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'''Port Jackson''', consisting of the waters of '''Sydney Harbour''', [[Middle Harbour]], North Harbour and the [[Lane Cove River|Lane Cove]] and [[Parramatta River|Parramatta]] Rivers, is the [[ria]] or [[harbor|natural harbour]] of [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. The harbour is an inlet of the [[Tasman Sea]] (part of the [[South Pacific Ocean]]). It is the location of the [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]. The location of the [[History of Australia|first European settlement and colony]] on the Australian mainland, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney.
Port Jackson, in the early days of the colony, was also used as a [[Metonymy|shorthand]] for Sydney and its environs. Thus, many botanists, see, e.g., [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]'s ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111968|title=Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802–1805 /|last=Brown|first=Robert|publisher=typis R. Taylor et socii|location=Londini}}</ref> described their specimens as having been collected at Port Jackson.
Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself, particularly [[Sydney New Year's Eve]] celebrations. The harbour is also the starting point of the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2024 |url=https://rolexsydneyhobart.com/about-the-race/course/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=rolexsydneyhobart.com}}</ref>
The waterways of Port Jackson are managed by [[Transport for NSW]]. [[Sydney Harbour National Park]] protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks and picnic areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/sydney-harbour-national-park|title=Sydney Harbour National Park|website=NSW National Parks}}</ref> The harbour is a global [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]] for marine and estuarine
diversity.<ref name="">{{cite journal |last1=Mayer-Pinto |first1=M. |last2=Johnston |first2=E. L. |last3=Hutchings |first3=P. A. |last4=Marzinelli |first4=E. M. |last5=Ahyong |first5=S. T. |last6=Birch |first6=G. |last7=Booth |first7=D. J. |last8=Creese |first8=R. G. |last9=Doblin |first9=M. A. |last10=Figueira |first10=W. |last11=Gribben |first11=P. E. |last12=Pritchard |first12=T. |last13=Roughan |first13=Steinberg |last14=Steinberg |first14=P. D. |last15=Hedge |first15=L. H. |date=2015 |title=Sydney Harbour: a review of anthropogenic impacts on the biodiversity and ecosystem function of one of the world’s largest natural harbours |url=http://www.oceanography.unsw.edu.au/private/publications/2015/Johnston_2016_SydneyHarbourDiversity_MarFreshRes.pdf |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=66 |pages=1088–1105 |doi=10.1071/MF15157 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
==History==
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==Geography==
{{further|Geography of Sydney}}
[[File:Sydneycityscape.jpg|thumb|The Harbour as seen aloft from [[Tasman Sea]]
[[File:001syd harbour2008-9.JPG|thumb|The harbour is the focal point for the [[Sydney New Year's Eve]] celebrations]]
[[File:Sydney Harbour at dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district]] skyline viewed from the harbour]]
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===Islands===
There are several islands within the harbour, including [[Shark Island (Port Jackson)|Shark Island]], [[Clark Island (New South Wales)|Clark Island]], [[Fort Denison]], [[Goat Island (Port Jackson)|Goat Island]], [[Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)|Cockatoo Island]], [[Spectacle Island (Port Jackson)|Spectacle Island]], [[Snapper Island (New South Wales)|Snapper Island]] and [[Rodd Island]]. Some other former islands, including [[Garden Island, New South Wales|Garden Island]], [[Glebe Island]] and [[Berry Island, New South Wales|Berry Island]], have been linked to the shore by land reclamation, though their names often still contain the word "island". Two other former islands, [[Bennelong Island]] and Darling Island, are similarly now linked to the mainland, but rarely mentioned as islands. The former [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|Dawes Island]] was joined to another small island to create Spectacle Island.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Sydney Harbour Islands|url=https://ashet.org.au/images/All-islands.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814085700/https://ashet.org.au/images/All-islands.pdf|archive-date=Aug 14, 2021|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Exposed at low tide is [[Sow and Pigs Reef]], a well-known navigation obstacle near the main shipping lane.
===Tributaries and waterways===
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* [[Lane Cove River]] rises near [[Thornleigh]] and flows generally south for about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Its catchment area is approximately 95.4 square kilometres (36.8 sq mi).
* [[Tarban Creek]], a northern tributary of the Parramatta River, enters Port Jackson at Hunters Hill.
* [[Johnstons Creek (New South Wales)|Johnstons Creek]] rises in Stanmore and flows in a generally northward direction, passing through the inner-western suburbs of Forest Lodge, Annandale and Glebe. The creek passes beneath the stands of the now demolished [[Harold Park Paceway]] prior to emptying into [[Rozelle Bay]] at Bicentennial Park, Glebe. [[Orphan School Creek]] is a tributary.
* [[Duck River (New South Wales)|Duck River]] is a perennial stream and southern tributary of the Parramatta River.
===Climate===
[[File:Sydney Harbour in bushfire smoke.jpg|thumb|220px|Port Jackson shrouded in bushfire smoke during [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|Black Summer]]
Port Jackson has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with warm, somewhat humid summers and mild to cool winters, with moderate rainfall spread throughout the year. Due to its exposed proximity to the Tasman Sea, it is slightly cooler, wetter and windier than [[Observatory Park, Sydney|Observatory Hill]] to the west. In addition to featuring the lowest maximum summer temperatures in the Sydney region (averaging just 24.4 °C (75.9 °F)), Port Jackson is also least affected by extreme heat due to frequent [[sea breeze]]s. Conversely, winter nights are among the warmest in Sydney, and rarely dip below {{convert|8.0|C}}, although [[fog]] often occurs and may be disruptive.
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<ref>{{cite news|last=McNab |first=Heather |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/central-sydney/twin-tunnels-under-sydney-harbour-given-green-light-for-metro-project/news-story/7923884c3fef395be8b1a96aeca2bb9e |title=Twin tunnels under Sydney Harbour given green light for metro project |website=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|date=11 January 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>
The [[
===Cruise ship terminals===
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File:Sydney Harbour Bridge from the air.JPG|Sydney Harbour and Port Jackson displaying aerial views of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the [[Sydney Opera House]]. The CBD is located to the far left of the photo.
File:Sydney Harbour, from Dumaresq Road, Rose Bay, New South Wales (2011-01-05) 03.jpg|Port Jackson, as seen from [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]].
File:Sydney Harbour panorama view from Millers Point.jpg|This is the view of Sydney Harbour from [[
File:Sow and Pigs Reef Marker.jpg|East Channel Marker in Sydney Harbour, colloquially called the East Wedding Cake.
File:View of Sydney Harbour.jpg|View of the harbour and the Sydney Harbour Bridge from Vaucluse
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[[Category:Northern Beaches]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of New South Wales|Jackson]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sydney]]
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