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'''''Mycobacterium vaccae''''' is a nonpathogenic<ref name="immune">{{cite journal |last1=Lowry |first1=C.A. |last2=Hollis |first2=J.H. |last3=de Vries |first3=A. |last4=Pan |first4=B. |last5=Brunet |first5=L.R. |last6=Hunt |first6=J.R.F. |last7=Paton |first7=J.F.R. |last8=van Kampen |first8=E. |last9=Knight |first9=D.M. |last10=Evans |first10=A.K. |last11=Rook |first11=G.A.W. |last12=Lightman |first12=S.L. |title=Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: Potential role in regulation of emotional behavior |journal=Neuroscience |date=May 2007 |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=756–772 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.067 |pmid=17367941 |pmc=1868963 }}</ref> species of the [[Mycobacteriaceae]] family of [[bacterium|bacteria]] that lives naturally in [[soil]]. Its generic name originates from the [[Latin]] word, ''vacca'' ([[cow]]), since the first ''Mycobacterium'' strain was cultured from [[cow dung]] in [[Austria]].<ref name=dung>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbalert.org.uk/news_press/documents/XDRTBarticle.pdf|title=Extremely drug resistant tuberculosis – is there hope for a cure?|publisher=[[TB Alert]] – the UK's National Tuberculosis Charity|access-date=2007-04-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019051455/http://www.tbalert.org.uk/news_press/documents/XDRTBarticle.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-19}}{{MEDRS|date=December 2019}}</ref> ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' was first isolated from the [[Ugandan]] Lang'o District, where locals claimed that a "muddy substance had the power to cure a number of ailments".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mbaria |first1=John |last2=Ogada |first2=Mordecai |title=The big conservation lie: the untold story of wildlife conservation in Kenya |year=2016 |isbn=9780692787212978-0-692-78721-2 |page=114|publisher=Lens & Pens }}</ref> Research areas being pursued with regard to killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' vaccine include [[immunotherapy]] for allergic [[asthma]], [[cancer]], [[Clinical depression|depression]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title=SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in addition to standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting survival, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: phase III results|journal = Annals of Oncology |volume = 15|issue = 6|pages = 906–14|pmid = 15151947|year = 2004|last1 = O'Brien|first1 = M. E.|last2 = Anderson|first2 = H.|last3 = Kaukel|first3 = E.|last4 = O'Byrne|first4 = K.|last5 = Pawlicki|first5 = M.|last6 = von Pawel|first6 = J.|last7 = Reck|first7 = M.|doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdh220|doi-access = free}}</ref> [[leprosy]],<ref name="patent1">{{cite patent |country=US |number=4724144 |status=patent |title=Immuno-therapeutic composition of killed cells from mycobacterium vaccae |gdate=February 9, 1988 |invent1=Rook, Graham A. W. |invent2=Stanford, John L.}}</ref> [[psoriasis]], [[dermatitis]], [[eczema]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="patent1"/>
 
A research group at Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK has shown that heat-killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' injected into mice stimulated a newly discovered group of [[neurons]], increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of anxiety in mice.<ref name="immune" /> Other researchers fed live ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' to mice, then measured their ability to navigate a maze compared to control mice not fed the bacteria. "Mice that were fed live ''M. vaccae'' navigated the maze twice as fast and with less demonstrated anxiety behaviors as control mice", according to Dorothy Matthews, who conducted the research with Susan Jenks at the Sage Colleges, Troy, New York, USA.<ref name="Matthews">{{cite press release |title=Can bacteria make you smarter? |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |date=24 May 2010 |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-05/asfm-cbm052010.php |access-date=December 29, 2019 }}</ref>
 
''Mycobacterium vaccae'' is in the same [[genus]] as ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', the bacterium which causes [[tuberculosis]]. Numerous trials have indicated that exposure to oral and injectable products derived from ''M. vaccae'' bacteria can have positive effects in treating tuberculosis. Although a 20022003 review of selected clinical trials failed to find any consistent benefit of certain dosage regimens of injectable ''Mycobacterium'' products in people with tuberculosis,<ref name=cochran1>{{citeCite journal |last1last=de Bruyn |first1first=GuyG. |last2=Garner |first2=PaulP. |date=2003 |title=Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy for treating tuberculosis |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535403 |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2003 |issue=1 |pages=CD001166 |date=20 January 2003 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001166 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=12535403|pmc=6532629 }}</ref> a more recentsubsequent meta-analysis of 54 clinical studies of M. vaccae products for tuberculosis showed treatment resulted in improved sputum conversion and radiological (X-ray) assessment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiao-Yan |last2=Chen |first2=Qun-Fei |last3=Li |first3=You-Ping |last4=Wu |first4=Si-Miao |last5=Cardona |first5=Pere-Joan |title=Mycobacterium vaccae as Adjuvant Therapy to Anti-Tuberculosis Chemotherapy in Never-Treated Tuberculosis Patients: A Meta-Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |date=6 September 2011 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e23826 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023826 |pmid=21909406 |pmc=3167806 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...623826Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Medical researchers at Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine have reported two clinical trials with oral formulations of Immunitor Inc's killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' oral vaccine and An Hui Longcom's killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' oral vaccine in treating tuberculosis, including drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The research team reported greater success with the Immunitor vaccine than the An Hui Longcom vaccine.<ref name="V7 M vaccae (Immodulon)">{{cite journal |last1=Butov |first1=Dmytro A |last2=Efremenko |first2=Yuri V |last3=Prihoda |first3=Natalia D |last4=Zaitzeva |first4=Svetlana I |last5=Yurchenko |first5=Larisa V |last6=Sokolenko |first6=Nina I |last7=Butova |first7=Tetyana S |last8=Stepanenko |first8=Anna L |last9=Kutsyna |first9=Galyna A |last10=Jirathitikal |first10=Vichai |last11=Bourinbaiar |first11=Aldar S |title=Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II trial of heat-killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' (Immodulon batch) formulated as an oral pill (V7) |journal=Immunotherapy |date=October 2013 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1047–1054 |doi=10.2217/imt.13.110 |pmid=24088075 }}</ref><ref name="V7 M vaccae (Longcom)">{{cite journal |last1=Efremenko |first1=Yuri V |last2=Butov |first2=Dmytro A |last3=Prihoda |first3=Natalia D |last4=Zaitzeva |first4=Svetlana I |last5=Yurchenko |first5=Larisa V |last6=Sokolenko |first6=Nina I |last7=Butova |first7=Tetyana S |last8=Stepanenko |first8=Anna L |last9=Kutsyna |first9=Galyna A |last10=Jirathitikal |first10=Vichai |last11=Bourinbaiar |first11=Aldar S |title=Randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial of heat-killed ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' (Longcom batch) formulated as an oral pill (V7) |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |date=27 October 2014 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=1852–1856 |doi=10.4161/hv.25280 |pmid=23782489 |pmc=3906348 }}</ref> A successful Phase III clinical trial of Tubivac is published.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bourinbaiar |first1=Aldar S. |last2=Batbold |first2=Uyanga |last3=Efremenko |first3=Yuri |last4=Sanjagdorj |first4=Munkhburam |last5=Butov |first5=Dmytro |last6=Damdinpurev |first6=Narantsetseg |last7=Grinishina |first7=Elena |last8=Mijiddorj |first8=Otgonbayar |last9=Kovolev |first9=Mikola |last10=Baasanjav |first10=Khaliunaa |last11=Butova |first11=Tetyana |last12=Prihoda |first12=Natalia |last13=Batbold |first13=Ochirbat |last14=Yurchenko |first14=Larisa |last15=Tseveendorj |first15=Ariungerel |last16=Arzhanova |first16=Olga |last17=Chunt |first17=Erkhemtsetseg |last18=Stepanenko |first18=Hanna |last19=Sokolenko |first19=Nina |last20=Makeeva |first20=Natalia |last21=Tarakanovskaya |first21=Marina |last22=Borisova |first22=Vika |last23=Reid |first23=Alan |last24=Kalashnikov |first24=Valeryi |last25=Nyasulu |first25=Peter |last26=Prabowo |first26=Satria A. |last27=Jirathitikal |first27=Vichai |last28=Bain |first28=Allen I. |last29=Stanford |first29=Cynthia |last30=Stanford |first30=John |title=Phase III, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of tableted, therapeutic TB vaccine (V7) containing heat-killed M. vaccae administered daily for one month |journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |date=1 February 2020 |volume=18 |pages=100141 |doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100141 |pmid=31890902 |pmc=6933248 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
A team of researchers at the Genetics and Microbiology Department of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain discovered that ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' changes from its "smooth" type to its "rough" type (referring to how colonies of this organism appear under a microscope) at thirty degrees Celsius. They discovered that the "smooth" type of ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' has a substance on the outside of its cell wall which interferes with the production of Th-1 [[cytokines]], responsible for some kinds of [[T-helper cell]] [[immune response]]. The team also found that the [[spleen]] cells of mice inoculated with "rough" ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' produced more Th-1 cytokines than those inoculated with "smooth" ''Mycobacterium vaccae''. The researchers say this may explain why different vaccines made from ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' vary in their effectiveness in increasing immune response to other organisms during [[clinical trials]].<ref name="polyester">{{factcite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Güell |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Agustí |first2=Gemma |last3=Corominas |first3=Mercè |last4=Cardona |first4=Pere-Joan |last5=Casals |first5=Isidre |last6=Parella |first6=Teodor |last7=Sempere |first7=Marco-Antonio |last8=Luquin |first8=Marina |last9=Julián |first9=Esther |title=The production of a new extracellular putative long-chain saturated polyester by smooth variants of Mycobacterium vaccae interferes with Th1-cytokine production |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |date=December2 May 2006 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=93–108 |doi=10.1007/s10482-006-9062-1 |pmid=16652204 |s2cid=11860047 2019}}</ref>
 
The researchers say this may explain why different vaccines made from ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' vary in their effectiveness in increasing immune response to other organisms during [[clinical trials]].<ref name="polyester">{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Güell |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Agustí |first2=Gemma |last3=Corominas |first3=Mercè |last4=Cardona |first4=Pere-Joan |last5=Casals |first5=Isidre |last6=Parella |first6=Teodor |last7=Sempere |first7=Marco-Antonio |last8=Luquin |first8=Marina |last9=Julián |first9=Esther |title=The production of a new extracellular putative long-chain saturated polyester by smooth variants of Mycobacterium vaccae interferes with Th1-cytokine production |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |date=2 May 2006 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=93–108 |doi=10.1007/s10482-006-9062-1 |pmid=16652204 |s2cid=11860047 }}</ref>
 
A study conducted in 2017-2018 revealed that ''Mycobacterium vaccae'' lysate may prevent the development of atopic dermatitis symptoms when applied topically.<ref name="Nesmiyanov2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nesmiyanov |first1=P |last2=Gutov |first2=M |last3=Strygin |first3=A |last4=Tolkachev |first4=B |last5=Morkovin |first5=E |last6=Dotsenko |first6=A |date=29 May 2018 |title=M. vaccae-based formulation for theprimary prevention of atopic dermatitis |page=107 }} in {{cite journal |title=Abstracts OAS |journal=Allergy |date=August 2018 |volume=73 |pages=3–115 |doi=10.1111/all.13535 |pmid=30393929 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In a 2019 study, scientists identified a lipid called [[10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid]] found in ''Mycobacterium vaccae'', and discovered that inside stimulated immune cells ([[macrophages]]), the lipid binds to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibiting a number of key pathways which drive inflammation.<ref name="SmithMartinelli2019">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David G. |last2=Martinelli |first2=Roberta |last3=Besra |first3=Gurdyal S. |last4=Illarionov |first4=Petr A. |last5=Szatmari |first5=Istvan |last6=Brazda |first6=Peter |last7=Allen |first7=Mary A. |last8=Xu |first8=Wenqing |last9=Wang |first9=Xiang |last10=Nagy |first10=László |last11=Dowell |first11=Robin D. |last12=Rook |first12=Graham A. W. |last13=Rosa Brunet |first13=Laura |last14=Lowry |first14=Christopher A. |title=Identification and characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory lipid isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a soil-derived bacterium with immunoregulatory and stress resilience properties |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=22 May 2019 |volume=236 |issue=5 |pages=1653–1670 |doi=10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9 |pmid=31119329 |pmc=6626661 }}</ref>
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