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{{short description|Traffic circle in Washington D.C.}}
{{Infobox
| name = Sheridan Circle▼
| nrhp_type = cp
▲|name=Sheridan Circle
| nrhp_type2 =
| image = File:Sheridan Circle.JPG
| image_size = 300px
|roads=[[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue NW]], 23rd Street NW, and R Street NW▼
|
| alt = Photograph of Sheridan Circle including the equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan
▲|
|coord={{Coord|38|54|43.8|N|77|03|02.4|W|display=title, inline}}▼
| partof = [[Massachusetts Avenue Historic District (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue Historic District]]<br>[[Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District]]
▲|image_caption=[[Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)|Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan]] in the center of Sheridan Circle
| added = October 22, 1974 (Massachusetts Avenue Historic District)<br>October 30, 1989 (Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District)
| refnum = [https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74002166 74002166] (Massachusetts Avenue Historic District)<br>[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/b7e55da2-fbd2-49e0-8e2a-6bd81d066c2c 89001743] (Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District)
| designated_other1 = DCIHS
| designated_other1_abbr = DCIHS
| designated_other1_date = November 27, 1973 (Massachusetts Avenue Historic District)<br>August 16, 1989 (Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District)
}}
'''Sheridan Circle''' is a [[traffic circle]] and park in the [[Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District|Sheridan-Kalorama]] neighborhood of [[Washington, D.C.]] The traffic circle, one of two in the neighborhood, is the intersection of 23rd Street NW, [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue NW]], and R Street NW. The buildings along this stretch of Massachusetts Avenue NW are part of [[Embassy Row]], which runs from [[Scott Circle]] to [[Observatory Circle]]. Sheridan Circle is a [[contributing property]] to the [[Massachusetts Avenue Historic District (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue Historic District]] and the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District, both listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP). In addition, the [[Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)|equestrian statue]] of General [[Philip Sheridan]] is 1 of 18 [[Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.]], that were collectively listed on the NRHP.
The area around Sheridan Circle did not develop until the 1880s-1890s. Local officials extended Massachusetts Avenue NW past what was then the city's boundary, now [[Florida Avenue]], in hopes of recreating the residential success of [[Dupont Circle]]. The Sheridan-Kalorama area was previously home to large estates and country homes. These lands were eventually sold and the traffic circle's name was changed from Decatur Circle, in honor of Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]], to Sheridan Circle, in honor of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] General [[Philip Sheridan]]. It took many years for the equestrian statue of Sheridan to be created, and the dedication of the memorial took place in 1908. By that time, houses were being built around the circle, including the first one, the [[Alice Pike Barney Studio House]].
The remaining homes around the circle were elaborate mansions, designed by some of the top local and national architects. During the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], some of the residences were sold to foreign countries. This occurred again after [[World War II]] and into the 1950s. Some of the embassies and ambassadorial residences facing Sheridan Circle include Romania, Ireland, Greece, Vietnam, Kenya, Egypt, South Korea, Latvia, and Turkey.
Two violent moments that occurred at Sheridan Circle were the [[assassination of Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt|Ronni Karpen Moffitt]] by Chile's [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional]]. Those that took part in the [[car bomb]] attack were [[Cuba]]n expatriates who supported Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]]. There is a small monument by the circle in honor of the two victims. The other violent moment took place in 2017 when [[Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.|clashes broke out]] between the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) supporters and Kurdish separatists who were protesting Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. The protesters and reporters were beaten by Erdoğan's security detail. The victims later opened a civil case against the Turkish government.
==Location and significance==
Sheridan Circle, the city's Reservation 57A, is the intersection of 23rd Street NW, [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue NW]], and R Street NW, in the [[Sheridan-Kalorama]] neighborhood of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=monumentnom>{{cite web | url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/78000257_text | title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form – Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. | publisher=National Park Service | date=September 19, 1977 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | author=Scott, Gary | archive-date=February 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224211624/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/78000257_text | url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of two traffic circles in the neighborhood, the other being Kalorama Circle.<ref name=sheridannom/> The circle and its surrounding buildings are [[Contributing property|contributing properties]] to two [[Historic districts in the United States|historic districts]]. The first one, [[Massachusetts Avenue Historic District (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue Historic District]], was added to the [[District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites]] (DCIHS) on November 27, 1973, and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) on October 22, 1974. The second is the [[Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District]], added to the DCIHS on August 16, 1989, and listed on the NRHP on October 30, 1989.<ref name=dcihs>{{cite web | url=https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Inventory%202009%200%20Alpha%20Version%2003%2011.pdf | title=District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites | publisher=District of Columbia Office of Planning - Historic Preservation Office | date=September 30, 2009 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | archive-date=July 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731113010/https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Inventory%202009%200%20Alpha%20Version%2003%2011.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
===19th-century===
The area that now encompasses Sheridan Circle, and much of the present-day Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood, were originally large estates built outside the city's boundary. Local government officials announced in 1886 that development would be expanded beyond Boundary Street (renamed [[Florida Avenue]] in 1890). The plan was to extend Massachusetts Avenue NW northward past [[Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)|Rock Creek]]. Two traffic circles were also planned in the extension and most of the surrounding area was to be plotted and have streets laid out within a year.<ref name=sheridannom>{{cite web | url=https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Sheridan-Kalorama%20HD%20Final.pdf | title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District | publisher=National Park Service | date=July 1989 | accessdate=February 6, 2024 | author=Eig, Emily Hotaling; Mueller Julie | archive-date=January 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107001358/http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Sheridan-Kalorama%20HD%20Final.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Charles Bird King - Stephen Decatur - NPG.87.26 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|alt=A portrait of Stephen Decatur|The circle was originally named Decatur Circle in honor of Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]].]]
The land that was previously the Lovett estate and the Barlow-Bomford mausoleum is where present-day Sheridan Circle is located. The earliest developments in the Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood took place near Decatur Circle, the original name of Sheridan Circle. It was named in honor of [[United States Navy]] Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]], but renamed in 1890, in honor of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] General [[Philip Sheridan]].<ref name=sheridannom/><ref name=foot>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sn6dEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Decatur+Circle%22+Washington+DC&pg=RA5-PT52 | title=Washington on Foot, Sixth Edition Revised and Expanded | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | author=Bonstra, William; Meany, Judith | year=2024 | isbn=9781588347381 | access-date=2024-02-07 | archive-date=2024-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207094238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Washington_on_Foot_Sixth_Edition_Revised/sn6dEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Decatur+Circle%22+Washington+DC&pg=RA5-PT52&printsec=frontcover | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Dupont Circle]], a neighborhood to the east, became a fashionable residential area in the 1880s. Development past the Dupont Circle boundaries began that same decade, and by 1887, the lots along Massachusetts Avenue had been plotted. Soon, there were large residences being built along the avenue towards Decatur Circle. In the 1890s, the city's boundary was extended past Rock Creek, but city officials had to build a new bridge over the creek and pave Massachusetts Avenue before further development could occur.<ref name=sheridannom/>
===Sheridan Monument===▼
{{Main|Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)}}▼
===
The stone bridge that carried people and goods over Rock Creek on Massachusetts Avenue was replaced with an iron bridge in 1901, which was also replaced in the 1940s and named the [[Charles C. Glover Memorial Bridge]].<ref name=sheridannom/><ref name=massnom>{{cite web | url=https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Massachusetts%20Ave%20HD%20nom.pdf | title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - Massachusetts Avenue Historic District | publisher=National Park Service | date=May 28, 1974 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | author=Beauchamp, Tanya | archive-date=May 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515114112/https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Massachusetts%20Ave%20HD%20nom.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The large residences built along Massachusetts Avenue were designed by prominent architects from Washington, D.C., as well as ones from other major cities. Most of the residences built around Sheridan Circle were free-standing mansions, occupied by prominent members of society. The first house to be constructed that faced the circle was the [[Alice Pike Barney Studio House]], an eclectic example of [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture]], which [[Alice Pike Barney]] used as an art studio and residence. Foreign governments also became interested in building stylish, large embassies around the circle.<ref name=sheridannom/><ref name=first>{{cite news | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/307257365 | title=Touring Sheridan Circle's Historic Houses | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=March 15, 1990 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | author=Stonesifer, Jene | archive-date=February 7, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207015252/https://www.proquest.com/docview/307257365/FC1EA0967C864D83PQ/19?accountid=196403&sourcetype=Newspapers | id={{ProQuest|307257365}} | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{main|Assassination of Orlando Letelier}}▼
On September 21, 1976, [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt|Ronni Karpen Moffitt]] were killed by a [[car bomb]] in the circle. Letelier had been [[foreign minister]] in the ousted [[Salvador Allende|Allende]] government of Chile. The bombing was blamed on Chilean [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|DINA]] agents. [[Michael Townley]], a DINA U.S. expatriate among those convicted for the crime, confessed that he had hired five anti-Castro Cuban exiles to booby-trap Letelier's car. According to Jean-Guy Allard, after consultations with the [[Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations]] leadership (including [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and [[Orlando Bosch]]), those selected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans José Dionisio Suárez, [[Virgilio Paz Romero]], Alvin Ross Díaz and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll.<ref>[http://www.granma.cu/ingles/mar03/mier26/12posada.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612222833/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/mar03/mier26/12posada.html |date=June 12, 2006 }}</ref> According to the ''[[Miami Herald]]'', [[Luis Posada Carriles]] was at the meeting that decided on Letelier's death and also about the ''[[Cubana Flight 455|Cubana]]'' bombing two weeks later. ▼
[[File:General Philip Sheridan Memorial - Rienzi.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan|The statue of [[Philip Sheridan]] stands in the middle of the traffic circle.]]
A [[Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)|statue to honor General Sheridan]] was originally proposed to stand on the north side of [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] NW near 13th Street NW, at what is now [[Freedom Plaza]]. Sheridan's widow advocated to erect the statue at Sheridan Circle instead, with which the statue commission agreed. [[John Quincy Adams Ward]] was selected to sculpt the statue. Mrs. Sheridan rejected his original model, saying it was not a good likeness of her husband, and the statue commission rejected Ward's model. The commission and Mrs. Sheridan both approved of a model created by [[Gutzon Borglum]], one that was modeled after Philip Sheridan Jr.<ref name=saam>{{cite web | url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1V07K7064U615.3831&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16268~!6&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Sheridan&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Gutzon+Borglum&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 | title=General Philip Sheridan, (sculpture) | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | archive-date=February 7, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207094229/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1V07K7064U615.3831&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16268~!6&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Sheridan&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Gutzon+Borglum&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=testament>{{cite book | title=Testament to Union: Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | author=Jacob, Kathryn Allamong | year=1998 | pages=134–138 | isbn=9780801858611}}</ref> The statue and the surrounding park were dedicated on November 27, 1908, and is one of 18 [[Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.]], listed on the NRHP on September 20, 1978, and the DCIHS on March 3, 1979.<ref name=dcihs/><ref name=goode>{{cite book | title=The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C. | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | author=Goode, James M. | year=1974 | pages=259}}</ref>
In the years following [[World War I]], there was an explosion in growth of new buildings in the area. Many prominent local and national architects designed palatial residences around Sheridan Circle. During the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], many of the local residences were sold to foreign nations or various groups. After [[World War II]] ended, many of the area residences were renovated into embassies, ambassadorial residences, and attachés.<ref name=sheridannom/>
Examples include the following: the [[Edward Hamlin Everett House]], designed by [[George Oakley Totten Jr.]], is the ambassadorial residence for [[Turkey]]; the mansion at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, designed by [[William Penn Cresson]], is the [[Embassy of Ireland, Washington, D.C.|Irish embassy]]; the mansion at 1607 23rd Street NW, designed by [[Carrère and Hastings]], is the [[Embassy of Romania, Washington, D.C.|Romanian embassy]]; the [[Joseph Beale House]], designed by [[Glenn Brown (architect)|Glenn Brown]], is the ambassadorial residence for [[Egypt]]; 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, designed by Totten Jr., is the [[Embassy of Greece, Washington, D.C.|Greek embassy]]; the [[Emma S. Fitzhugh House]], designed by [[Waddy Butler Wood#Wood, Donn & Deming|Wood, Donn & Deming]], is the ambassadorial residence for the [[Philippines]]; and 2249 R Street NW, designed by [[Nathan C. Wyeth]], is the ambassadorial residence for [[Kenya]].<ref name=sheridannom/> Additional countries who own buildings on the circle include [[Embassy of South Korea, Washington, D.C.|South Korea]] (consular section) and [[Lion Building|Vietnam]]. The [[American Society of International Law]]'s headquarters is on the east side of the circle at 2223 Massachusetts Avenue NW.<ref name=sheridannom/><ref name=foot/>
===Clashes===▼
====Assassination====
▲{{main|Assassination of Orlando Letelier}}
[[File:Orlando Letelier, Washingron DC, 1976 (de Marcelo Montecino).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Orlando Letelier|[[Orlando Letelier]] in 1976, the year he was assassinated at Sheridan Circle]]
▲On September 21, 1976, [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt|Ronni Karpen Moffitt]] were killed by a [[car bomb]] in the circle. Letelier had been [[foreign minister]] in the ousted [[Salvador Allende|Allende]] government of [[Chile]]. The bombing was blamed on Chilean [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|DINA]] agents. [[Michael Townley]], a DINA U.S. expatriate among those convicted for the crime, confessed that he had hired five anti-[[Fidel Castro|Castro]]
According to news reports, [[Luis Posada Carriles]] was at the meeting that decided on Letelier's death and also about the ''[[Cubana Flight 455|Cubana]]'' bombing two weeks later.<ref name=bomb/> Letelier and Moffitt are commemorated with a small plaque embedded in the grass along the curb where they died, near the Irish and Romanian embassies.<ref name=memorial/> In 2023, Chilean President [[Gabriel Boric]] visited the memorial site where he placed flowers.<ref name=visit>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/25/chile-pinochet-coup-boric-letelier/ | title=The Chilean president's D.C. visit took me back to Pinochet's rule | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=September 25, 2023 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | author=Constable, Pamela | author-link=Pamela Constable | archive-date=September 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925205438/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/25/chile-pinochet-coup-boric-letelier/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
===21st-century===
▲====Clashes====
{{main|Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.}}
On May 16, 2017, dozens of [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) supporters and [[Kurds|Kurdish]] separatists clashed with Turkish security officials at Sheridan Circle.<ref name=thehill>{{cite news | url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/middle-east-north-africa/481973-dc-court-turkey-must-face-charges-in-sheridan/ | title=DC Court: Turkey must face charges in Sheridan Circle assault on Kurdish protesters | work=The Hill | date=February 7, 2020 | accessdate=February 7, 2024 | author=Kelly, Laura | archive-date=February 7, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207015254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/middle-east-north-africa/481973-dc-court-turkey-must-face-charges-in-sheridan/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish security personnel beat journalists and protesters during the skirmish.<ref name=thehill/> Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], visiting the
==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
File:Sheridan Statue, Washington, D.C. npcc.jpg|The [[Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)|statue]] of [[Philip Sheridan]] in the 1910s
File:Embassy of Romania United States.JPG|[[Embassy of Romania, Washington, D.C.|Romanian embassy]]
File:Embassy of Ireland in Washington DC.jpg|[[Embassy of Ireland, Washington, D.C.|Irish embassy]]
File:Embassy of Greece in Washington, D.C LCCN2011631431.tif|[[Embassy of Greece, Washington, D.C.|Greek embassy]]
File:VietnameseEmbassyResidence01.jpg|[[Embassy of Vietnam in Washington, D.C.|Vietnamese embassy]]
File:Embassy of Kenya, Washington, D.C. 002.jpg|[[Embassy of Kenya, Washington, D.C.|Kenyan embassy]]
File:Edward H. Everett House.JPG|[[Edward Hamlin Everett House|Turkish ambassadorial residence]]
File:Residence of the ambassador of the Philippines, Washington, D.C..jpg|Filipino ambassadorial residence
File:Egyptian ambassador's residence - Washington, D.C..jpg|[[Joseph Beale House]], now the Egyptian ambassadorial residence
File:Embassy of South Korea Consulate Section (Washington, D.C.).jpg|[[Embassy of South Korea, Washington, D.C.|South Korean embassy]]'s Consulate Section
File:Embassy of Latvia, Washington, D.C..jpg|Alice Pike Barney Studio House, now the [[Latvian embassy]]
File:Memorial Letelier Moffitt.jpg|Memorial to the [[Assassination of Orlando Letelier|assassination]] of [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt|Ronni Karpen Moffitt]]
</gallery>
==See also==
Line 44 ⟶ 82:
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Streets in Washington, DC}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Embassy Row]]▼
[[Category:Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)]]
[[Category:Philip Sheridan|Circle]]▼
[[Category:Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District|Circle]]
[[Category:Squares, plazas, and circles in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Streets in Washington, D.C.]]
▲[[Category:Embassy Row]]
▲[[Category:Philip Sheridan]]
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