Compact Disc Digital Audio: Difference between revisions

'''Compact Disc Digital Audio''' ('''CDDA''' or '''CD-DA'''), also known as '''Digital Audio Compact Disc''' or simply as '''Audio CD''', is the [[standardization|standard]] format for audio [[compact disc]]s. The standard is defined in the '''''Red Book''''', one of a series of [[Rainbow Books]] (named for their binding colors) that contain the [[technical specification]]s for all CD [[content format|formats]]. CDDA utilizes [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM) and uses a [[44,100 Hz]] sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution, and was originally specified to store up to 74 minutes of [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio per disc.

The compact disc is an evolution of [[LaserDisc]] technology,{{r|Immink}} where a focused [[laser]] beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the CD|url=httpshttp://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html|publisher=Philips Research|access-date=7 June 2014}}{{dead|archive-date=23 May link2016|fixurl-attemptedstatus=yesdead|datearchive-url=Marchhttps://archive.today/20160523091404/http://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html 2023}}</ref> Although originally dismissed by [[Philips Research]] management as a trivial pursuit,<ref name="Immink2" /> the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the [[LaserDisc]] format struggled.<ref name="AndItsEnd">{{Cite journal|last=Straw|first=Will|date=2009|title=The Music CD and Its Ends|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–91|doi=10.2752/175470709787375751|s2cid=191574354}}</ref> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the ''[[Rainbow Books|Red Book]]'' CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|title=Compact Discs: Sound of the Future|first=Edward|last=Rasen|work=Spin|date=May 1985|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216064105/https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say|last=Billboard|date=March 1992|magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|date=December 1988|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|title=Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 January 2016|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

The creators of the CD originally aimed at a playing time of 60&nbsp;minutes with a disc diameter of 100&nbsp;mm (Sony) or 115&nbsp;mm (Philips).<ref name=Immink2 /> Sony vice-president [[Norio Ohga]] suggested extending the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate the recording of [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] conducting [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]] at the 1951 [[Bayreuth Festival]].<ref name="PhilBeet" /><ref name="Auto45-6" /> The additional 14-minute playing time subsequently required changingincreasing todisc a 120&nbsp;mm discdiameter. [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]], Philips' chief engineer, however, denies this, claiming that the increase was motivated by technical considerations, and that even after the increase in size, the Furtwängler recording would not have fit onto one of the earliest CDs.<ref name=Immink /><ref name=Immink2 />

According to a ''[[Sunday Tribune]]'' interview,<ref name="ferguscassidy" /> the story is slightly more involved. In 1979, Philips owned [[PolyGram]], one of the world's largest music distributors of music. PolyGram had set up a large experimental CD plant in [[Hannover]], Germany, which could produce huge numbers of CDs having a diameter of 115&nbsp;mm. Sony did not yet have such a facility. If Sony had agreed on the 115-mm disc, Philips would have had a significant competitive edge in the market. The long playing time of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony imposed by [[Norio Ohga|Ohga]] was used to push Philips to accept 120&nbsp;mm, so that Philips' PolyGram lost its edge on disc fabrication.<ref name="ferguscassidy" />

The 74-minute playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22&nbsp;minutes per side<ref name="Auto45-7" /><ref name="Auto45-8" /> typical of [[LP record|long-playing]] (LP) [[vinyl album]]s, was often used to the CD's advantage during the early years when CDs and LPs vied for commercial sales. CDs would often be released with one or more [[bonus trackstrack]]s, enticing consumers to buy the CD for the extra material. However, attempts to combine double LPs onto one CD occasionally resulted in the opposite situation in which the CD would instead offer less audio than the LP. One such example was with [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]]'s double- album ''[[He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper]]'', in which initial CD releases of the album had multiple tracks edited down for length to fit on a single disc; recent CD reissues package the album across two discs as a result. The emergence of 80-minute CDs allowed for some double albums that were previously edited for length or packaged as double-CDs to be re-released on a single disc, such ase.g. ''[[1999 (Prince album)|1999]]'' by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], inor thepackaged caseas ofdouble theCDs, former ande.g. ''[[Tommy (The Who album)|Tommy]]'' by [[the Who]], into thebe casere-released ofon thea lattersingle disc.

|88:41 on disc 1, 89:07 on disc 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Die-%C3%84rzte-B%C3%A4st-Of/release/806980|title=Die Ärzte – Bäst Of|website=Discogs |access-date=31 January 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221082151/https://www.discogs.com/Die-%C3%84rzte-B%C3%A4st-Of/release/806980|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rs|reason=Let's find a source that discusses this extraordinary length|date=May 2024}}

* [https://www.webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010330/https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |date=26 February 2024 }}