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==Early history==
Several theories speculate about the origins of the Cossacks. According to one theory, [[Cossacks]] have [[Slavic peoples |Slavic]] origins,<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hill|first1= Fiona|last2= Gaddy|first2= Clifford G.|title= The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MtmQM_fDrsEC&pg=PT81|year= 2003|publisher= Brookings Institution Press|isbn= 0-8157-9618-8|page= 81|chapter= Siberia - Plenty of Room for Error}}</ref> while another theory states that the [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk]] of 1710 attests to [[Khazar]] origins.<ref>The connection is in part supported by old Cossack ethnonyms such as ''kazara'' ({{lang-ru|казара}}), ''kazarla'' ({{lang-ru|казарла}}), ''kozarlyhi'' ({{lang-ua|козарлюги}}), ''kazare'' ({{lang-ru|казарре}}); cf. N. D. Gostev, "About the use of "Kazarа" and other derivative words", ''Kazarla'' ethnic magazine, 2010, No.1. [[Www.kazarla.ru|(link)]] The name of the Khazars in Old Russian chronicles is ''kozare'' ({{lang-ua|козаре}}).</ref> Modern scholars believe that Cossacks have both [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins.<ref>In the 19th century, [[Peter V. Golubovsky]] of [[Kiev University]] explained that the [[Severians]] made up a significant part of early-medieval Russians and Khazars. He described the Khazar state as the "Slavic stronghold in the East". Many Khazars, like Cossacks, as described in [[The Cossacks (novel)| ''The Cossacks'']] by Leo Tolstoy, could be Slavic-Turkic bilinguals. *{{in lang|ru}} Golubovsky Peter V. (1884) [http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3143/10047/ ''Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries''] (Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX—XIII вв.); available at [[Runivers.ru]] in [[DjVu]] format. Later [[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]] and his school confirmed many of Golubovsky's conclusions.</ref> The Academician [[Ivan Zabelin]] mentioned that peoples of the prairies and of the woods had always needed "a live frontier", and even ancient Borisphenites ([[
* Vasili Glazkov claims that the data of [[Byzantine Empire| Byzantine]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Arab]] historians support that. According to this view, by 1261, Cossacks lived in the area between the rivers [[Dniester]] and the [[Volga]], as described for the first time in Russian chronicles.</ref> specifically mentioning 948 as the year when the inhabitants of the steppe under a [[leader]] named ''Kasak'' or ''Kazak'' routed the Khazars in the area of modern [[Kuban]] and organized a state called ''Kazakia'' or ''[[Cossackia]]''.<ref>Newland, Samuel J.(1991), ''Cossacks in the German army, 1941-1945'', p. 65. [[Routledge]], {{ISBN|0-7146-3351-8}}</ref>
Cossacks were{{when?|date=April 2021}} mainly East Slavs.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cossack|title= Cossack {{!}} Russian and Ukrainian people|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date= 2018-08-24|language= en}}</ref> In the 15th century, the term originally described semi-independent [[Tatar]] groups which lived on the [[
Some historians suggest that the Cossack people had mixed ethnic origins, descending from [[Russians]], [[Khazars]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Tatars]], and others who settled or passed through the boundless [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]land that stretches from central Asia to southeastern Europe.<ref name="Newland">Samuel J Newland, ''Cossacks in the German Army, 1941-1945'', Routledge, 1991, {{ISBN| 0-7146-3351-8}}</ref>
Some [[Turkology | Turkologists]] argue that [[Cumania]]'s Cossacks descend from [[Kipchaks]], who partly originated near the northern Chinese borders and soon moved to [[Western Siberia]]. Afterwards they migrated further west into the trans-Volga region (present-day western [[Kazakhstan]]). In the 11th century they finally arrived in the steppe area north of the Black Sea in [[southern Russia]] and eastern Ukraine. They are closely related to modern [[Kazakhs]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kipchak-people|title= Kipchak {{!}} people|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date= 2018-08-24|language= en}}</ref>
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In the 16th century, Cossack societies created two relatively independent territorial organisations:
* [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporizhia]], on the lower bends of the river [[Dnieper
* the [[Don Cossack State]], on the river Don, separated from the Russian state by rebel [[Nogais |Nogai]] and Tatar tribes.
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Numerous historical documents of that period refer to the Don Cossacks in Russia as a sovereign ethno-cultural people with a unique warrior culture. Cossacks conducted raids and pillaging against their neighbours as important sources of income. Already in 1444 Cossacks of [[Ryazan]] were mentioned as defenders of [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]] against the units of [[Golden Horde]] and in a letter of [[Ivan III of Russia]] in 1502. The area around the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]] was divided between the [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean west side]] and the [[Nogai Horde|Nogai east side]] after the Golden Horde fell in 1480. The vast steppe of the Don region was populated by runaway serfs, by those who longed for freedom, by people who were not satisfied with the existing social order. Over time, the culture of the Don Cossacks was formed into a united community and were called "the Cossacks".
The Don
Their first recorded naval raid into the [[Black Sea]] dates to 1538, with an attack on the fortress of [[Ochakiv]]. This was followed by more frequent and better-organised raids elsewhere, the freeing of Christian slaves being one of the chief aims, as well as the acquisition of plunder. Their success was such that they attracted the attention of the western European powers, including the Papacy, who made diplomatic overtures in the hope of launching joint ventures against the Turks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of economic relations between Russia and China : from modernization to Maoism|last=Sladkovskiĭ, M. I. (Mikhail Iosifovich), author.|isbn=9781351515566|pages=3|oclc=994145587|date = 5 July 2017|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> In 1539, Grand Prince [[Vasili III of Russia]] asked the Ottoman Sultan to curb the Cossacks and the Sultan replied: "The Cossacks do not swear allegiance to me, and they live as they themselves please." In 1549, the Tsar of Russia, [[Ivan the Terrible]], replied to a request of the Turkish Sultan to stop the aggressive actions of the Don Cossacks, stating, "The Cossacks of the Don are not my subjects, and they go to war or live in peace without my knowledge."
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