Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: s2cid, date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:Panathenaic Games | #UCB_Category 3/5 |
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Cyberpower678 - 20210 |
||
(28 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 4:
| stadium_name = Panathenaic Stadium
| nickname = Kallimarmaro
| logo_image = Panathenaic_Stadium_logo.png
| image = File:Panathenaic Stadium - panoramio (1).jpg
| image_caption = Panathenaic Stadium in 2014
| fullname =
Line 25 ⟶ 26:
| former_names =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 144 AD: 50,000<br />1896: 80,000<br />Current: 45,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Stadiums in Greece|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/greece.shtml|website=worldstadiums.com|quote=Multi-use Athens Panathenaic Stadium 45 000|access-date=2009-12-23|archive-date=2017-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915044316/http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/greece.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| record_attendance = 80,000 ([[AEK Athens B.C.|AEK Athens]] vs [[USK Praha|Slavia VŠ Praha]], 1968)
| dimensions =
| scoreboard =
| publictransit = {{ric|Athens Tram}} {{ric|Athens Tram|
}}
The '''Panathenaic Stadium''' ({{lang-el|Παναθηναϊκό Στάδιο|Panathinaïkó Stádio}}, {{IPA-el|panaθinaiˈko sˈtaðio|}}){{efn|{{lang-grc|στάδιον Παναθηναικόν|translit=stádion Panathēnaikón}}, as spelled by [[Philostratus]].{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=139}}}} or '''''Kallimarmaro''''' (Καλλιμάρμαρο, {{IPA-el|kaliˈmarmaro|}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] "beautiful marble")<ref name="Kakissis"/>{{sfn|Darling|2004|p=135}} is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Athens]], Greece. One of the main historic attractions of Athens,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Behan|first1=Rosemary|title=Ultratravel cityguide: Ancient Athens is great value and affluent in all the right ways|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/ultratravel/ultratravel-cityguide-ancient-athens-is-great-value-and-affluent-in-all-the-right-ways|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=22 March 2016|location=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> it is the only stadium in the world built entirely of [[marble]].{{sfn|Darling|2004|p=135}}
A stadium was built on the site of a simple racecourse by the Athenian statesman [[Lycurgus of Athens|Lykourgos]] (Lycurgus) {{circa|
==Location==
Line 40 ⟶ 41:
==History==
Originally, since the 6th century BC, a racecourse stood at the site. It hosted the [[Panathenaic Games]] (also known as the Great Panathenaea), a religious and athletic festival celebrated every
===Stadium of Lykourgos===
In the 4th century BC the Athenian statesman [[Lycurgus of Athens|Lykourgos]] (Lycurgus) built an {{convert|850|ft|m|adj=on}} long stadium of [[
===Reconstruction by Herodes Atticus===
Line 49 ⟶ 50:
[[Herodes Atticus]], an Athenian who rose to the highest echelons of power in Rome, was responsible for numerous structures in Greece. In Athens he is best known for the reconstruction of the Panathenaic Stadium.{{sfn|Tobin|1993|p=81}}{{efn|The dominant view is that Herodes Atticus built the stadium on the site of the Lykourgan stadium.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=133}} However, Romano suggested a long terrace at the [[Pnyx]] hill was the location of the Lykourgan stadium because when [[Ernst Ziller]] excavated the site of the Panathenaic Stadium he "found no trace of an earlier stadium."{{sfn|Romano|1985|pp=444-445}} Miller et al. criticize Romano's proposed location: "There is certainly no indication in Ziller's account that he was even concerned with looking for traces of anything earlier that the Stadium of Herodus Atticus."<ref name="Miller et al"/>}} Tobin suggests that "Herodes built the stadium soon after [his father] Atticus's death, which occurred around A.D. 138. The first Greater Panathenaia following his father's demise was 139/40, and it is probable that at that time Herodes promised the refurbishment of the stadium. According to [[Philostratus]], it was completed four years later, which would have been in 143/4."{{sfn|Tobin|1993|p=81}} These dates (139/140-143-144 AD) are now widely cited as construction dates of the stadium of Herodes Atticus.{{sfn|Darling|2004|p=134}}<ref name="Dinsmoor"/><ref name="Miller 2006"/> Welch writes that the stadium was completed by 143, in time for Panathenaic festival.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=133}}
[[File:The Biel Trone (Marble Chair from the Panathenaic Stadium at Athens, as Rebuilt by Herodes Atticus in AD 140-143) - British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|
The new stadium was built completely of [[ashlar]] masonry{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=135}} in [[Mount Pentelicus|Pentelic]] marble,{{sfn|Darling|2004|p=133}}<ref name="Dinsmoor"/> using minimal concrete.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=135}} The stadium was built at a time of resurgence of Greek culture in the mid-2nd century. Although the stadium was a "quintessentially Greek architectural type",{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=133}} it was "Roman in scale" with a massive capacity of 50,000,<ref name="Wycherley"/> which is roughly the same as that of the [[Stadium of Domitian]] in Rome.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=135}} Stadia of the Classical and Hellenistic periods were smaller.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=135}}<ref name="culture.gr"/> According to Welch there is a possibility that criminals were executed in the stadium, however, no evidence exists.{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=137}}
A
Herodes Atticus built it as "an architectural means of self-representation, and it did something analogous. The architecture of the building makes allusions to the Classical past while remaining unmistakably modern. It is Roman in scale, but it self-consciously rejects the distinguishingly Roman features of monumental facade and extensive vaulting."{{sfn|Welch|1998|p=135}}
{{Quote frame|Though traditional in building materials and construction technique, the track included modern features that were specifically designed to accommodate Roman entertainments. [...]
It may thus be argued that the Panathenaic Stadium of Herodes Atticus, who was both Athens' leading son and a Roman consul, represents a middle ground between two conflicting cultural expectations. Its architectural for was self-consciously old-fashioned, yet in scale and function the building was thoroughly modern. Herodes Atticus built a new Panathenaic Stadium whose architecture reflected the prevailing nostalgia for Classical Greece but whose functions reflected the new realities of Roman power. While the building continued to be used chiefly for athletic competitions, its running track was also a place where during the imperial cult festival wild animals were slaughtered and hardened criminals (gladiators) fought, bled, and died.|align=center}}
Line 71 ⟶ 72:
==== 1896 Olympics====
The Greek government, through crown prince [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine]], requested the Egypt-based Greek businessman [[George Averoff]], to sponsor the second refurbishment of the stadium prior to the [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympics]].{{sfn|Young|1996|p=128}} Based on the findings of Ziller, a reconstruction plan was prepared by the architect [[Anastasios Metaxas]] in the mid-1890s.<ref name="Kakissis"/> Darling writes that "He duplicated the dimensions and design of the second-century structure, arranging the tiers of seats around the U-shaped track."{{sfn|Darling|2004|p=135}} It was rebuilt in Pentelic marble and is "distinguished by its high degree of fidelity to the ancient monument of Herodes."<ref name="hoc history"/> Averoff donated 920,000 [[
The stadium held the opening and closing ceremonies of the [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympics]].{{sfn|Young|1996|p=153}} On 6 April (25 March according to the [[Julian calendar]] then in use in Greece), the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened; it was [[Easter Monday]] for both the [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian Churches]] and the anniversary of [[Greek War of Independence|Greece's independence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Running through the Ages|last=Martin|first=David E.|author2=Gynn, Roger W. H.|year=2000|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=0-88011-969-1|chapter=The Olympic Marathon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qb125O62NVQC&q=Stamata+Revithi|oclc=42823784|pages=7–8}}</ref> The stadium was filled with an estimated 80,000 spectators, including King [[George I of Greece]], his wife [[Olga Konstantinova of Russia|Olga]], and their sons. Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation. After a speech by the president of the organizing committee, Crown Prince Constantine, his father officially opened the games.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896 Athens 1896 – Games of the I Olympiad], International Olympic Committee</ref> The stadium also served as the venue for [[Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics|Athletics]], [[Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]], [[Weightlifting at the 1896 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]] and [[Wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The first Modern Olympic Games|url=http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/ThefirstModernOlympicGames/tabid/97/language/en-US/Default.aspx|website=panathenaicstadium.gr|publisher=[[Hellenic Olympic Committee]]|date=2011|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627134043/http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/ThefirstModernOlympicGames/tabid/97/language/en-US/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
Line 87 ⟶ 88:
[[File:Athens archery.jpg|thumb|upright|Archery matches in the stadium during the 2004 Olympics]]
====
From the mid- to late 1960s, the stadium was used by [[AEK B.C.|AEK Basketball Club]]. On 4 April 1968, the [[1967–68 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup]] final was hosted in the stadium where
====Regime of the Colonels====
Line 94 ⟶ 95:
====2004 Olympics====
The stadium "needed no major refurbishing" prior to the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=Liz|title=The Hurdles Before the Games|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/18/travel/the-hurdles-before-the-games.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 July 2004}}</ref> During the games the stadium hosted the [[Archery at the 2004 Summer Olympics|archery]] competition (15–21 August) and was the finish of the [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Marathon]] for both [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon|women]] (22 August) and [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|men]] (29 August).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf |title=Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad |volume=2 |publisher=Athens Organising Committee for the Olympic Games |isbn=960-88101-8-3 |pages=237, 242, 244 |date=November 2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819195306/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2004/or2004b.pdf| archive-date= 19 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Athens 2004|url=http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/Athens2004/tabid/98/language/en-US/Default.aspx|website=panathenaicstadium.gr|publisher=[[Hellenic Olympic Committee]]|date=2011|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705231553/http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/Athens2004/tabid/98/language/en-US/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
====2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games====
Line 102 ⟶ 103:
On occasion, the stadium has also been used as a venue for selected musical and dance performances.
* In April 1916 [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Aida]]'' was staged at the stadium.<ref name="moments"/>
* On 23–24 July 1985 the "Rock in Athens" Festival took place featuring singers and bands like [[Depeche Mode]], [[The Stranglers]], [[Culture Club]], [[The Cure]], [[Talk Talk]], [[Nina Hagen]], and [[The Clash]].<ref name="moments"/>
* On 2 October 1988 the "Live AID – Concert for AIDS" was held in the stadium including artists like [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[Joan Jett]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Run–D.M.C.]] and [[Black Uhuru]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Papadimitriou|first1=Lena|title=10 ροκ συναυλίες που δεν θα ξεχάσουμε [10 rock concerts that we will not forget]|url=http://www.tovima.gr/culture/article/?aid=99595|work=[[To Vima]]|date=24 May 1998|language=el}}</ref>
* On 5 October 2008, the stadium hosted the [[MTV Greece]] launch party, with guests [[R.E.M.]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[C:Real]] and [[Gabriella Cilmi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2574602/rem-helps-welcome-mtv-greece-at-concert-in-athens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810010528/http://www.mtv.com/news/2574602/rem-helps-welcome-mtv-greece-at-concert-in-athens/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 10, 2016|work=www.mtv.com |title=R.E.M. Help Welcome MTV Greece At Concert In Athens|date=6 October 2008}}</ref>
* On 16 July 2018, the [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] gave the “Once in a Lifetime” concert at the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2018/07/16/athens-readies-to-rock-with-the-scorpions-tunes/|work=www.greece.greekreporter.com |title=Athens Gets Ready to Rock With Scorpions|date=16 July 2018}}</ref>
Line 115:
In more recent years, the stadium has been often used to honour the homecoming of victorious Greek athletes, most notably the [[Greece national football team]] after its victory at the [[UEFA Euro 2004]] on 5 July 2004<ref name="moments"/> as well as Greek medalists in recent [[Olympic Games]].
The stadium was the venue for the [[Dior]] Cruise 2022 show. The collection drew inspiration from Ancient Greek art and Greek folk culture as well as Christian Dior's Fall 1951 campaign photoshoot on the Acropolis. The show was attended by many A-listers, such as [[Anya Taylor-Joy]], [[Cara Delevingne]], [[
==Architecture==
Line 128:
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:
File:Estadio Panatenaico.JPG
File:Kallimarmaron NW.JPG
Line 140:
File:Kallimarmaron Panathinaiko-Stadion 2014.jpg
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[Sultanahmet Square|Hippodrome of Constantinople]]
==References==
Line 151 ⟶ 154:
<ref name="hoc history">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/History/tabid/96/language/en-US/Default.aspx|website=panathenaicstadium.gr|publisher=[[Hellenic Olympic Committee]]|date=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028084145/http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/ThePanathenaicStadium/History/tabid/96/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=2017-10-28}} (, )</ref>
<ref name="Miller et al">{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Stephen G.|author-link1=Stephen G. Miller|last2=Knapp|first2=Robert C.|last3=Chamberlain|first3=David|title=The Early Hellenistic Stadium|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520216778|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmHZWOYJ1QkC&pg=PA211&dq=lykourgos+panathenaic+stadium 211]}}</ref>
<ref name="Kakissis">{{cite news|last=Kakissis|first=Joanna|title=36 Hours in Athens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/travel/things-to-do-in-36-hours-in-athens.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 October 2014}}</ref>
Line 157 ⟶ 160:
<ref name="Dinsmoor">{{cite book|last=Dinsmoor|first=William Bell|authorlink1=William Bell Dinsmoor|title=The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development|date=1950|publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers|isbn=9780819602831|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=u-shaped+stadiums+athens 250]|quote=The Panathenaic stadium at Athens, 850 feet long, was constructed of poros stone by the legislator Lycurgus [...]; it was only long afterwards, at about A.D. 143, the stadium was reconstructed in Pentelic marble by Herodes Atticus.}}</ref>
<ref name="Miller 2006">{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Miller|title=Ancient Greek Athletics|date=2006|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300115291|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekathl00mill/page/137 <!-- quote=Panathenaic. --> 137]}}</ref>
<ref name="culture.gr">{{cite web|title=Panathenaic Stadium|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1777|website=culture.gr|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)|Hellenic Republic Ministry of Culture and Sports]]|date=2012|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028084007/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1777|archive-date=2017-10-28}} ()</ref>
Line 167 ⟶ 170:
}}
;Excavation reports
*{{cite book|last=Darling|first=Janina K.|title=Architecture of Greece|date=2004|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780313321528|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-v35--l_gC&pg=PA133 133–135]|chapter=Panathenaic Stadium, Athens}}▼
*{{cite journal|last=Ziller|first=Ernst|authorlink1=Ernst Ziller|title=Ausgrabung am panathenaischen Stadion|journal=[[:de:Zeitschrift für Bauwesen|Zeitschrift für Bauwesen]]|date=1870|volume=20|pages=485–492|language=de}}▼
*{{cite book |last1=Lampros |first1=Spyridon P. |title=Το Παναθηναϊκόν Στάδιον και αι εν αυτώ ανασκαφαί : Εκθέσεις αναγνωσθείσαι εν τω Φιλολογικώ Συλλόγω ο Παρνασσός |date=1870 |publisher=Ν. Γ. Πάσσαρη |location=Athens}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ampelas |first1=Alex |title=Ολίγαι λέξεις περί σταδίων και δη του Παναθηναϊκού |date=1906 |publisher=Estia |location=Athens}}
*{{cite journal|last=Gasparri|first=Carlo|title=Lo stadio panatenaico. Documenti e testimonianze per una riconsiderazione dell'edificio di Erode Attico|journal=ASAtene|date=1975|volume=36-37|pages=313–392|language=it}}
;Discussions
*{{cite book|last=Papanicolaou-Christensen|first=Aristea|title=The Panathenaic Stadium: Its history over the centuries|date=2003|publisher=Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece|isbn=9789608557376|url=http://www.nhmuseum.gr/en/publications/history/the-panathenaic-stadium-its-history-over-the-centuries/}}▼
*{{cite journal |last1=Cecconi |first1=Niccolò |title=Lo Stadio Panatenaico |journal=Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente |date=2020 |volume=98 |pages=417–455}}
▲*{{cite book|last=Darling|first=Janina K.|title=Architecture of Greece|date=2004|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780313321528|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-v35--l_gC&pg=PA133 133–135]|chapter=Panathenaic Stadium, Athens}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kalligas |first1=P. G. |title=Το Παναθηναϊκό Στάδιο: Μία Νέα Ερμηνεία |journal=Αρχαιολογία Και Τέχνες |date=2009 |volume=113 |pages=86–94}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=P. M. |title=Στοιχεία από την παλαιότερη και την πρόσφατη ιστορία του Παναθηναϊκού Σταδίου |journal=PAA |date=1997 |pages=452–496.}}
▲*{{cite book|last=Papanicolaou-Christensen|first=Aristea|title=The Panathenaic Stadium: Its history over the centuries|date=2003|publisher=Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece|isbn=9789608557376|url=http://www.nhmuseum.gr/en/publications/history/the-panathenaic-stadium-its-history-over-the-centuries/|access-date=2016-06-29|archive-date=2016-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812064430/http://www.nhmuseum.gr/en/publications/history/the-panathenaic-stadium-its-history-over-the-centuries/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last=Polites|first=N. G.|editor1-last=Lambros|editor1-first=S. P.|editor2-last=Polites|editor2-first=N. G.|title=The Olympic Games: B.C. 776 – A.D. 1896|date=1896|publisher=H. Grevel and Co|location=London|pages=31–48|url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf|chapter=The Panathenaic Stadion|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102131051/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf|archive-date=2015-11-02|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rife |first1=Joseph L. |title=The Burial of Herodes Atticus: Élite Identity, Urban Society, and Public Memory in Roman Greece |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |date=2008 |volume=128 |pages=92–127 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40651725 |issn=0075-4269}}
*{{cite journal|last=Romano|first=David Gilman|title=The Panathenaic Stadium and Theater of Lykourgos: A Re-Examination of the Facilities on the Pnyx Hill|journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]]|date=1985|volume=89|issue=3|pages=441–454|doi=10.2307/504359|jstor=504359|s2cid=191403660 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Tobin|first=Jennifer|title=Some New Thoughts on Herodes Atticus's Tomb, His Stadium of 143/4, and Philostratus VS 2.550|journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]]|date=1993|volume=97|issue=1|pages=81–89|doi=10.2307/505840|jstor=505840|hdl=11693/48694|s2cid=191509757 |hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last=Welch|first=Katherine|title=Greek stadia and Roman spectacles: Asia, Athens, and the tomb of Herodes Atticus|journal=[[Journal of Roman Archaeology]]|date=1998|volume=11|pages=117–145|doi=10.1017/S1047759400017220|s2cid=160360888 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |editor1-last=Palagia |editor1-first=Olga |editor2-last=Spetsieri-Choremi |editor2-first=Alkestis |title=The Panathenaic Games: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the University of Athens, May 11-12, 2004 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78297-982-1 |pages=147–158 |chapter=The Panathenaic Stadium from the Hellenistic to the Roman Period: Panathenaic Prize-Amphorae and the Biel Throne}}
*{{cite book|last=Young|first=David C.|title=The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival|year=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-7207-3}}
▲*{{cite journal|last=Ziller|first=Ernst|authorlink1=Ernst Ziller|title=Ausgrabung am panathenaischen Stadion|journal=[[:de:Zeitschrift für Bauwesen|Zeitschrift für Bauwesen]]|date=1870|volume=20|pages=485–492|language=de}}
{{Athens}}
|