Mortality rate: Difference between revisions

The crude death rate is defined as "the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population," calculated as the "[t]otaltotal number of deaths during a given time interval" divided by the "[m]idmid-interval population", per 1,000 or 100.,000; for instance, the population of the [[United States|U.S.]] was around 290,810,000 in 2003, and in that year, approximately 2,419,900 deaths occurred in total, giving a crude death (mortality) rate of 832 deaths per 100,000.<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–20f}} {{As of|2020}}, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] estimates the U.S. crude death rate will be 8.3 per 1,000, while it estimates that the global rate will be 7.7 per 1,000.<ref name=CIA2020/>

# [[Lung cancer|Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers]], '''23'''

Mortality rate is also measured per thousand. It is determined by how many people of a certain age die per thousand people. Decrease of mortality rate is one of the reasons for increase of population. Development of medical science and other technologies has resulted in the decrease of mortality rate in all the countries of the world for some decades. In 1990, the mortality rate of children under 5five years of age was 144 per thousand, but in 2015 the child mortality rate was 38 per thousand.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

|[[Infant mortality]] rate ||Number of deaths among children <1one year of age during a given time interval divided by the number of live births during the same time interval.<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–20}}

|[[Infection fatality rate]] (IFR)||The proportion of infected cases of a particular [[medical condition]] that lead to death. Similar to CFR, but adjusted for asymptomatic and undiagnosed cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection fatality rate |url=https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Infection_fatality_rate |publisher=DocCheck Medical Services GmbH |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>

In most cases there are few if any ways to obtain exact mortality rates, so epidemiologists use estimation to predict correct mortality rates. Mortality rates are usually difficult to predict due to language barriers, health infrastructure related issues, conflict, and other reasons. Maternal mortality has additional challenges, especially as they pertain to [[Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society|stillbirths]], abortions, and multiple births. In some countries, during the 1920s, a stillbirth was defined as "a birth of at least twenty weeks' gestation in which the child shows no evidence of life after complete birth". In most countries, however, a stillbirth was defined as "the birth of a fetus, after 28 weeks of pregnancy, in which pulmonary respiration does not occur".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800–1950 |language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229971.001.0001|isbn=978-0191678950|publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992|last1=Loudon|first1=Irvine}}</ref>

Household surveys or interviews are another way in which mortality rates are often assessed. There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of the population. One such example is the [[sisterhood method]], which involves researchers estimating maternal mortality by contacting women in populations of interest and asking whether or not they have a sister, if the sister is of child-bearing age (usually 15) and conducting an interview or written questions about possible deaths among sisters. The sisterhood method, however, does not work in cases where sisters may have died before the sister being interviewed was born.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=W.|last2=Brass|first2=W.|last3=Snow|first3=R. W.|date=May 1989|title=Estimating maternal mortality: the sisterhood method|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=20|issue=3|pages=125–135|issn=0039-3665|pmid=2734809|doi=10.2307/1966567|jstor=1966567}}</ref>

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil registration: why counting births and deaths is important|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/civil-registration-why-counting-births-and-deaths-is-important|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global deaths: This is how COVID-19 compares to other diseases|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-many-people-die-each-day-covid-19-coronavirus/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=World Economic Forum|date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ross|first=Jenna|date=2020-05-15|title=How Many People Die Each Day?|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-many-people-die-each-day/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref> about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal|last=Aubrey D.N.J|first=de Grey|author-link=Aubrey de Grey|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|issue=1, Article 5|year=2007|url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|access-date=August 7, 2011|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745|s2cid=201101995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|archive-date=October 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011" />

Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income; and increased mortality rates. A low standard of living is more likely to result in malnutrition, which can make people more susceptible to disease and more likely to die from these diseases. A lower standard of living may lead to as a lack of hygiene and sanitation, increased exposure to and the spread of disease, and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities. Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes, which can create a loop known as the health-poverty trap.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health, Income, & Poverty: Where We Are & What Could Help|date=October 4, 2018|language=en|doi=10.1377/hpb20180817.901935|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indian economist and philosopher [[Amartya Sen]] has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Amartya|date=1998|title=Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=108|issue=446|pages=1–25|issn=0013-0133|jstor=2565734|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00270|s2cid=55557306 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Life under pressure: mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900|last1=Bengtsson|first1=Tommy|last2=Campbell|first2=Cameron|last3=Lee|first3=James Z.|date=2004|publisher=MIT|isbn=978-0262268097|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=57141654}}</ref>{{rp|27, 32}}

These rates are especially pronounced for children under 5 years old, particularly in lower-income, developing countries. These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become verymostly preventable in higher-income parts of the world. More children die of malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, and measles in developing nations. Data shows that after the age of 5 these preventable causes level out between high and low-income countries.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

* [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19649 Mortality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306170442/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19649 |date=2014-03-06 }} in ''The Medical Dictionary'', Medterms. Retrieved 22 June 2010