view from Millers Point.jpg|This is the view of Sydney Harbour from [[
File:Sow and Pigs Reef Marker.jpg|East Channel Marker in Sydney Harbour, colloquially called the East Wedding Cake.
File:View of Sydney Harbour.jpg|View of the harbour and the Sydney Harbour Bridge from Vaucluse
File:Amazing sunset view from Macquarie's Chair.jpg|View of the harbour from the [[Sydney sandstone|sandstone]] rocks in [[Mrs. Macquarie's Chair]]
File:Observatory Hill Sydney.jpg
</gallery>
Line 394 ⟶ 397:
== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Sydney/Sydney Harbour|Sydney Harbour}}
{{Commons category|Sydney Harbour}}
▲* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Sydney/Harbour Islands|Harbour Islands}}
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/stories/2010/2915997.htm ABC Radio National: "A Living Harbour"] – ''a history of Sydney Harbour''.▼
* [http://www.maritime.nsw.gov.au/ Official New South Wales Maritime Authority website]
▲* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/stories/2010/2915997.htm ABC Radio National: "A Living Harbour"] –
* [http://www.sydney.com/destinations/sydney/sydney-city/sydney-harbour Sydney Harbour Guide from Sydney.com]
* Maps maintained by the [[New South Wales Maritime Authority]] (legal owner of the harbour bed):
Line 403 ⟶ 406:
** [http://www.maritime.nsw.gov.au/docs/maps/portjackw_lam.pdf Port Jackson—west of Harbour Bridge]
* {{cite web |url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/ieo/SydneyHarbour/maplg.htm |title = Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River catchment |type = map |author = Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] }}
* [http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au Sydney Harbour Federation Trust] –
* [http://www.sydneyports.com.au Sydney Ports]
* ''[[Dictionary of Sydney]]''
* {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_harbour_a_cultural_landscape | title = Sydney Harbour: A Cultural Landscape | access-date = 6 October 2015 | author = Ian Hoskins |year = 2013 | work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] | publisher = Dictionary of Sydney Trust }} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Creative Commons license|CC-By-SA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>▼
** {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/
** {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/natural_feature/
▲** {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/
{{1stVoyageCookAus}}
{{Waterways of Sydney}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Sydney Harbour| ]]
[[Category:Bays of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Geography of Sydney]]▼
[[Category:Northern Beaches]]▼
[[Category:Ports and harbours of New South Wales|Jackson]]
▲[[Category:Geography of Sydney]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sydney]]
▲[[Category:Northern Beaches]]
| |||