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[[File:Homework - vector maths.jpg|thumb
[[File:Tel Aviv-Yafo (997008136673805171).jpg|thumb|Children preparing homework on the street, Tel Aviv, 1954]]
'''Homework''' is a set of tasks assigned to [[student]]s by their [[teacher]]s to be completed at [[home]]. Common homework assignments may include required [[reading]], a [[writing]] or [[typing]] project, [[Exercise (mathematics)|mathematical exercises]] to be completed, information to be reviewed before a [[Test (assessment)|test]], or other skills to be practiced.
The
Cultivating == Purposes ==
[[File:Boy doing homework (4596604619).jpg|thumb|A child completing
The basic objectives of assigning homework to students often align with [[school]]ing in general. However,
* reinforcing skills taught in class
* extending skills to new situations
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Younger students who spend more time on homework generally have slightly worse, or the same academic performance, as those who spend less time on homework.{{Sfnp|Cooper|Robinson|Patall|2006|pp=42–51}} Homework has not been shown to improve academic achievements for [[grade school]] students. Proponents claim that assigning homework to young children helps them learn good study habits. No research has ever been conducted to determine whether this claim has any merit.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bazelon|first=Emily|date=2006-09-14|title=Forget Homework|language=en-US|work=Slate|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2006/09/forget_homework.html|access-date=2018-04-11|issn=1091-2339|archive-date=2018-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082405/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2006/09/forget_homework.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Among teenagers, students who spend more time on homework generally have higher [[Grading in education|grades]], and higher [[Test score|test scores]] than students who spend less time on homework.{{Sfnp|Cooper|Robinson|Patall|2006|pp=42–51}} Large amounts of homework cause students' academic performance to worsen, even among older students.{{Sfnp|Cooper|Robinson|Patall|2006|pp=42–51}} Students who are assigned homework in [[Middle school|middle]] and [[high school]] score somewhat better on [[Standardized test|standardized tests]], but the students who have more than 90 minutes of homework a day in middle school or more than two hours in high school score worse.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1376208,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110053414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1376208%2C00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 10, 2006|title=The Myth About Homework|last=Wallis|first=Claudia|date=August 29, 2006|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}
</ref>
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=== Busy work ===
[[File:Child calculating with fingers.jpg|thumb|Homework should not be merely given to occupy student's time. ]]
The intention of homework is to further test students' knowledge at home. However, there is a line between productive work and busy work. Busy work has no inherent value; it just occupies time. Karin Chenoweth provides an example of a student taking chemistry who must color a mole for homework.<ref>Chenowith, Karin. "Homework vs. Busywork: Tales from Home and a Request for More." ''The Washington Post'', Feb 13 2003.</ref> Chenoweth shared how busy work like this can have a negative effect on students, and explained that having this simple drawing is of no worth in terms of learning, yet it lowered the student's grade in class. However, Miriam Ferzli et. al. point out that just because an assignment is time consuming does not give students the right to call an assignment "busy work," which can be seen in the case of lab reports, which are indeed time consuming but which are also key to learning.<ref>Ferzli, Miriam, Michael Carter, and Eric Wiebe. "Transforming Lab Reports from Busy Work to Meaningful Learning Opportunities." LabWrite. ''Journal of College Science Teaching'', November/ December, 2005.</ref>
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Homework has been identified in numerous studies and articles as a dominant or significant source of stress and anxiety for students.<ref>{{Harvp|Bauwens|Hourcade|1992}}, {{Harvp|Conner|Pope|Galloway|2009}}, {{Harvp|Hardy|2003}}, {{Harvp|Kouzma|Kennedy|2002}}, {{Harvp|West|Wood|1970}}, {{Harvp|Ystgaard|1997}}.</ref> Studies on the relation between homework and health are few compared to studies on academic performance.{{Sfnp|Cheung|Leung-Ngai|1992|p=146}}{{Sfnp|Galloway|Conner|Pope|2013|p=493}}
{{Harvtxt|Cheung|Leung-Ngai|1992}} surveyed 1,983 students in [[Hong Kong]], and found that homework led not only to added stress and anxiety, but also physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches. Students in the survey who were ridiculed or punished by parents and peers had a higher incidence of [[Clinical depression|depression]] symptoms, with 2.2% of students reporting that they "always" had suicidal thoughts, and anxiety was exacerbated by punishments and criticism of students by teachers for both problems with homework as well as forgetting to hand in homework.
A 2007 study of American students by [[MetLife]] found that 89% of students felt stressed from homework, with 34% reporting that they "often" or "very often" felt stressed from homework. Stress was especially evident among high school students. Students that reported stress from homework were more likely to be deprived of sleep.{{Sfnp|Markow|Kim|Liebman|2007|p=137}}
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{{Harvtxt|Galloway|Conner|Pope|2013}} surveyed 4,317 students from ten "privileged, high-performing" high schools in the U.S., and found that students reported spending more than 3 hours on homework daily. 72% of the students reported stress from homework, and 82% reported physical symptoms. The students slept an average of 6 hours 48 minutes, lower than [[Sleep#Ideal duration|recommendations]] prescribed by various health agencies.
== Homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain ==
===Benefits===▼
Some educators argue that homework is beneficial to students, as it enhances learning, develops the skills taught in class, and lets educators verify that students comprehend their lessons.<ref name=":1">Grohnke, Kennedy, and Jake Merritt. "Do Kids Need Homework?" ''Scholastic: News/ Weekly Reader Edition 5/6'', vol. 85, no. 3, 2016, pp. 7.</ref> Proponents also argue that homework makes it more likely that students will develop and maintain proper study habits that they can use throughout their educational career.<ref name=":1" />▼
[[File:Homework in Japan, Taisho era (1915 by Elstner Hilton).jpg|thumb|right|Japanese students doing homework, {{Circa|1915}}]]
[[File:Yrjö Ollila - Hearing the Homework.jpg|thumb|[[Hearing the Homework]]; Yrjö Ollila ]]Homework has been in practice across cultures and societies for over a century. For decades the practice and acceptance of homework as an important part of schooling have also been in question by the arguments that run in the field of education both in its favor or against bouncing back and forth throughout. It was in the late 1900s, that a lot of researchers started writing books and publishing articles presenting their arguments and urging for reforms.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Vatterott |first=Cathy |title=RETHINKING HOMEWORK |publisher=ASCD |year=2018 |isbn=9781416626565 |edition=2nd |location=Alexandria, Virginia |publication-date=September 2018 |pages=
=== United States ===
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130323150604/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/HISTORY-OF-HOMEWORK-3053660.php
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Homework was less favored after the end of the Cold War.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":06">{{Cite book |last=Vatterott |first=Cathy |title=RETHINKING HOMEWORK |publisher=ASCD |year=2018 |isbn=9781416626565 |edition=2nd |location=Alexandria, Virginia |publication-date=September 2018 |pages=
=== United Kingdom ===
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In 2012, a report by the [[OECD]] showed that Spanish children spend 6.4 hours a week on homework. This prompted the CEAPA, representing 12,000 Spanish parent associations, to call for a homework strike.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/nov/02/parents-in-the-uk-and-abroad-do-your-children-get-set-too-much-homework|title=Parents in the UK and abroad: do your children get set too much homework?|first=Sarah|last=Marsh|date=2 November 2016|access-date=2 November 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023649/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/nov/02/parents-in-the-uk-and-abroad-do-your-children-get-set-too-much-homework|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲Some educators argue that homework is beneficial to students, as it enhances learning, develops the skills taught in class, and lets educators verify that students comprehend their lessons.<ref name=":1">Grohnke, Kennedy, and Jake Merritt. "Do Kids Need Homework?" ''Scholastic: News/ Weekly Reader Edition 5/6'', vol. 85, no. 3, 2016, pp. 7.</ref> Proponents also argue that homework makes it more likely that students will develop and maintain proper study habits that they can use throughout their educational career.<ref name=":1" />
==
[[File:This is a stupid way to write a paper.jpg|thumb|Homework can take up a large portion of a student's free time and lead to stress, despair, anger, and sleep disorders among children, as well as arguments among families.]]
Homework and its effects, justifications, motivations and alleged benefits have been the subject of sharp criticism among many education experts and researchers.
Criticism of repetitive tasks, rote learning, and memorization created concerns about students' overall health and well-being. This belief gained momentum, particularly in primary schools, leading to calls for the abolition of homework.<ref name=":08">{{Cite book |last=Vatterott |first=Cathy |title=RETHINKING HOMEWORK |publisher=ASCD |year=2018 |isbn=9781416626565 |edition=2nd |location=Alexandria, Virginia |publication-date=September 2018 |pages=1–33 |language=English}}</ref> Parents also joined the movement, asserting that their children were being deprived of play, relaxation, and quality time due to the burden of excessive homework. They also believed the quality of time with their children has been seriously affected by the too much work given as homework.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jiri |first=Zuzanek |title=Students' study time and their homework problem |url=https://tcnj.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_61775452&context=PC&vid=01COLLNJ_INST:TCNJ&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=MyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco&query=any,contains,The%20case%20against%20homework,%202006&offset=0 |journal=Social Indicators Research |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=111–115}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taro |first=Greenfield Karl |title=My Daughter's Homework is Killing Me. |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>
According to a study by the [[Dresden University of Technology]], homework—described in the study as "an educational ritual"—has little to no influence on academic performance.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=|date=2008-02-01|title=Studie: Hausaufgaben bringen überhaupt nichts|work=DIE WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article1621102/Hausaufgaben-bringen-ueberhaupt-nichts.html|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=2016-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427020922/http://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article1621102/Hausaufgaben-bringen-ueberhaupt-nichts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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A study by the [[UCL Institute of Education]], which concerned the impact of homework in different countries, discovered that the pressure associated with homework causes arguments among family members.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|date=2004-02-14|title=Homework causes family arguments|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/homework-causes-family-arguments.130170|access-date=2021-05-03|website=[[Times of Malta]] |archive-date=2021-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503191724/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/homework-causes-family-arguments.130170|url-status=live}}</ref> The study also showed that homework can lead to [[anxiety]], [[Depression in childhood and adolescence|depression]], and [[emotional exhaustion]] among children.<ref name=":6" />
A collaboration effort between schools, teachers, and parents plays a crucial role in creating a positive homework environment.
== Current
[[File:Student's homework (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|186x186px|How can we make homework more meaningful? It is a question that always need a careful conversation among all stakeholders. ]]
There has been extensive consideration and discussion on how to redefine the purpose of homework to make it more meaningful for students. However, breaking away from old beliefs and practices that simply assumed completing homework tasks would enhance student motivation, academic achievement, and behavior control required significant effort and time. It was seen as a [[paradigm shift]] to rethink homework practice and ensure it catered to the needs of diverse learners.<ref name=
Current conversations on the topic suggest the quality of homework matters more than the amount of time spent on it.<ref name=CV/><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=What's the Right Amount of Homework? |url=https://www.edutopia.org/article/whats-right-amount-homework/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Edutopia |language=en}}</ref> Fostering a positive attitude and maintaining a healthy balance in all grade levels needs continuous effort from all stakeholders to bring the desired ultimate change in student learning.<ref name=CV/><ref name=":32" />
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}
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