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{{short description|Data format used for audio compact discs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox storage medium
| name = Compact Disc Digital Audio
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{{optical disc authoring}}
'''Compact Disc Digital Audio''' ('''CDDA''' or '''CD-DA'''), also known as '''Digital Audio Compact Disc''' or simply as '''Audio CD''', is the [[standardization|standard]] format for audio [[compact disc]]s. The standard is defined in the '''''Red Book''''', one of a series of [[Rainbow Books]] (named for their binding colors) that contain the [[technical specification]]s for all CD [[content format|formats]]. CDDA utilizes [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM) and uses a [[44,100 Hz]] sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution, and was originally specified to store up to 74 minutes of [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio per disc.
The first commercially available audio [[CD player]], the [[Sony CDP-101]], was released in October 1982 in Japan. The format gained worldwide acceptance in 1983–84, selling more than a million CD players in those two years, to play 22.5 million discs.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ken C. |last=Pohlmann |date=2000 |title=Principles of Digital Audio |page=244 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-134819-5}}</ref> In the [[music industry]], audio CDs have been generally sold as either a [[CD single]] (now largely dormant), or as full-length [[Album|albums]], the latter of which has been more commonplace since the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999: The Year the Record Industry Lost Control |url=https://theafterword.co.uk/1999-the-year-the-record-industry-lost-control/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=theafterword.co.uk}}</ref>
Beginning in the 2000s, CDs were increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that by 2010 the number of audio CDs being sold in the U.S. had dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remained one of the primary distribution methods for the [[music industry]].<ref name="AutoMR-2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/31/business/media/31bestbuy.html | work=The New York Times | title=As CD Sales Wane, Music Retailers Diversify | first=Joseph | last=Plambeck | date=30 May 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501175846/
== History ==
The [[optophone]], first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a [[Negative (photography)|transparent photograph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/5100/Funkschau_4Jg_0131_1v1_v20.pdf|title=Das Photo als Schalplatte|language=de|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404173739/
The compact disc is an evolution of [[LaserDisc]] technology,{{r|Immink}} where a focused [[laser]] beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by
=== Digital audio laser-disc prototypes ===
In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of {{cvt|20|cm}} and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<ref>{{cite news |url=
[[Heitaro Nakajima]], who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, [[NHK]], in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital [[PCM adaptor]] that made audio recordings using a [[Betamax]] video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 | title=Heitaro Nakajima | magazine=Billboard | date=8 January 2000 | access-date=4 November 2014 | author=McClure, Steve | pages=68 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065246/
=== Collaboration and standardization ===
[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|upright|Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980]]
In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] and [[Toshitada Doi]], the research pushed forward [[laser]] and [[optical disc]] technology.<ref name="BBC6950933">{{cite news | url =
Philips coined the term ''compact disc'' in line with another audio product, the [[Compact Cassette]],<ref name="peek">{{cite journal |first=Hans B. |last=Peek |title=The Emergence of the Compact Disc |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=January 2010 |pages=10–17 |volume=48 |number=1 |issn=0163-6804 |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 |s2cid=21402165 }}</ref> and contributed the general manufacturing [[Industrial process|process]], based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed [[eight-to-fourteen modulation]] (EFM), while Sony contributed the [[error-correction]] method, [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC]], which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.
''The Compact Disc Story'',<ref name="Immink" /> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons,<ref name="Immink2" /><ref name="Knopper">{{cite book | title = Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age | author = Knopper, Steve | publisher = Free Press | date = 7 January 2009 | access-date = <!-- 2009-038-17 --> }}</ref> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team
=== Initial launch and adoption ===
Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:
* The first ''test pressing'' was of a recording of [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[An Alpine Symphony]]'', recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] and conducted by [[Herbert von Karajan]], who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<ref name="Karajan">{{cite web | url=
* The world presentation took place during the [[Salzburg Easter Festival]] on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of [[Akio Morita]] and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)|url=
* The first ''public demonstration'' was on the [[BBC]] television programme ''[[Tomorrow's World]]'' in 1981, when the [[Bee Gees]]' album ''[[Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)|Living Eyes]]'' (1981) was played.<ref name="AutoMR-4">{{cite book| last = Bilyeu|first = Melinda|author2=Hector Cook |author3=Andrew Môn Hughes |publisher = Omnibus Press|year = 2004| isbn = 978-1-84449-057-8| title = The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb| page = 519 }}</ref>
* The first ''commercial'' compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of Chopin waltzes performed by [[Claudio Arrau]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=20 July 2010 |title=1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwrU8s-M-gc |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=acmestreamingDOTcom |via=YouTube |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625184512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwrU8s-M-gc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The first 50 titles were ''released'' in Japan on 1 October 1982,<ref name="AutoMR-6">{{cite web|url=
* The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982 on BBC Radio Scotland ([[Jimmy Mack (broadcaster)|Jimmy Mack]] programme, Followed by Ken Bruce and Eddie Mair all BBC Scotland), with the first CD ''played'' on UK independent radio station shortly after ([[Radio Forth]], Jay Crawford Show). The CD was the [[Dire Straits]] album ''[[Love Over Gold]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hificorner.co.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004211808/
*The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<ref>[
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The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was [[Dire Straits]], with their 1985 album ''[[Brothers in Arms (album)|Brothers in Arms]]''.<ref name="AutoMR-7">''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'', 2004</ref> One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was [[David Bowie]], whose first fourteen studio albums of (then) sixteen were made available by [[RCA Records]] in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums had already been issued on CD by [[EMI Records]] in 1983 and 1984, respectively.<ref name="AutoMR-8">The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985</ref> On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by [[the Beatles]] were released in mono on compact disc.<ref name="BeatlesCD">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/25/arts/now-on-cd-s-first-4-beatles-albums.html |title=NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS |author=JON PARELES |date=25 February 1987 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310202959/
The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Canale |first=Larry |date=1986 |title=Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs |page=4 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-34356-4}}</ref> It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting [[European classical music|classical music]] and [[audiophile]] communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable [[Discman]], the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded [[cassette tape]] sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harlow |first1=Oliva |title=When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape? |url=https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/when-did-the-cd-replace-the-cassette-tape |website=artifact |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013073112/https://southtree.com/blogs/artifact/when-did-the-cd-replace-the-cassette-tape |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<ref name="AutoMR-9">MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley. ''November 1989 News Update''. Melbourne Audio Club Inc.</ref>
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|pages=531–538|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> In June 1985, the computer-readable [[CD-ROM]] (read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable [[CD-R]] discs were introduced.{{efn|The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm [[Taiyo Yuden]] Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.}} Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.
Other newer video formats such as [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are [[backward compatible]] with audio CDs.▼
=== Peak ===
CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000.<ref name="statista">{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Felix |title=The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/12950/cd-sales-in-the-us/ |website=Statista |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013073724/https://www.statista.com/chart/12950/cd-sales-in-the-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the [[Compact Cassette|audio cassette]] player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<ref name=nyt20120718>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/automobiles/06AUDIO.html|title=For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over|last=Williams|first=Stephen|newspaper=New York Times|date=4 February 2011|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110105333/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/automobiles/06AUDIO.html|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>
Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the [[Super Audio CD]] (SACD) and [[DVD-Audio]]. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9 |url=https://www.aes.org/journal/online/JAES_V55/9/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.aes.org |language=en}}</ref> These effectively extended the CD's longetivity in the music market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better? |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/blu-ray-is-to-dvd-as-sacd-was-to-cd-better-but-not-enough-better/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>
▲Other newer video formats such as [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are [[backward compatible]] with audio CDs.
=== Decline ===
With the advent and popularity of [[Digital distribution|Internet-based distribution]] of files in [[Lossy compression|lossy-compressed]] [[audio format]]s such as [[MP3]], sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%.<ref name="AutoMR-11">{{cite news |first=Ethan |last=Smith |title=Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123075988836646491?mod=rss_whats_news_technology&mg=com-wsj |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191140/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123075988836646491?mod=rss_whats_news_technology&mg=com-wsj |archive-date=20 October 2017 }}</ref> Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution.<ref name="AndItsEnd" /> In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=
During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of [[minijack]] auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless [[Bluetooth]] connections.<ref name="Biersdorfer">{{cite news |last1=Biersdorfer |first1=J.D. |title=Hand Me the AUX Cord |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112053206/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Current status ===
▲During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of [[minijack]] auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless [[Bluetooth]] connections.<ref name="Biersdorfer">{{cite news |last1=Biersdorfer |first1=J.D. |title=Hand Me the AUX Cord |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112053206/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/technology/personaltech/hand-me-the-aux-cord.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens.<ref name="Ramey">{{cite news |last1=Ramey |first1=Jay |title=Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car? |url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a35459280/do-you-want-a-cd-player-in-a-new-car/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Autoweek |date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104052/https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a35459280/do-you-want-a-cd-player-in-a-new-car/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2021, only [[Lexus]] and [[General Motors]] were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.<ref name="Ramey" />
CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00740/|title=Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market|date=24 June 2020|website=nippon.com|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028183640/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00740/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/186772/album-shipments-in-the-us-music-industry-since-1999/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> In [[France]] in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazoge |first=Mickaël |date=2024-03-27 |title=En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/en-france-comme-aux-etats-unis-les-vinyles-en-position-de-force-face-aux-cd.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=01net.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
=== Awards and accolades ===
Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:
* Technical [[Grammy Award]] for Sony and Philips, 1998.<ref name="grammy">{{cite news |url=
* [[IEEE]] Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."<ref name="IEEE_CD_Milestone">{{cite web | url =
== Standard ==
The ''Red Book'' specifies the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the optical parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system ([[eight-to-fourteen modulation]], EFM) and error correction facility ([[cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding]], CIRC), and the eight [[Compact disc subcode|subcode channels]]. These parameters are common to all compact discs and used by all logical formats: audio CD, [[CD-ROM]], etc. The standard also specifies the form of [[digital audio]] encoding
The first edition of the ''Red Book'' was released in 1980 by Philips and Sony;<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Auto45-1" /> it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc Committee and ratified by the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) Technical Committee 100 as an [[international standard]] in 1987 with the reference IEC 60908.<ref name="Auto45-2" /> The second edition of IEC 60908 was published in 1999<ref name="Auto45-3" /> and it replaces the first edition, amendment 1 (1992) and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC 60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for [[CD-Text]], [[CD+G]] and [[CD+EG]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edocpublish.com/resources-2/specifications/cd-logos/|title=CD Logos|website=Edocpublish.com|date=4 February 2013|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044901/
The standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC. {{As of|2013}}, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}, which charges {{US$|100}} for the ''Red Book'', plus {{US$|50}} each for the ''Subcode Channels R-W'' and ''CD Text Mode'' annexes.<ref name="philips_red_book">{{cite web |url=https://www.lscdweb.com/ordering/cd_products.html |title=CD Products |website=Lscdweb.com |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163757/https://www.lscdweb.com/ordering/cd_products.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel [[Signedness|signed]] 16-[[bit]] [[Pulse-code modulation|LPCM]] sampled at [[44,100 Hz]] and written as a [[endianness|little-endian]] interleaved stream with left channel coming first.
The [[sampling rate]] is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on [[videotape]] with a [[PCM adaptor]], an earlier way of storing digital audio.<ref name="Auto45-4" /><
There was a long debate over the use of 16-bit (Sony) or 14-bit (Philips) [[Quantization (signal processing)|quantization]], and 44,056 or 44,100 samples/s (Sony) or approximately 44,000 samples/s (Philips). When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit [[Digital-to-analog converter|D/A converter]] (DAC), but Sony insisted on 16-bit. In the end Sony won, so 16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times [[oversampling]].<ref name=Immink />
Some early CDs
Four-channel, or [[quadraphonic]], supported was originally intended to be included in CD-DA.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwgBQAAQBAJ&q=Four-channel+Compact+Disc+Digital+Audio&pg=PA108|title = Digital Audio and Compact Disc Technology|isbn = 978-1-4831-4039-1|last1 = Baert|first1 = Luc|last2 = Theunissen|first2 = Luc|last3 = Vergult|first3 = Guido|date = 2013-10-22| publisher=Newnes |access-date = 27 August 2023|archive-date = 27 August 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230827104057/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwgBQAAQBAJ&q=Four-channel+Compact+Disc+Digital+Audio&pg=PA108|url-status = live}}</ref> The Red Book specification briefly mentioned a four-channel mode in its June 1980,<ref name="RedBook1980">"Red Book" Audio CD specification, June 1980, Sony/Philips</ref> September 1983,<ref name="RedBook1983">"Red Book" Audio CD specification, September 1983, Sony/Philips</ref> and November 1991<ref name="RedBook1991">"Red Book" Audio CD specification, November 1991, Sony/Philips</ref> editions. On the first page, it lays out the "Main parameters" of the CD system, including: "Number of channels: 2 and/or 4 simultaneously[*] sampled." The footnote says, "In the case of more than two channels the encoder and decoder diagrams have to be adapted."
In reality, however, the underspecified "four-channel" mode was dropped from the CD standard when it was adopted by the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] and became IEC 908:1987,<ref name="IEC1987">{{citation |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |title=IEC 60908:1987 Compact disc digital audio system |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041217/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later IEC 60908:1999.<ref name="IEC1999">{{citation |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |title=IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016064048/https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the behavior of the "four-channel" or "Broadcasting use" bit was never specified by either CD standard, no mass-marketed discs have attempted to use the Red Book's four-channel mode, and no players have purported to implement it.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->
== Storage capacity and playing time ==
The creators of the CD originally aimed at a playing time of 60 minutes with a disc diameter of 100 mm (Sony) or 115 mm (Philips).<ref name=Immink2 /> Sony vice-president [[Norio Ohga]] suggested extending the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate the recording of [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] conducting [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]] at the 1951 [[Bayreuth Festival]].<ref name="PhilBeet" /><ref name="Auto45-6" /> The additional 14-minute playing time
According to a ''[[Sunday Tribune]]'' interview,<ref name="ferguscassidy" /> the story is slightly more involved. In 1979, Philips owned [[PolyGram]], one of the world's largest music distributors
The 74-minute playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22 minutes per side<ref name="Auto45-7" /><ref name="Auto45-8" /> typical of [[LP record|long-playing]] (LP) [[vinyl album]]s, was often used to the CD's advantage during the early years when CDs and LPs vied for commercial sales. CDs would often be released with one or more [[bonus
Playing times beyond 74 minutes are achieved by decreasing track pitch (the distance separating the track as it spirals the disc). However, most players can still accommodate the more closely spaced data if it is still within ''Red Book'' tolerances.<ref name="Auto45-9" /> Manufacturing processes used in the final years of CD technology allowed an audio CD to contain up to 82 minutes (variable from one replication plant to another) without requiring the content creator to sign a waiver releasing the plant owner from responsibility if the CD produced is marginally or entirely unreadable by some playback equipment. In this final practice, maximum CD playing time crept higher by reducing minimum engineering tolerances.
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| Mirabilis Records
| 1990
| 80:51<ref name="ambisonic.info">{{Cite web|url=https://ambisonic.info/mirabilis.html|title=Ambisonic Info
|-
| ''JS Bach, Das Orgelbüchlein''
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|[[Deutsche Grammophon]]/Universal Classics 478 9864
|2016
|86:30<ref>{{Cite news|url=
|-
|''[[Bäst of]]''
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|Hot Action/Universal 930 003
|2006
|88:41 on disc 1, 89:07 on disc 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Die-%C3%84rzte-B%C3%A4st-Of/release/806980|title=Die Ärzte – Bäst Of|website=Discogs |access-date=31 January 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221082151/https://www.discogs.com/Die-%C3%84rzte-B%C3%A4st-Of/release/806980|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rs|reason=Let's find a source that discusses this extraordinary length|date=May 2024}}
|-
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=== Bit rate ===
The audio [[bit rate]] for a ''Red Book'' audio CD is 1,411,200 [[bits per second]] (1,411
=== Data access from computers ===
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== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | url =
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<ref name="Auto45-2">{{cite web |website=Webstore.iec.ch |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |title=IEC 60908:1987 Compact disc digital audio system |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041217/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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== External links ==
* [
* [https://www.webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010330/https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |date=26 February 2024 }}
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