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{{Short description|State capitol building of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania}}
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[[File:Hills Capitol.jpg|thumb
The '''Pennsylvania State Capitol''' is the [[seat of government]] for the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]] located in [[downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|downtown]] [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].
▲The '''Pennsylvania State Capitol''' is the [[seat of government]] for the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]] located in [[downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|downtown]] [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] which was designed by architect [[Joseph Miller Huston]] in 1902 and completed in 1906 in a [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] style with decorative [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance]] themes throughout. The capitol houses the legislative chambers for the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]], made up of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Pennsylvania State Senate|Senate]], and the Harrisburg chambers for the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania|Supreme]] and [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania|Superior]] Courts of Pennsylvania, as well as the offices of the [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor]] and the [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania|Lieutenant Governor]]. It is also the main building of the [[Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex]].
The seat of government for the state was initially in [[Philadelphia]], then was relocated to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] in 1799 and finally to Harrisburg in 1812. The current capitol, known as the Huston Capitol, is the third state capitol building built in Harrisburg. The first, the Hills Capitol, was destroyed in 1897 by a fire. The second, the Cobb Capitol, was left unfinished when funding was discontinued in 1899.
President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] attended the building's dedication in 1906.
The Pennsylvania State Capitol is often referred to as a "
==History==
[[William Penn]] formed the first government of the then-[[Province of Pennsylvania]] on October 28, 1682, in [[Chester, Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=23}} The government did not have a regular meeting place and often met in [[Friends meeting house|Quaker meeting houses]] or at private residences in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania's first statehouse, now known as [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]], was built in Philadelphia starting in 1732 and was completed in 1753.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=25}}
With both the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the [[First Continental Congress|First]] and [[Second Continental Congress]]es, and the [[Confederation Congress]], three predecessors of the modern [[Congress of the United States]] occupying Independence Hall from 1774 to 1789, the state legislature considered proposals for moving the seat of the state government. [[John Harris Jr. (settler)|John Harris Jr.]] offered to give {{cvt|4|acre|ha|0}} and 21 [[Perch (unit)#Area|square perches]] (5,717 ft<sup>2</sup>; 531 m<sup>2</sup>) of land near the banks of the [[Susquehanna River]] in central Pennsylvania to the state, provided that it be eventually used as the site of the capital.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xii}}{{sfn|Barton|Dorman|2002|p=20}} Harris also laid out a city in 1785, near his plot of land, and named it in honor of [[John Harris Sr.|his father]].
=== Hills Capitol ===▼
The legislature voted in 1810 to relocate the capital again and moved the seat of government to Harrisburg in October 1812 onto the land originally given by Harris a decade earlier.{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=3}} An additional {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} was also purchased from [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[William Maclay (politician)|William Maclay]].{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=32}} The legislature met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] courthouse for the next decade until a new capitol was constructed.{{sfn|Colson|1906|p=32}} A competition was held to determine the design of the capitol starting in 1816, which "was the first formal contest for [designing] an American statehouse."{{sfn|Hitchcock|Seale|1976|p=60}} The designs submitted, including one from [[William Strickland (architect)|William Strickland]], were rejected as being too expensive. Another contest was started in January 1819. Of the seventeen designs submitted, two were selected as semifinalists. One was from Harrisburg architect [[Stephen Hills]], and the other was from the designer of the [[Washington Monument]], [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]]; Hills' design was selected.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=39}} Hills had designed a "red-brick, [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style" capitol to "architecturally represent the function of democratic government."{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xii}} Construction began on the Hills Capitol in 1819, and it was completed in 1822. The capitol's construction and subsequent furnishing were estimated to have cost [[United States dollar|$]]244,500.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=49}} The Hills Capitol was visited by famous people, including the [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de Lafayette]] in 1825 and Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, (later King [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]) in 1860.{{sfn|Millard|1936|p=3}} [[Abraham Lincoln]] visited the capitol in 1861 as [[President-elect of the United States|president-elect]], and then his body [[lying in state|lay in state]] thereafter his 1865 assassination.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beers |first=Paul B |title=Harrisburg: Pennsylvania's Capital City |year=1969 |journal=Historic Pennsylvania Leaflet #9 |location=[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref> Pennsylvania's collection of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] battle flags, which were accumulated in 1866, was moved from the State Arsenal to the second floor of the capitol in 1872.{{sfn|Sauer|1987|p=31}} The flags were moved, again, in 1895 to the Executive, Library, and Museum Building.{{sfn|Sauer|1987|p=32}} On February 2, 1897, smoke was discovered from the Lieutenant Governor's offices around noon. By early evening, the Hills Capitol had been reduced to a "smoldering mass of debris." {{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=64}}▼
In 1799, the legislature voted to relocate the capital to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] instead of Harrisburg, because of Lancaster's greater population.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xii}}{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=31}} From 1799 to 1812, the legislature resided in Lancaster at the [[Old City Hall (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)|Old City Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url={{NRHP-PA|H001070_01H.pdf}} |work=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form |title=Old City Hall |access-date=July 3, 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Register of Historic Sites and Landmarks |date=April 1972}}</ref>
=== Cobb Capitol ===▼
[[File:Cobb Capitol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Cobb Capitol (1899–1902)|alt=A sepia-toned photograph of a large, rectangular building.]]▼
After the destruction of the Hills Capitol, the now "homeless" legislature moved to a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist Church]].{{sfn|Colson|1906|p=52}} There were soon demands that the capital be relocated to [[Pittsburgh]] or Philadelphia; the legislature quickly appropriated money to build a new capitol in Harrisburg.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=73}} Governor [[Daniel H. Hastings]] opted for a [[PAYGO|pay-as-you-go]] policy to allow the construction costs to be spread over multiple annual budgets. Governor Hastings also figured that $550,000 was enough to build "a small legislative building" that could be added onto as needed over time.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=71}} After building designs were submitted by various architects in another competition, [[Henry Ives Cobb]] was chosen in 1897 to design the new capitol. Construction of the Cobb Capitol began on May 2, 1898. The legislature met in the finished building, which they had deemed complete, even though it was an "unadorned, unfinished, several-story brown brick structure that looked like a factory" on January 3, 1899.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}} Cobb himself described the building simply as "ugly" but believed that he would be able to finish it eventually when more funding became available.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=83}}▼
===
The legislature voted in 1810 to relocate the capital again and moved the seat of government to Harrisburg in October 1812 onto the land originally given by Harris a decade earlier.{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=3}} An additional {{cvt|10|acre|ha|0}} was also purchased from [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[William Maclay (politician)|William Maclay]].{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=32}} The legislature met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] courthouse for the next decade until a new capitol was constructed.{{sfn|Colson|1906|p=32}} A competition was held to determine the design of the capitol starting in 1816, which "was the first formal contest for [designing] an American statehouse."{{sfn|Hitchcock|Seale|1976|p=60}} The designs submitted, including one from [[William Strickland (architect)|William Strickland]], were rejected as being too expensive. Another contest was started in January 1819. Of the seventeen designs submitted, two were selected as semifinalists. One was from [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] architect [[Stephen Hills]], and the other was from the designer of the [[Washington Monument]], [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]]; Hills' design was selected.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=39}} Hills had designed a "red-brick, [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style" capitol to "architecturally represent the function of democratic government."{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xii}}
[[File:Wrau-pennsylvania-state-capitol.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|The capitol building, photographed by [[William H. Rau]] shortly after its dedication]]▼
Governor [[William A. Stone]] appointed a new Capitol Building Commission in 1901. The commission then held another design competition for Pennsylvania architects only, which prevented Cobb, a [[Chicago]]an, from submitting a design or finishing his capitol.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=88}} The Building Commission also stipulated that parts of the unfinished, current capitol were to be used in the new capitol. The General Assembly had appropriated $4 million for the construction of the capitol. It did not limit the total amount to be used in furnishing the building. This caused problems after the construction completion of the capitol.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=88}} The [[American Institute of Architects]] was opposed to competition, citing that the terms of the competition were "calculated to only 'encourage favoritism and injustice' and that they in no way obligated the Capitol [Building] Commission to select the best design or the best architect."<ref name="art">{{Cite news |title=Art Notes |date=February 10, 1902 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 9, 2010 |page=5 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/02/10/101935154.pdf}}</ref> The Institute also advised that no Pennsylvania architects enter the competition; Philadelphia architect [[Addison Hutton]] was subsequently expelled from the organization after submitting an entry.<ref name="art"/> Joseph Miller Huston's design was chosen from nine entries in the competition in January 1902.▼
▲
The ground was broken for the Huston Capitol on November 2, 1902, but the cornerstone was not laid until May 5, 1904.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiv}} Ownership of the capitol was handed over to the state government on August 15, 1906, and the Capitol Building Commission was dissolved.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=31}}▼
[[File:Pennsylvania Capitol dedication with Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Stereoscopy|Stereo card]] of President Roosevelt at the 1906 dedication of the Huston Capitol|alt=Two identical photos of a man looking out over a large crowd. The images are mounted side-by-side on a card.]]▼
▲[[File:Cobb Capitol.jpg|thumb|
▲After the destruction of the Hills Capitol, the now "homeless" legislature moved to a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist Church]].{{sfn|Colson|1906|p=52}} There were soon demands that the capital be relocated to [[Pittsburgh]] or Philadelphia; the legislature quickly appropriated money to build a new capitol in Harrisburg.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=73}} Governor [[Daniel H. Hastings]] opted for a [[PAYGO|pay-as-you-go]] policy to allow the construction costs to be spread over multiple annual budgets. Governor Hastings also figured that $550,000 was enough to build "a small legislative building" that could be added onto as needed over time.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=71}} After building designs were submitted by various architects in another competition, [[Henry Ives Cobb]] was chosen in 1897 to design the new capitol. Construction of the Cobb Capitol began on May 2, 1898. The legislature met in the finished building, which they had deemed complete, even though it was an "unadorned, unfinished, several-story brown brick structure that looked like a factory" on January 3, 1899.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}} Cobb himself described the building simply as "ugly" but believed that he would be able to finish it eventually when more funding became available.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=83}}
Governor [[Samuel W. Pennypacker]] dedicated the new capitol on October 4, 1906. Former Governor Stone, who had become president of the Building Commission after leaving office, ceremoniously gave the key to the capitol to Governor Pennypacker. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who had arrived earlier that morning by a special train to deliver a speech and tour the new capitol, declared it "the handsomest building I ever saw." {{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xvii}} The [[Pennsylvania Railroad|Pennsylvania]], [[Northern Central Railway|Northern Central]], [[Reading Company|Reading]], and [[Cumberland Valley Railroad|Cumberland Valley]] railroads each ran special trains to accommodate the crowds traveling to and from Harrisburg for the dedication.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=125}}▼
▲[[File:Wrau-pennsylvania-state-capitol.jpg
▲[[File:Pennsylvania Capitol dedication with Roosevelt.jpg|thumb
▲Governor [[William A. Stone]] appointed a new Capitol Building Commission in 1901. The commission then held another design competition for Pennsylvania architects only, which prevented Cobb, a [[Chicago]]an, from submitting a design or finishing his capitol.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=88}} The Building Commission also stipulated that parts of the unfinished, current capitol were to be used in the new capitol. The General Assembly had appropriated $4 million for the construction of the capitol. It did not limit the total amount to be used in furnishing the building. This caused problems after the construction completion of the capitol.{{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|p=88}} The [[American Institute of Architects]] was opposed to competition, citing that the terms of the competition were "calculated to only 'encourage favoritism and injustice' and that they in no way obligated the Capitol [Building] Commission to select the best design or the best architect."<ref name="art">{{Cite news |title=Art Notes |date=February 10, 1902 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 9, 2010 |page=5 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/02/10/101935154.pdf}}</ref> The Institute also advised that no Pennsylvania architects enter the competition;
▲The ground was broken for the Huston Capitol on November 2, 1902, but the cornerstone was not laid until May 5, 1904.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiv}} Ownership of the capitol was handed over to the state government on August 15, 1906, and the Capitol Building Commission was dissolved.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=31}}
Although the building was completed, most of the artwork in and around the capitol would not be completed for another two decades. The murals in the rotunda were not installed until 1908, and the sculptures outside the entrance to the capitol were dedicated on October 4, 1911.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=33}} The collection of Civil War flags were removed from the Executive, Library, and Museum Building. After a parade and a ceremony, they were installed in glass display cases in the capitol rotunda on June 14, 1914.{{sfn|Sauer|1987|p=35}} The decoration of the capitol was completed on May 23, 1927, when the murals in the Supreme Court Chambers were unveiled.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=34}}▼
▲Governor [[Samuel W. Pennypacker]] dedicated the new capitol on October 4, 1906. Former Governor Stone, who had become president of the Building Commission after leaving office, ceremoniously gave the key to the capitol to Governor Pennypacker. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who had arrived earlier that morning by a special train to deliver a speech and tour the new capitol, declared it "the handsomest building I ever saw."
[[William H. Berry]] was elected in 1906, shortly after the dedication, to the office of [[Pennsylvania Treasurer|State Treasurer]] on a reform "[[electoral fusion|fusion ticket]]." Berry was the only [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] elected to a statewide office from 1895 to 1934. Governor Pennypacker deemed his successful campaign to be "one of those freaks of ill fortune." {{sfn|Pennypacker|1911|p=36}} Berry began investigating the costs of the capitol project and brought its $13 million pricetag to the attention of the public. Part of the reason for the discrepancy was Pennsylvania's "over-elaborate" and sometimes "unintelligible" method of "ordering and purchasing supplies, equipment [and] furnishings, commonly called the 'per-foot rule' ." {{sfn|Capitol Preservation Committee|2006|pp=171, 174}} Because the methods of measuring under the "per-foot rule" were not rigorously enforced, furnishing could be intentionally overpriced by the supplier. For example, a [[flagpole]] installed on the capitol roof was priced at $850; Berry estimated the value of the pole to have been only $150.{{sfn|Pennypacker|1911|pp=39–40}} Other expenses included $1,619 for a $125 [[shoeshiner|bootblack]] stand and $3,257 for a $325 "[[mahogany]] case in the Senate barber shop".<ref>{{Cite news |title=$125 Bootblack Stand for $1,919 |date=March 26, 1907 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=3}}</ref>▼
▲Although the building was completed, most of the artwork in and around the capitol would not be completed for another two decades. The murals in the rotunda were not installed until 1908, and the sculptures outside the entrance to the capitol were dedicated on October 4, 1911.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=33}} The collection of Civil War flags were removed from the Executive, Library, and Museum Building.
Pennypacker tried to demonstrate that costs associated with the capitol were reasonable in comparison with similar notable structures. He pointed out that the [[United States Capitol]] cost $18 million, but had "fifty-five less [rooms] than the Capitol at Harrisburg."{{sfn|Pennypacker|1911|p=31}} Pennypacker also showed how the [[New York State Capitol]] had cost $24 million, and was still unfinished.{{sfn|Pennypacker|1911|p=31}} After an investigation, a total of five people, including Huston, were convicted on December 18, 1908, and sentenced to two years in prison for "conspiring with State officials to defraud the State in the erection and furnishing of the Capitol."<ref>{{cite news |title=Huston goes to prison |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/05/24/105027877.pdf |date=May 24, 1911 |work=The New York Times |page=1 |access-date=November 18, 2009}}▼
</ref><ref name="graft">{{cite news |title=Graft sentences upheld |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/03/08/104924021.pdf |date=March 8, 1910 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=2 |access-date=November 18, 2009}}</ref> The Superintendent of Public Ground and Buildings James Shumaker and Auditor General William P. Snyder were also convicted. Among the convicted, John H. Sanderson and [[William L. Mathues]] died before going to prison.<ref name="graft"/>▼
====Graft
▲[[William H. Berry]] was elected in 1906, shortly after the dedication, to the office of [[Pennsylvania Treasurer|State Treasurer]] on a reform "[[electoral fusion|fusion ticket]]
[[File:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Skyline of Harrisburg from the [[Susquehanna River]], with the capitol dome in the center|alt=A city located on the opposite side of a large river, with a domed building in the city center.]]▼
▲Pennypacker tried to demonstrate that costs associated with the capitol were reasonable in comparison with similar notable structures.
▲</ref><ref name="graft">{{cite news |title=Graft sentences upheld |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/03/08/104924021.pdf |date=March 8, 1910 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=2 |access-date=November 18, 2009}}</ref> The Superintendent of Public Ground and Buildings James Shumaker and Auditor General [[William
====Brunner plan====
▲[[File:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building.jpg|thumb|
From 1912 to 1917, the state acquired all of the 541 separate properties that comprise the Eighth Ward east of the capitol. The Eighth Ward was situated between the capitol and a set of railroad tracks, then owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.{{sfn|Inglewood|1925|p=46}} [[Arnold Brunner]] was hired in 1916 to develop new accommodations for state government, which had already outgrown the capitol.{{sfn|Price|1923|pp=289, 291}} He introduced his plan in 1920, which called, first, for the demolition of the Eighth Ward.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=15}} Brunner planned two office buildings behind the capitol, the North and South Office Buildings, and these were separated by a [[courtyard]] he named the People's Court. The South Office Building was completed in 1921. The leveling of the Eighth Ward was finished in 1925.{{sfn|Inglewood|1925|p=46}}
Although Brunner died on February 14, 1925, elements of his plans were still completed, except for his People's Court, which became a [[parking lot]].{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=14}} Brunner planned a bridge to cross the railroad tracks and connect the capitol with the highest point in the city at 13th Street.{{sfn|Price|1923|p=294}} Brunner had also originally planned to have another bridge span the Susquehanna River, on the west side of the capitol. After his death, parts of the bridge were redesigned and became the current [[State Street Bridge (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)|State Street Bridge]], which was completed in 1930. The Education Building, or Forum Building, was completed in 1931.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=21}}
====
The [[Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission]] erected two [[List of Pennsylvania state historical markers|historical markers]] on August 11, 1953—one commemorating the Hills Capitol and another for the current capitol.<ref name="PAHMDB">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/pennsylvania_historical_marker_program/2539/search_for_historical_markers |title=PHMC Historical Markers Search |work=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |format=Searchable database |access-date=February 1, 2015}}</ref> The capitol was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1977.<ref name="focus"/>
==
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The capitol is {{
Huston designed the large bronze doors at the capitol's main entrance. They were modeled by sculptor Otto Jahnsen and were both cast in one piece using the [[lost-wax casting|lost wax]] method of casting by the Henry Bonnard Bronze Company.{{sfn|Caffin|1906|p=18}} The doors are decorated with scenes from the history of Pennsylvania, such as the arrival of William Penn and his peace treaty with the [[Lenape]]. [[Bust (sculpture)|Busts]] of people who were important in the construction of the capitol, like Governor Pennypacker, [[Boies Penrose]], and [[Matthew Quay]], decorate the edges of the doors.{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=7}} The bust of Huston hides the doors' keyhole.
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The entrance is flanked by two sculptures, entitled [[Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups|''Love and Labor: The Unbroken Law'' and ''The Burden of Life: The Broken Law'']]. Both were sculpted out of [[Carrara]] marble from models created by [[George Grey Barnard]] in 1909.{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=21}}
===
The Pennsylvania Capitol Grounds, officially the Capitol Park, comprises {{
A {{
==
[[File:Rotunda in Pennsylvania State Capitol Building.jpg
The Pennsylvania State Capitol houses the chambers for the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]], the [[Pennsylvania Senate]], and the Harrisburg chambers for the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]]. The Capitol contains 475 rooms and has four [[storey|floors]], not including a [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] between the first and second floors, and a basement.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=35}}
{{
===House Chamber===
[[File:Pennsylvania State Capitol House Chamber.jpg|thumb
The lower house of the bicameral General Assembly, the House of Representatives, has 203 members, elected for a term of 2 years, and presided over by the [[Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]. The House Chamber, or Hall of the House, is the largest of the three chambers at {{
▲[[File:Pennsylvania State Capitol House Chamber.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Chamber of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from the gallery. The painting ''Apotheosis of Pennsylvania'' is visible on the far wall of the chamber.|alt=A view of a large, ornately-decorated room with several rows of curved desks arranged in a semicircle. A large mural is visible on the wall at the far end of the room.]]
The House Chamber was designed with an [[Italian Renaissance]] theme.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiv}} [[William B. Van Ingen]] created the fourteen circular, stained-glass windows in the House Chamber,<ref name="Van Ingen">{{Cite web |url=http://cpc.state.pa.us/cpcweb/web/guest/william-brantley-van-ingen |title=William Brantley Van Ingen |access-date=July 3, 2012 |publisher=Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.
===Senate Chamber===
The Senate is the upper house of the state legislature and has 50 members, elected to
The only green marble ever found in Ireland is in Connemara, Galway. The marble is from the pre-Cambrian era so that tells us it is over 500 million years old.
Earthquakes created the horizontal and vertical lines in the marble. The Streamstown Marble quarry in Clifden, Galway is the oldest of the Connemara marble quarries. It was opened in 1822 by the Joyce Family. The Joyce name was to become synonymous with Connemara Marble supplying buildings with Ireland’s marble.
In 1895, New York marble merchant Robert C Fisher imported large quantities to the States. It adorns many buildings, especially churches and cathedrals. The most famous examples in America can be seen in the Senate Chamber and Senate Post Office of the State Capital Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
In the Galway quarry, there is a pocket of a rare Connemara marble called Irish Jade. All the walls and door frames of the Senate Chamber of the Capitol Building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania are done in a variety of Irish Jade marble. It was installed in 1901.
It is the finest example of Connemara marble in any public building in the world.
===Supreme Court Chamber===
[[File:LAW mural photograph.jpg|thumb|''Divine Law'', a mural by Violet Oakley in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's chamber
The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] is the [[supreme court|court of last resort]] in the Commonwealth. The [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania]] is one of two intermediate [[appellate court]]s in the state. The Supreme Court Chamber, officially the Supreme and Superior Court Chamber, is used by both courts and was designed using ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] themes.{{sfn|The Pennsylvania Manual|2006|p=xiv}} It is located on the fourth floor of the capitol, on the east side of the rotunda. The Supreme Court Chamber is the smallest of the three chambers at {{
Violet Oakley painted the 16 murals in the "Supreme Courtroom" to depict the history of law.{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=36}} The cycle of 16 panels, painted between 1917 and 1927, begins and ends with ''Divine Law'' as its keystone, over the main entrance.
==Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex
{{Main|Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex}}
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The oldest building in the complex is the Executive, Library, and Museum Building. Situated next to the Hills Capitol and the Huston Capitol, it was built in 1894. It was designated the Matthew J. Ryan Legislative Office Building on June 14, 1999, in recognition of former Speaker [[Matthew J. Ryan]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pennsylvania General Assembly |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/US/HTM/1999/0/0016..HTM |title=Act of Jun. 22, 1999, P.L. 113, No. 16 |access-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> The Ryan Office Building is the oldest building in the complex and was initially designed to house the [[State Library of Pennsylvania|State Library]] and [[State Museum of Pennsylvania]], as well as the Governor's Office and Reception Room. Today it houses the offices of the members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=15}}
The seven-story North and South Office Buildings are situated behind the capitol and overlook the East Wing.{{sfn|Ellis|2006|p=18}} The South Office Building was renamed the K. Leroy Irvis Office Building on December 20, 2002, in recognition of former Speaker [[K. Leroy Irvis]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Pennsylvania General Assembly |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/US/HTM/2002/0/0236..HTM |title=Act of Dec. 30, 2002, P.L. 2088, No. 236 |access-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> The State Museum and [[Pennsylvania State Archives|State Archives]] buildings were constructed in 1964. A {{
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*[[List of state and territorial capitols in the United States]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania]]
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*{{portal-inline|National Register of Historic Places}}
*[[Government of Pennsylvania]]
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:a. {{Note label|A|a|none}}The 28 Pennsylvanians shown in the painting are: [[John Bartram]] and son [[William Bartram]] (counted as one), [[Daniel Boone]], [[Andrew Curtin]], [[George M. Dallas|George Mifflin Dallas]], [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]], [[Oliver Evans]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Stephen Girard]], [[Winfield Scott Hancock]], [[Henry Hudson]], [[Johannes Kelpius]], [[Thomas McKean]], [[George Meade]], [[Peter Minuit]], [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], [[Peter Muhlenberg|John Peter Muhlenberg]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Francis Pastorius]], [[William Penn]], [[Walter Raleigh]], [[David Rittenhouse]], [[Benjamin Rush]], [[William Smith (Anglican priest)|William Smith]], [[Thaddeus Stevens]], [[Anthony Wayne]], [[William White (Bishop of Pennsylvania)|William White]], and [[Caspar Wistar (physician)|Caspar Wistar]].{{sfn|"The Capitol"|2007|p=19}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Pennsylvania State Capitol}}
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{{Pennsylvania}}
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[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex]]
[[Category:Philadelphia in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Renaissance Revival architecture in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:State capitols in the United States]]
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