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{{Infobox weapon
| ratename = Henry rifle▼
| image = NMAH-2004-26295-12 transparent.png
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| origin = [[United States]]
| type = [[Lever action|Lever-action]] [[rifle]]
| is_ranged = yes
| service =
| used_by = [[Union (American Civil War)|United States]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], [[Native AmericanAmericans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|Mexico]], [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Poland]]
| wars = [[American Civil War]], [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]], [[JanuarySecond UprisingFrench intervention in Mexico|Second Franco-Mexican War]], [[January Uprising]]
| designer = [[Benjamin Tyler Henry]]
| design_date = 1860
| manufacturer = [[U.S. Repeating Arms Company|New Haven Arms Company]]
| unit_cost = $40<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65LxVWjfCTI&t=754 "Tales of the Gun: Guns of the Civil War"]. (12:34 —– 12:40) [[History Channel]], 2001 – via YouTube.</ref> ({{Inflation|US|40|1860|fmt=eq}})
| production_date = 1860–1866
| number = c. ~14,000
| weight = {{convert|9|lb|4|oz|kg|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|44.75|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| part_length = {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| cartridge =
| caliber = [[.44 Henry]] [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire]]
| sights barrels = ▼
[[.357 Magnum]]
| action = [[Breechloader|Breech-loading]] [[lever action]]
[[.38 Special]]
| rangerate = ▼
[[.45 Colt]]
| velocity = ▼
[[30-30 Winchester]]
| max_rangerange = ▼
[[45-70]]
| max_range =
[[44 Magnum]]
| barrelsfeed = 15-round [[tubular magazine]]
| actionsights = [[Breech-loading]] [[lever action]]
▲| rate =
▲| velocity =
▲| range =
▲| max_range =
| feed = 15-round [[tubular magazine]] +1 round in the chamber
▲| sights =
}}
 
The '''Henry repeating rifle''' is a [[Lever action|lever-action]] [[Magazine (firearms)#Tubular|tubular magazine]] [[rifle]]. famedIt bothis famous for itshaving been useused at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] and beinghaving been the basis for the iconic [[Winchester rifle]] of the American [[American frontier|American Wild West]].
 
Designed and introduced by [[Benjamin Tyler Henry]] in 1860, the original Henry was a sixteen-shot [[.44 Henry|.44 caliber]] [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire]] [[Breechloader|breech-loading]] [[lever-action]] rifle. It was introducedproduced infrom the early 1860s and produced1860 throughuntil 1866 in the United States by the [[U.S. Repeating Arms Company|New Haven Arms Company]]. The Henry was adopted in small quantities by the [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], favored for its greater firepower than the standard-issue carbine. Many later found their way West, notably in the hands of a few of the [[Sioux]] and [[Cheyenne]] in their [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|obliterationdefeat]] of [[George Armstrong Custer|Custer]]'s [[7th Cavalry Regiment|U.S. Cavalry troops]] in June 1876.
 
Modern replicas are produced by [[A. Uberti, Srl.|A. Uberti Firearms]] and [[Henry Repeating Arms]]. A. Uberti Firearms manufactures near exact replicas of the 1860 Henry chambered in [[.44-40 Winchester]] orand [[.45 Long Colt]] and [[Henry Repeating Arms]] produces modernized replicas chambered for a wide range of calibers.
 
== History ==
[[file:Patent drawing Henry Rifle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Patent drawing]] of the Henry rifle]]
 
The original Henry rifle was a sixteen-shot [[.44 Henry|.44 caliber]] [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire]] breech-loading [[Lever action|lever-action]] rifle, patented by [[Benjamin Tyler Henry]] in 1860 after three years of design work.<ref>Butler, David F. ''United States Firearms The First Century 1776-1875'' (New York: Winchester Press, 1971), p.229.</ref> The Henry was an improved version of the earlier [[Volition repeating rifle|Volition]], and later [[Volcanic repeating rifle|Volcanic]]. The Henry used copper (later brass) rimfire [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s with a 216 [[grainGrain (measure)|grain]] (14.0 [[gram]], 0.490 [[ounce]]) bullet over 25 grains (1.6 g, 0.056 oz.) of [[black powder]].
 
Only 150 to 200 rifles a month were initially produced.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Nine hundred were manufactured between summer and October 1862.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} At Vicksburg, Edward Downs of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a noted sharpshooter, bought a Henry rifle from his own funds for $65 from a steamboat captain just prior to the Vicksburg battle.<ref>Dougherty Kevin. ''Weapons of Mississippi''. University Press of Mississippi 2010. pp. 94 f. ISBN 9781604734515.</ref> Production peaked at 290 per month by 1864,{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} bringing the total to 8,000.<ref>Butler, p. 226.</ref> By the time the run ended in 1866, approximately 14,000 units had been manufactured.
 
For aan [[American Civil War|Civil War]] soldier, owning a Henry rifle was a point of pride.<ref>Butler, p.233.</ref> Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil Warwar.<ref>Butler, p. 232.</ref> The Commonwealth of [[Kentucky]] purchased a further 50. However, 6,000 to 7,000 saw use by the Union on the field through private purchases by soldiers who could afford it.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The relative fragility of Henrys compared to [[Spencer repeating rifle|SpencerSpencers]]s hampered their official acceptance. Another weak point for the Henry was that it could not be equipped with a [[bayonet]]. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864. Most of these units were associated with Sherman's Western troops.
 
[[file:1860 Henry Rifle.JPG|thumb|left|Civil War 1860 Henry rifle]]
When used correctly, the brass-[[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] rifles had an exceptionally high rate of fire compared to any other weapon on the battlefield. Soldiers who saved their pay to buy one believed it would help save their lives. Since tactics had not been developed to take advantage of their firepower, Henrys were frequently used by scouts, skirmishers, flank guards, and raiding parties rather than in regular infantry formations. [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Colonel [[John S. Mosby|John Mosby]], who became infamous for his sudden raids against advanced Union positions, when first encountering the Henry in battle called it "that damned Yankee rifle that can be loaded on Sunday and fired all week."<ref name="Houze">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LwpWsZz4BE&t=1272 Tales of the Gun: Guns of Winchester]. (21:12 — 21:58) [[History Channel]], 2001.</ref> Since then that phrase became associated with the Henry rifle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henryrepeating.com/history.cfm|title = Henry History &#124; Henry Repeating Arms| date=3 January 2014 }}</ref> Those few Confederate troops who came into possession of captured Henry rifles had little way to resupply the ammunition it used, making its widespread use by Confederate forces impractical. The rifle was, however, known to have been used at least in part by some Confederate units in Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia, as well as the personal bodyguards of Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref name="Bresnan7">{{cite web | url=http://www.rarewinchesters.com/articles/art_hen_07.shtml | title=Chapter 7: The 'Modern Henry' | publisher=rarewinchesters.com | work=The Henry Repeating Rifle: Victory thru rapid fire | access-date=20 January 2015 | author=Bresnan, Andrew L.}}</ref> According to firearms historian Herbert G. Houze, one man armed with a Henry rifle was the equivalent of 14 or 15 men equipped with single-shot guns.<ref name="Houze" />{{dubious|date=December 2019}}▼
 
[[Benito Juárez]]'s forces obtained a number of Henry rifles from gun runners during their [[Second French intervention in Mexico|war against the French]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scarlata |first=Paul |date=2015-10-26 |title=Early Mexican Army Rifles and Cartridges |url=https://www.rifleshootermag.com/editorial/early-mexican-army-rifles-and-cartridges/83769 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=RifleShooter |language=en}}</ref>
▲When used correctly, the brass-[[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] rifles had an exceptionally high rate of fire compared to any other weapon on the battlefield. Soldiers who saved their pay to buy one believed it would help save their lives. Since tactics had not been developed to take advantage of their firepower, Henrys were frequently used by scouts, skirmishers, flank guards, and raiding parties rather than in regular infantry formations. Confederate Colonel [[John S. Mosby|John Mosby]], who became infamous for his sudden raids against advanced Union positions, when first encountering the Henry in battle called it "that damned Yankee rifle that can be loaded on Sunday and fired all week."<ref name="Houze">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LwpWsZz4BE&t=1272 Tales of the Gun: Guns of Winchester]. (21:12 — 21:58) [[History Channel]], 2001.</ref> Since then that phrase became associated with the Henry rifle.<ref>http://www.henryrepeating.com/history.cfm</ref> Those few Confederate troops who came into possession of captured Henry rifles had little way to resupply the ammunition it used, making its widespread use by Confederate forces impractical. The rifle was, however, known to have been used at least in part by some Confederate units in Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia, as well as the personal bodyguards of Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref name="Bresnan7">{{cite web | url=http://www.rarewinchesters.com/articles/art_hen_07.shtml | title=Chapter 7: The 'Modern Henry' | publisher=rarewinchesters.com | work=The Henry Repeating Rifle: Victory thru rapid fire | access-date=20 January 2015 | author=Bresnan, Andrew L.}}</ref> According to firearms historian Herbert G. Houze, one man armed with a Henry rifle was the equivalent of 14 or 15 men equipped with single-shot guns.<ref name="Houze" />{{dubious|date=December 2019}}
 
It is theorized that the Henry's rifle was used in the [[January Uprising]] by Count Jan Kanty Dzialynski in the [[Battle of Pyzdry (1863)|Battle of Pyzdry]] and [[First Battle of Ignacewo]]. In the memoirs from the epoch, it is reported that Dzialynski had used a 16 -shot rifle in combat, but it is more likely that he had used a weapon of his own design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sztućce, Janczarki, Belgijczyki - O Uzbrojeniu Strzeleckim W Powstaniu Styczniowym |url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/378496/PDF/469806.pdf |website=Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa}}</ref> ConfirmedA confirmed user of the Henry's rifle in the January Uprising was Paul Garnier d'Aubin, officer of the French 23rd Infantry Regiment.
 
== Operation ==
{{ multiple image
| image1 = Henry Rifle Receiver.JPG
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}}
 
The Henry rifle used a .44 caliber cartridge with {{convert|26|to|28|gr}} of black powder.<ref name="Bresnan0">{{cite web | url=http://www.rarewinchesters.com/articles/art_hen_00.shtml | title=Introduction | publisher=rarewinchesters.com | work=The Henry Repeating Rifle: Victory thru rapid fire | access-date=20 January 2015 | author=Bresnan, Andrew L.}}</ref> This gave it significantly lower [[muzzle velocity]] and [[Muzzle energy|energy]] than other repeaters of the era, such as the [[Spencer repeating rifle|Spencer]]. The lever action, on the down-stroke, ejected the spent cartridge from the chamber and cocked the hammer. A spring in the magazine forced the next round into the follower; locking the lever back into position pushed the new cartridge into the chamber and closed the breech. As designed, the Henry lacked any form of safety. When not in use its hammer rested on the cartridge rim; any impact on the back of the exposed hammer could cause a chambered round to fire. If left cocked, it was in the firing position without a safety. Modern Henry replicas incorporate a safety mechanism, such as a [[Safety (firearms)#Transfer bar|transfer bar safety]], so the gun will not fire if dropped or the hammer is released partially by accident.<ref name="Bresnan6">{{cite web | url=http://www.rarewinchesters.com/articles/art_hen_06.shtml | title=Chapter 6: Henry Odds and Ends | publisher=rarewinchesters.com | work=The Henry Repeating Rifle: Victory thru rapid fire | access-date=20 January 2015 | author=Bresnan, jack L.}}</ref>
 
[[file:Henry Rifle Loading pos.JPG|thumb|left|Magazine in loading position, three Henry Flat cartridges, compare with .44-40 WCF round]]
 
To load the magazine, the shooter moves the cartridge-follower along the slot into the top portion of the magazine-tube and pivots it to the right to open the front-end of the magazine. He loads up to 15 cartridges one by one, he pivots the top portion back and releases the follower.
 
== Legacy ==
While never issued on a large scale, the Henry rifle demonstrated its advantages of rapid fire at close range several times in the American Civil War and later during the wars between the United States and the Plains Indians. Examples include the successes of two Henry-armed Union regiments at the [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Battle of Franklin]] against large Confederate attacks, as well as the Henry-armed Sioux and Cheyenne's destruction of the 7th Cavalry at [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|Little Big Horn]].▼
 
▲While never issued on a large scale, the Henry rifle demonstrated its advantages of rapid fire at close range several times in the Civil War and later during the wars between the United States and the Plains Indians. Examples include the successes of two Henry-armed Union regiments at the [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Battle of Franklin]] against large Confederate attacks, as well as the Henry-armed Sioux and Cheyenne's destruction of the 7th Cavalry at [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|Little Big Horn]].
 
Manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle evolved into the famous [[Winchester rifle#Model 1866|Winchester Model 1866]] lever-action rifle. With the introduction of the new Model 1866, the New Haven Arms Company was renamed the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]].
 
== Reproductions ==
[[file:NavyHenry1860.jpg|thumb|Modern replica Henry rifle]]
 
The unrelated [[Henry Repeating Arms]] produces a modernized replica of the Henry Model 1860 Henry Riflerifle with brass receiver and American [[walnut]] stock, but a modern steel barrel and internal components as well as a [[walnut]] forward stock.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Staff|title=Henry Repeating Arms Co. Expands line and capacity|journal=American Rifleman|date=January 2014|volume=162|issue=1|page=32}}</ref>
 
Uberti produces an almost exact copy Henry Model 1860 chambered in .44-40 Winchester or .45 Colt, rather than the original .44 Henry rimfire. Distributed by several companies, these replicas are popular among Cowboy Action Shooters and Civil War reenactors, as well as competition shooters in the [[North-South Skirmish Association]] (N-SSA).<ref>[http://www.n-ssa.org/NATIONAL/SAC6_2008.pdf NSSA Approved Arms page]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305234712/http://www.n-ssa.org/NATIONAL/SAC6_2008.pdf |date=March 5, 2009 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
 
== See also ==
* [[Rifles in the American Civil War]]▼
 
* [[Colt Lightning Carbinerifle]]
* [[Colt's New Model Revolvingrevolving rifle]]
* [[Spencer repeating rifle]]
▲* [[Rifles in the American Civil War]]
* [[Winchester rifle]]
* [[Evans repeating rifle]]
 
== Notes ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
== References ==
* [http://www.hartfordmichigan.com/wwwroot/hartfordhistory/Military/Military%20Personnel/Civil%20War/Civil%20War%20Soldiers%20M-R.htm Hartford Michigan Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031006/http://www.hartfordmichigan.com/wwwroot/hartfordhistory/Military/Military%20Personnel/Civil%20War/Civil%20War%20Soldiers%20M-R.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}.▼
 
▲* [http://www.hartfordmichigan.com/wwwroot/hartfordhistory/Military/Military%20Personnel/Civil%20War/Civil%20War%20Soldiers%20M-R.htm Hartford Michigan Military History].
* [[American Rifleman]], May 2008; ([[Henry Repeating Arms]]) founder, p. 26.
* Sword, Wiley. ''The Historic Henry Rifle: Oliver Winchester's Famous Civil War Repeater''. Lincoln, Rhode Island : Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 2002.
* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/subscribers/product_review_page/compared_big-boy_1894C_1873.htm Compared: .357 Mag. Henry Big Boy, Marlin 1894C and Uberti 1873 Rifles by Chuck Hawks].
 
== External links ==
 
* [http://www.henryrifles.com Henry Repeating Arms Company - website of the modern Henry Repeating Arms Company]
* [https://www.uberti-usa.com/1860-henry-rifle Uberti USA 1860 Henry Rifle]
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[[Category:Weapons of the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:Hunting rifles]]
[[Category:Western (genre) staples and terminology]]
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