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{{short description|Power Tumbling Gymnastics discipline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox sport
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| team = Individuals or teams of 3 or 4
| mgender = No
| category = USTA,Gymnastic USGA, AAU Olympicsport
| olympic = [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] only
| IWGA = [[1981 World Games|1981]] – present
}}
 
'''Tumbling''', sometimes referred to as '''power tumbling''', is a different sport than [[gymnastics]] discipline in which participants perform a series of acrobatic skills down a {{convert|25|m|ft}} long [[RodSprung floor|sprung track]]. Each series, known as a pass, comprises five then eight skill routineelements in which the athlete jumps, twists and flips placing only their hands and feet on the track. Tumblers are judged on the difficulty and form of their routine. There are both individual and team competitions in the sport.<ref name="FIG Code of Points">{{cite book |last1=Grandi |first1=Bruno |last2=Gueisbuhler |first2=André F. |last3=Kunze |first3=Horst |publication-date=2017-11-01 |title=FIG Code of Points - Trampoline Gymnastics |volume=2017—2020 |section=Tumbling |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_TRA%20CoP%202017-2020.pdf |page=19}}</ref>
 
''Tumbling'' can also refer more generally to similar acrobatic skills performed on their own or in other gymnastics events, such as in [[floor exercise]]s or on the [[balance beam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/tumbling-acrobatics |title=Tumbling |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015-01-28 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>
 
Tumbling is governed by the FIG, the [[International Federation of Gymnastics]], and is included as an event within [[trampoline gymnastics]]. Although tumbling is not currently an [[Olympics|Olympic]] event, elite tumblers competing at the international level can compete in various events organised by the FIG, continental confederations as well as at the [[European Games]] and [[World Games]].
 
==History==
While the origins of tumbling are unknown, ancient records have shown acts of tumbling in many parts of the world including [[China]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Egypt]] and [[Iran]]. Tumbling became part of the educational system of [[ancient Greece]], from which early Romans borrowed the exercise for use in military training.<ref name="Carter">{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Ernestine |last2=Orlofsky |first2=Fred |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. |publication-date=1971 |publication-place=Belmont, California |title=Beginning Tumbling and Floor Exercise |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780534006464 |url-access=registration |chapter=History |isbn=9780534006464}}</ref>{{rp|2}} During the [[Middle Ages]], [[minstrel]]s incorporated tumbling into their performances, and multiple records show tumblers performed for royal courts for entertainment.<ref name="Goodbody">{{cite book |last=Goodbody |first=John |publisher=Hutchinson Publishing Group |publication-date=1982 |publication-place=London |title=The Illustrated History of Gymnastics |chapter=The Early Days (to 1896) |year=1982 |isbn=0091433509 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good }}</ref>{{rp|12}} It is at the end of this period in 1303 that the verb ''tumble'' is first attested in this sense in English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/207350 |title=tumble, v. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 2019 |website=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> There was renewed interest in formalised physical education during the [[Renaissance]], and shortly thereafter gymnastics began to be introduced into some physical education programmes, such as in [[Prussia]] as early as 1776.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loken |first1=Newton C. |last2=Willoughby |first2=Robert J. |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc. |publication-date=1977 |publication-place=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |title=Complete Book of Gymnastics |chapter=History and Values of Gymnastics |year=1977 |edition=3rd |isbn=0-13-157172-9 |page=2}}</ref> The FIG was officially formed in 1881, then known as the European Gymnastics Federation.<ref name="Goodbody" />{{rp|18}} Tumbling, however, was not governed by the FIG until 1999. Before this time, the [[International Trampoline Federation]] governed the sport since its founding in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/pages/disciplines/hist-tra.php |title=Trampoline Gymnastics: History |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> National federations have even longer histories, such as the [[Amateur Athletic Union of the United States]] which included tumbling in events as early as 1886.<ref name="Carter" />{{rp|3}}
 
Tumbling has only been included as an official event in one Olympic games, the [[1932 Summer Olympics]], and was exclusively a men's event. It was around this time that the floor exercise, which includes many elements of tumbling, became an individual event at the Olympics.<ref name="Carter" />{{rp|3}}
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==Tumbling skills==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Common Typestypes of Skillsskills in Tumblingtumbling
|-
! Skill
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| A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed.
|-
|End Skillskill
|The skill competed at the end of the run,; this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault.
|-
|Flick
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|A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline.
|-
| Double Somersaultsomersault
| The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position.
|-
|Triple Somersaultsomersault
|The gymnastsgymnast launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position.
|-
| Twisting Somersaultsomersault
| A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist.
|-
|Combination Somersaultsomersault
|A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example, in a double -twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice.
|-
|Transition Skillskill
|This is where a gymnast performs either aA double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of theira run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed.
|}
 
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| {{flagIOCathlete|Kaden Brown|USA}}
| 75.400
|-
|2022
| [[Sofia]]
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Ethan McGuinness]]|AUS}}
| 28.900
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Kristof Willerton]]|GBR}}
| 28.300
| {{flagIOCathlete|Axel Duriez|FRA}}
| 27.400
|-
|2023
| [[Birmingham]]
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Mikhail Malkin]]|AZE}}
| 31.100
| {{flagIOCathlete|Kaden Brown|USA}}
| 30.100
| {{flagIOCathlete|Jaydon Paddock|GBR}}
| 27.800
|-
|}<small>''All results correct according to FIG database. Records only available from 2007.''</small> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/events/searchresults.php#filter|title=FIG - Results|website=www.gymnastics.sport|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
 
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| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Tachina Peeters]]|BEL}}
| 66.500
|-
| 2022
| [[Sofia]]
| {{flagIOCathlete|Comfort Yeates|GBR}}
| 24.400
| {{flagIOCathlete|Koralee Catlett|AUS}}
| 24.200
| {{flagIOCathlete|Shanice Davidson|GBR}}
| 24.100
|-
| 2023
| [[Birmingham]]
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Candy_Brière-Vetillard|Candy Briere-Vetillard]]|FRA}}
| 26.000
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Megan Kealy]]|GBR}}
| 25.800
| {{flagIOCathlete|Saskia Servini|GBR}}
| 25.300
|}<small>''All results correct according to FIG database. Records only available from 2007.''</small><ref name=":0" />
 
==FIT-era Eraworld World Championschampions==
 
===Men===
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| {{RUS}}<br /> [[Maxim Shlyakin]]
|-
| [[2022 World Games|2022 Birmingham]]<br />{{DetailsLink|Trampoline gymnastics at the 2022 World Games – Men's tumbling}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Kaden Brown|USA|2022 World Games}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Axel Duriez|FRA|2022 World Games}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Rasmus Steffensen|DEN|2022 World Games}}
|}
 
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| {{GBR}}<br /> [[Lucie Colebeck]]
|-
| [[2022 World Games|2022 Birmingham]]<br />{{DetailsLink|Trampoline gymnastics at the 2022 World Games – Women's tumbling}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Candy Brière-Vetillard|FRA|2022 World Games}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Miah Bruns|USA|2022 World Games}}
| {{flagIOC2medalist|Breanah Cauchi|AUS|2022 World Games}}
|}
 
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! Country
|-
| [[EdwinEd Gross]]
| {{USA}}
|-
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| [[Judy Wills Cline]]
| {{USA}}
|-
| [[Surya Bonaly]]
| {{FRA}}
|-
|}