Federal districts of Russia: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Federal subjects of Russia}}
{{About|the grouping of regions by a Presidentialpresidential Decreedecree|the federal constituent units|Federal subjects of Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
 
[[File:Map of Russian districts, 2018-11-04 (Crimea disputed).svg|thumb|400px]]
[[File:Map of Russian districts.svg|thumb|400px|The eight federal districts of Russia]]
The '''federal districts''' ({{lang-ru|федера́льные округа́}}, ''federalnyye okruga'') are groupings of the [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of [[Russia]]. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, and do not have competences of their own and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensuring governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies, operating in the regions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Russell|first=Martin|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf|title=Russia's constitutional structure|journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]]|publisher=[[European Parliament]]|date=October 2015|access-date=3 November 2021|isbn=978-92-823-8022-2|doi=10.2861/664907}}</ref>
 
The '''federal districts''' ({{lang-rurus|федера́льныефедеральные округа́округа|p=fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨjɪ ɐkrʊˈɡa}}, ''federalnyye okruga'') are groupings of the [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of [[Russia]]. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, and do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensuringensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies, operating in the regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell|first=Martin |url= https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |title=Russia's constitutional structure|journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]]|date=October 2015|access-date=3 November 2021|isbn=978-92-823-8022-2 |doi=10.2861/664907}}</ref> The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000.
 
== List of federal districts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Federal district<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Russia.html|title=Russia: Federal Districts and Major Cities|publisher=City Population|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=hdi>{{citeCite web |title=Subnational Human Development Index (SD-201) (Russian Federation) |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/RUS/?levels=1%2B4+4&interpolationyears=12021&extrapolationinterpolation=0&nearest_realextrapolation=0&years=2019 |publishertitle=[[RadboudSub-national UniversityHDI Nijmegen]] |websiteArea =Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=18 April 20192021-07-20}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Date<br />established
! rowspan="2" | Area<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b15_14p/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/01-01-1.doc |title=1.1. ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ в 2014 г. |language=ru |trans-title=MAINMain SOCIOECONOMICSocioeconomic INDICATORSIndicators 2014 |work=Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators - 2015 |publisher=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! colspan="2" | 2010[[2021 Russian census|2021 census]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)<ref name=hdi>{{cite web |title=Subnational Human Development Index (SD-201) (Russian Federation) |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/RUS/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 |publisher=[[Radboud University Nijmegen]] |website = Global Data Lab |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)<ref name=hdi/>
! colspan="2" | [[Gross regional domestic product|GRDP]] (20202022)<ref name="rosstat.gov.ru"GDP>{{Citecitation web|url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRPVRP_s_1998.xlsx
|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2020гг2016–2022 гг.}}</ref>
|publisher= rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal<br />subjects]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Administrative centre|Administrative<br />centre]]
! rowspan="2" | Map of Federal District
|-
! data-sort-type="number"| Population
! per km<sup>2</sup>
! Total
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GRP]]
! Per capita
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GRP per capita]]
|-
| style="background:#fc8b8b;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]{{efn|group=district-list|Includes the [[Republic of Crimea|Autonomous (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]], and [[Sevastopol]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]], andas well as [[KhersonDonetsk OblastPeople's (Russia)Republic|KhersonDonetsk]], [[ZaporozhyeRussian Oblastoccupation (Russia)of Kherson Oblast|ZaporizhiaKherson]], [[DonetskLuhansk People's Republic (Russia)|DonetskLuhansk]], and [[LuhanskRussian People'soccupation Republicof Zaporizhzhia Oblast|LuhanskZaporizhia]] oblasts [[AnnexationRussian annexation of SouthernDonetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and EasternZaporizhzhia Ukraineoblasts|annexed in 2022]]; recognized as a partparts of [[Ukraine]] by most of the international community.}}<ref>[http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_03_21/Putin-sign-decree-to-set-up-Crimean-Federal-district-5901/Putin signs set of laws on reunification of Crimea, Sevastopol with Russia]</ref>
| 1813 May 2000
| 427,800
| 16,141746,100000{{efn|group=district-list|Population figures from the Crimean Census in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |title= Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People |access-date=2016-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Crimea was [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in 2014, after the 2010 Russian Census.}}
| 839
| 0.801799
| ₽6₽9.710&nbsp;816 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|67109816|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 407₽588,280&nbsp;₽461<br />(${{To EURUSD|407280588461|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 78
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rostov-on-Don]]
| [[File:Outline Map of RussianSouthern districts,Federal 2018-11-04District (Crimea disputed).svg|thumb100px|400pxborder]]
|-
| style="background:#aa6ca6;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[North Caucasian Federal District|North Caucasian]]
| 19 January 2010
| 170,400
| 10,171,000
| 60
| 0.795793
| ₽2[[Russian ruble|₽]]3.404&nbsp;111 trillion<br />([[USD|$]]{{To EURUSD|24043111|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 241₽305,662&nbsp;₽334<br />(${{To EURUSD|241662305334|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 37.7
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pyatigorsk]]
| [[File:Outline Map of North Caucasian Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
|-
| style="background:#ffff80; width:3em;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Central Federal District|Central]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 650,200
| 3840,438342,600000
| 59.162
| 0.847845
| [[Russian₽47.368 Ruble|₽]]33.637&nbsp;trillion<br />([[Euro|€]]${{To EURUSD|3363747368|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 854₽1,978&nbsp;₽176,273<br />(${{To EURUSD|8549781176273|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 18
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Moscow]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Central Russia.svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#62d2c5;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Northwestern Federal District|Northwestern]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,687,000
| 13,583917,800000
| 8.1
| 0.835833
| ₽10₽18.644&nbsp;929 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|1064418929|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 762₽1,357&nbsp;₽362,907<br />(${{To EURUSD|7623571362907|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 11
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Saint Petersburg]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Northwestern Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#fc8b8b;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]{{efn|group=district-list|Includes [[Republic of Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]], [[Sevastopol]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]], and [[Kherson Oblast (Russia)|Kherson]], [[Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)|Zaporizhia]], [[Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)|Donetsk]], [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]] oblasts [[Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine|annexed in 2022]]; recognized as a part of [[Ukraine]] by most of the international community.}}<ref>[http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_03_21/Putin-sign-decree-to-set-up-Crimean-Federal-district-5901/Putin signs set of laws on reunification of Crimea, Sevastopol with Russia]</ref>
| 18 May 2000
| 427,800
| 16,141,100{{efn|group=district-list|Population figures from the Crimean Census in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |title= Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People |access-date=2016-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Crimea was [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in 2014, after the 2010 Russian Census.}}
| 37.7
| 0.801
| ₽6.710&nbsp;trillion<br />(€{{To EUR|6710|RUS|year=2020|round=yes}}B)
| 407,280&nbsp;₽<br />(€{{To EUR|407280|RUS|year=2020|round=yes}})
| 8
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rostov-on-Don]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Southern Federal District (Crimea disputed).svg|100px|border]]
 
 
|-
| style="background:#aa6ca6;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[North Caucasian Federal District|North Caucasian]]
| 19 January 2010
| 170,400
| 9,496,800
| 55.7
| 0.795
| ₽2.404&nbsp;trillion<br />(€{{To EUR|2404|RUS|year=2020|round=yes}}B)
| 241,662&nbsp;₽<br />(€{{To EUR|241662|RUS|year=2020|round=yes}})
| 7
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pyatigorsk]]
| [[File:Outline Map of North Caucasian Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#37ce04;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Volga Federal District|Volga]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,037,000
| 2928,900943,400000
| 28.8
| 0.806804
| ₽13₽19.669&nbsp;664 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|1102719664|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 468₽683,462&nbsp;₽355<br />(${{To EURUSD|468462683355|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 14
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Nizhny Novgorod]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Volga Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#c7cb8f;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Ural Federal District|Ural]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,818,500
| 12,082301,700000
| 6.67
| 0.842839
| ₽11₽20.675&nbsp;073 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|1167520073|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 945₽1,711&nbsp;₽635,678<br />(${{To EURUSD|9457111635678|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 6
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Yekaterinburg]]
| [[File:Outline map of Urals Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#01bee7;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]]
| 1813 May 2000
|4,361,800
|1716,178793,298000
| 3.94
| 0.796794
| ₽9₽13.027&nbsp;054 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|902713054|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 529₽781,091&nbsp;₽580<br />(${{To EURUSD|529091781580|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 10
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Novosibirsk]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Siberian Federal District (2018).svg|100px|border]]
 
|-
| style="background:#fece2c;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 6,952,600
| 87,371976,257000
| 1.2
| 0.810808
| ₽6₽8.044&nbsp;656 trillion<br />(${{To EURUSD|60448656|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}}B billion)
| 741₽1,938&nbsp;₽090,778<br />(${{To EURUSD|7419381090778|RUS|year=20202022|round=yes}})
| 11
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Vladivostok]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Far Eastern Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
 
|}
 
''Source'':<ref name="FD">
{{Cite Russian law
| ru_entity = Президент Российской Федерации
| ru_type = Указ
| ru_number = 849
| ru_date = 13 мая 2000 г.
| ru_title = О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе
| ru_effective_date = 13 мая 2000 г
| ru_published_in = "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20No.20, ст. 2112
| ru_published_date = 15 мая 2000 г
| ru_url =
| ru_amendment_type = Указа
| ru_amendment_number =
| ru_amendment_date = 19 января 2010 г
| ru_amendment_title =
| en_entity = President of the Russian Federation
| en_type = Decree
| en_number = 849
| en_date = May 13, 2000
| en_title = On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District
| en_effective_date = May 13, 2000
| en_url =
| en_amendment_type = Decree
| en_amendment_number =
| en_amendment_date = January 19, 2010
| en_amendment_title =
}}</ref>
 
Line 160 ⟶ 155:
 
==History==
The federal districts of Russia were established by a decree issued by [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] inon 13 May 2000 to facilitate the federal government's taskcontrol of controlling the then 89 federal subjects across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin decree creates seven federal districts |work=Monitor |volume=6 |issue=95 |location=Washington |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=15 May 2000 |url= https://jamestown.org/program/putin-decree-creates-seven-federal-districts/ |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Petrov |first=Nikolai |title=Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State—TerritorialState–Territorial Composition|jstor=26298005|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|journal=[[Security Dialogue]] |volume=33 |number=1|date=March 2002|pages=73–91 |doi=10.1177/0967010602033001006 |s2cid=153455573}}</ref>
 
The federal districts of Russia were established by [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2000 to facilitate the federal government's task of controlling the then 89 federal subjects across the country.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Petrov|first=Nikolai|title=Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State—Territorial Composition|jstor=26298005|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|journal=[[Security Dialogue]]|volume=33|number=1|date=March 2002|pages=73–91|doi=10.1177/0967010602033001006|s2cid=153455573}}</ref>
 
On 19 January 2010, the new North Caucasian Federal District split from the Southern Federal District.<ref name="FD"/>
Line 167 ⟶ 161:
In March 2014, after the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], the [[Crimean Federal District]] was established.<ref name="rbc">{{cite news|url=http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|title=В России создан Крымский федеральный округ|publisher=RBC|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=March 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322220946/http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|archive-date=March 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The legality of this annexation is disputed by an overwhelming majority of countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brookings-now/posts/2014/03/nato-secretary-general-russia-annexation-crimea-illegal-illegitimate|title=NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate|date=March 19, 2014<!-- 02:49pm-->|access-date=September 29, 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]}}</ref> On 28 July 2016 the Crimean Federal District was abolished and merged into the [[Southern Federal District]] in order to improve governance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/520930|title=Крымский федеральный округ включен в состав Южного федерального округа|date=28 July 2016|publisher=[[Interfax]]|language=ru|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
 
In November 2018, [[Buryatia]] and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] were removedmoved from the [[Siberian Federal District]] and added to the [[Far Eastern Federal District]] in accordance with a decree issued by Putin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |title=Официальныйi интернет-портал правовой информации|website=publication.pravo.gov.ru|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162518/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Administrative Centre of the Far Eastern Federal District relocated from [[Khabarovsk]] to [[Vladivostok]] in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meduza.io/news/2018/12/13/putin-perenes-stolitsu-dalnevostochnogo-federalnogo-okruga-vo-vladivostok|title = Путин перенес столицу Дальневосточного федерального округа во Владивосток}}</ref>
 
In 2022, the Administrative Centre of the [[Volga Federal District]] will relocate from [[Nizhny Novgorod]] to [[Samara]] within a few years. {{cn|date=August 2022}} In the [[Northwestern Federal District]], [[Murmansk Oblast]] will be merged into the [[Republic of Karelia]], also within a few years. {{cn|date=August 2022}}
 
==Presidential plenipotentiary envoys==
 
*[[Central Federal District]]
**[[Igor Shchyogolev]] (since 26 June 2018)<ref name="Meduza">{{cite web|url=https://meduza.io/news/2018/06/26/igor-holmanskih-uvolen-s-posta-polpreda-prezidenta-v-uralskom-federalnom-okruge|title=Игорь Холманских уволен с поста полпреда президента в Уральском федеральном округе|date=26 June 2018|publisher=[[Meduza]]|language=ru|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
Line 178 ⟶ 169:
**[[Vladimir Ustinov]] (since 12 May 2008)
*[[Northwestern Federal District]]
**[[Aleksandr Gutsan]] (since 7 November 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=868482|title=Putin asks Federation Council to relieve Gutsan of office as deputy prosecutor general (Part 2) - Interfax|website=www.interfax.com|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410221731/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp%3Fid%3D868482|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Far Eastern Federal District]]
**[[Yury Trutnev]] (since 31 August 2013)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2013/08/31_a_5617873.shtml|script-title=ru:Дальнему Востоку подобрали нового управленца|last=Ульянова|first=Жанна|author2=Яна Милюкова|date=August 31, 2013|publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru|access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref>
Line 184 ⟶ 175:
**[[Anatoly Seryshev]] (since 12 October 2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://iz.ru/1234583/2021-10-12/putin-naznachil-serysheva-polpredom-v-sibirskom-federalnom-okruge|title=Путин назначил Серышева полпредом в Сибирском Федеральном округе|lang=ru|trans-title=Putin appointed Seryshev Plenipotentiary in the Siberian Federal District|date=2021-10-12|website=[[Izvestiya]]}}</ref>
*[[Ural Federal District]]
**[[NikolayVladimir TsukanovYakushev]] (since 269 JuneNovember 20182020)<ref name="Meduza"/>
*[[Volga Federal District]]
**[[Igor Komarov]] (since 7 September 2018)
Line 191 ⟶ 182:
 
==See also==
*[[Economic regions of Russia]], a similar grouping of the federal subjects of Russia, for economic and statistical purposes.
*[[Military districts of Russia]], a similar grouping of federal subjects of Russia for military purposes
*[[Zonal Councils of India]], a similar entity in [[India]] to a Russian federal district
*[[List of countries and dependencies by area]]
*[[Military districts of Russia]], a similar grouping of federal subjects of Russia, for military purposes
*[[Zonal Councils of India]], a similar entity in [[India]] to a Russian federal districtentities
 
==References==
{{Reflistreflist|2}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-presidential-districts-representatives-view Wilson Center article on Russia's federal districts]
 
{{Subdivisions of Russia}}