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The human history of Macau stretches back up to 6,000 years, and includes many different and diverse civilisations and periods of existence. Evidence of human and culture dating back 3,500 to 4,000 years has been discovered on the [[Macau Peninsula]] on [[Coloane Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=文章内容 |url=https://www.macaudata.mo/macaubook/book085/html/18101.htm |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=www.macaudata.mo}}</ref>
During the [[Qin
Since the 5th century, merchant ships travelling between Southeast Asia and [[Guangzhou]] used the region as a port for refuge, fresh water, and food.<ref>{{Cite web|last=davide|title=Macau's Early History|url=https://www.portuguesemuseum.org/?page_id=1808&category=3&exhibit=&event=154|access-date=25 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1152, during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 AD), it was under the jurisdiction of the new [[Zhongshan|Xiangshan County]].<ref name="Macau history in Macau encyclopaedia"/><ref name="Macau-yearbook"/><ref name="handbook"/> In 1277, approximately 50,000 refugees fleeing the [[Mongol conquest of China]] settled in the coastal area.<ref name="ethnic-encyclopedia"/><ref name="handbook"/><ref name="Brief History of Macau">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N9JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|title=Background Notes, Macau |publisher=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State |year=1994 |access-date=22 April 2020 |page=2}}</ref>
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==Portuguese settlement==
{{Main|Portuguese Macau}}
[[File:Macau
During the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|age of discovery]] Portuguese sailors explored the coasts of Africa and Asia. The sailors later established posts at [[Old Goa|Goa]] in 1510, and [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered Malacca in 1511]], driving the [[Sultan Mahmud Shah|Sultan]] to the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula from where he kept making raids on the Portuguese. The Portuguese under [[Jorge Álvares]] landed at [[Lintin Island]] in the [[Pearl River Delta]] of China in 1513 with a hired junk sailing from [[Portuguese Malacca]]. They erected a stone marker at Lintin Island claiming it for the [[King of Portugal]], [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]]. In the same year, the Indian Viceroy [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] commissioned [[Rafael Perestrello]] — a cousin of [[Christopher Columbus]] – to sail to China in order to open up trade relations. Rafael traded with the Chinese merchants in [[Guangzhou]] in that year and in 1516, but was not allowed to move further.
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In 1521 and 1522 several more Portuguese ships reached the trading island [[Tamão]] off the coast near Guangzhou, but were driven away by the now-hostile Ming authorities. Pires was imprisoned and died in Canton.
In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] in [[Tamão]] or [[Tuen Mun]] in 1521 where the Portuguese lost two ships, and [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] in [[Lantau Island]] where the Portuguese also lost two ships, and [[Shuangyu]] in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the [[Dongshan County|Dongshan Peninsula]] in 1549, where two Portuguese junks and [[Galeote Pereira]] were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass
Good relations between the Portuguese and Chinese Ming dynasty resumed in the 1540s, when the Portuguese aided China in eliminating coastal pirates. The two later began annual trade missions to the offshore [[Shangchuan Island]] in 1549. A few years later, [[Lampacau]] Island, closer to the [[Pearl River Delta]], became the main base of the Portuguese trade in the region.<ref>{{citation|first= Roderich |last=Ptak|title=Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao
|journal= Mare Liberum, Revista de História dos Mares |issue= 4|year= 1992|place= Lisbon
|url=http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231338/http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
Diplomatic relations were further improved and salvaged by the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|Leonel de Sousa agreement with Cantonese authorities in 1554]]. In 1557, the Ming court finally gave consent for a permanent and official Portuguese trade base at Macau. In 1558, Leonel de Sousa became the second Portuguese [[
They later built some rudimentary stone-houses around the area now called Nam Van. But not until 1557 did the Portuguese establish a permanent settlement in Macau, at an annual rent of 500 [[tael]]s (~{{convert|20|kg|lb}}) of silver.<ref name="Macau a General Introduction">{{cite book |title=Macau: a General Introduction |last=Fung |first=Bong Yin|year=1999|publisher=Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd. |location=Hong Kong |isbn=962-04-1642-2|language =zh}}</ref> Later that year, the Portuguese established a walled village there. Ground rent payments began in 1573. China retained sovereignty and Chinese residents were subject to Chinese law, but the territory was under Portuguese administration. In 1582 a land lease was signed, and annual rent was paid to Xiangshan County.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} The Portuguese continued to pay an annual tribute up to 1863 in order to stay in Macau.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CioAAAAAQAAJ&q=parthian+despatch+macao&pg=PA522|title=Dictionary of dates, and universal reference. [With]|year=1885|edition=18|page=522|quote=MACAO (in Quang-tong, S. China) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 (in return for their assistance against pirates), subject to an annual tribute, which was remitted in 1863. Here Camoens composed part of the " Lusiad."|author=Joseph Timothy Haydn|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111451/http://books.google.com/books?id=CioAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA522&dq=parthian+despatch+macao&hl=en&ei=5Kq5TomRIKiOSQLe3oWlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw
[[File:Merchant from Penang in Festive Dress, Woman from Macao.JPG|thumb|220px|A Chinese official and a woman from [[Macau]], 1880.]]
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After the Portuguese were allowed to permanently settle in Macau, both Chinese and Portuguese merchants flocked to Macau, although the Portuguese were never numerous (numbering just 900 in 1583 and 1200 out of 26,000 in 1640).<ref>Porter, Jonathan. ''Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present''. Westview Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-8133-3749-4}}</ref> It quickly became an important node in the development of Portugal's trade along three major routes: Macau–Malacca–Goa–Lisbon, Guangzhou–Macau–Nagasaki and Macau–Manila–Mexico. The Guangzhou–Macau–Nagasaki route was particularly profitable because the Portuguese acted as middlemen, shipping Chinese silks to Japan and Japanese silver to China, pocketing huge markups in the process. This already lucrative trade became even more so when Chinese officials handed Macau's Portuguese traders a monopoly by banning direct trade with Japan in 1547, due to piracy by Chinese and Japanese nationals.<ref name="TouristGuideHistory">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520084736/http://www.macautouristguide.com/en/history.html|url=http://www.macautouristguide.com/en/history.html|archive-date=20 May 2007 |title=Macau – a unique city|publisher=Macau Tourist Guide|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
In 1637, An English explorer [[John Weddell]] arrive at Macau.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://docslib.org/doc/10663912/the-british-presence-in-macau-1635-1793 | title=The British Presence in Macau, 1635–1793 }}</ref>
Macau's golden age coincided with the [[Iberian Union|union]] of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, between 1580 and 1640. King [[Philip II of Spain]] was encouraged to not harm the status quo, to allow trade to continue between Portuguese Macau and Spanish Manila, and to not interfere with Portuguese trade with China. In 1587, Philip promoted Macau from "Settlement or Port of the Name of God" to "City of the Name of God" (Cidade do Nome de Deus de Macau).<ref>[[C. R. Boxer]], ''Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770''. Martinus Nijhoff (The Hague), 1948. p. 4</ref>
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[[File:Cidade do Nome De Deus Nao Ha Outra Mais Leal.jpg|thumb|The full title awarded to Macau by King [[Joao IV]] is still displayed to this day inside the [[Leal Senado]], though the building and emblem itself date from the 19th century.]]
[[File:Le port de Macao en 1787 expedition La Perouse.jpg|thumb|Macao harbour, 1787]]
[[File:View of the Praya Grande, Macau, unknown artist, Guangzhou, China, c. 1830, oil on canvas - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07303.jpg|thumb|View of the Praia Grande, Macau, unknown artist,
In 1637, increasing suspicion of the intentions of Spanish and Portuguese Catholic missionaries in Japan finally led the ''[[shōgun]]'' to seal Japan off from foreign influence. Later named the [[sakoku]] period, this meant that no Japanese were allowed to leave the country (or return if they were living abroad), and no foreign ship was allowed to dock in a Japanese port. An exception was made for the Protestant Dutch, who were allowed to continue to trade with Japan from the confines of a small man-made island in Nagasaki, [[Deshima]]. Macau's most profitable trade route, that between Japan and China, had been severed. The crisis was compounded two years later by the loss of Malacca to the Dutch in 1641, damaging the link with Goa.
The news that the Portuguese [[House of Braganza]] had [[Portuguese Restoration War|regained control of the Crown]] from the [[Spanish Habsburgs]] took two years to reach Macau, arriving in 1642. A ten-week celebration ensued, and despite its new-found poverty, Macau sent gifts to the new King [[João IV]] along with expressions of loyalty. In return, the King rewarded Macau with the addition of the words "There is none more Loyal" to its existing title. Macau was now "City of the Name of God, Macau, There is none more loyal". ("Cidade do Nome de Deus, Macau, Nao Ha Outra Mais Leal" <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{Audio|Portuguese-Cidade do Santo Nome de Deus de Macau, Nao ha outra mais Leal.ogg|Listen}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>).<ref>{{cite news|title=Step onto Senado Square and into the past: Walking tours bring
[[File:Lai Afong, view of Macau, 1870s-1890s.jpg|thumb|left|Macau, ''ca''. 1870]]
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In 1685, the privileged position of the Portuguese in trade with China ended, following a decision by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of China to allow trade with all foreign countries. Over the next century, Britain, the Dutch Republic, France, Denmark, Sweden, the United States and Russia moved in, establishing factories and offices in [[Guangzhou]] and Macau. British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the [[Macau Incident (1799)|Macau Incident]] of 27 January 1799.
[[File:Praia Grande, Macau (gravura de W. H. Capone).png|thumb|Macau in the 19th century; ''Praia Grande,'' painted by W. H. Capone]]
Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" ([[Portuguese State of India]]), but after this date, it, along with [[East Timor]], was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.
The [[Treaty of Wanghia|Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between China and the United States]] was signed in a temple in Macau on 3 July 1844. The temple was used by a Chinese judicial administrator, who also oversaw matters concerning foreigners, and was located in the village of Mong Há. The Templo de Kun Iam was the site where, on 3 July 1844, the treaty of Wangxia (named after the village of Mong Ha where the temple was located) was signed by representatives of the United States and China. This marked the official beginning of Sino-US relations. ==1844–1938: The Hong Kong effect==
[[File:Macao Street Scene.jpg|thumb|Street scene in Macau in the 1840s, by [[George Chinnery]].]]
[[File:Situationskärtchen von Kanton, Makao, Hongkong.jpg|thumb|1888 German map of Hong Kong, Macau, and Canton (now [[Guangzhou]])]]
After China ceded Hong Kong to the British in 1842, Macau's position as a major regional trading centre declined further still because larger ships were drawn to the deep
In 1871, the [[Hospital Kiang Wu]] was founded as a traditional Chinese medical hospital. It was in 1892 that doctor [[Sun Yat-sen]] brought Western medicine services to the hospital.<ref name=GovernmentPublication>As published on IACM Macau government publication "Footprints of Painter Gao Jianhu"</ref>
In the 1930s, Macau's traditional income streams related to illegal opium sales dried up, as the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)|Eastern Fleet]] suppressed piracy and smuggling in support of Hong Kong's growing commercial status. Traditional local industries of fishing, firecrackers and incense, as well as tea and tobacco processing, were all small scale, while Macau
[[File:Macau c1870 by W.P. Floyd 3.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Macau harbour c1870 by W.P. Floyd. Different types of boat traffic visible. Some are small and local, others for long distance travel.]]
Intertwined with this economic progress was an alleged and much discussed offer (never officially confirmed) in 1935 by Japan to buy Macau from Portugal, for US$100 million. Concerns were raised by the British, and others. In May, the Portuguese government twice denied that it would accept any such offer, and the matter was closed.<ref name=100mOffer/>
===1848–1870s: Slave trade===
From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of [[coolies]] (or slave labourers) from southern China.
== 1938–1949: World War II ==
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Unlike in the case of [[Portuguese Timor]], which was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 along with Dutch Timor, the Japanese respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau, but only up to a point.<ref name=MacauDailyInterview1/> As such, Macau enjoyed a brief period of economic prosperity, being the only neutral port in South China, after the Japanese had occupied Guangzhou (Canton) and [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. In August 1943, Japanese troops seized the British steamer ''Sian'' in Macau and killed about 20 guards. The next month, they demanded the installation of Japanese "advisors" under the alternative of military occupation. The result was that a virtual Japanese [[protectorate]] was created over Macau.
On June 26, 1942, a [[Hawker Hart|Hawker Osprey III]] (6) of [[Portuguese Naval Aviation|Aeronáutica Naval]] crashed into a residential area in Macau, killing both occupants as well as one person on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident Hawker Ospray III 6 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/215072 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> This is the only fatal aircraft accident to have taken place in Macau.'
Having been neutral during World War II, Portugal was not a signatory to the 1944 [[Bretton-Woods Agreement|Bretton Woods Agreement]].<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=87}} Combined with its geographical location, this meant that Macau was an ideal hub for the illicit gold trade among those seeking to avoid the price controls on gold imposed by the Bretton Woods Agreement.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=87}} Following the 1971 U.S. abandonment of the Bretton Woods System through the [[Nixon shock]], Macau's significance to the gold trade declined, and its illicit gold trade ended in 1974.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=88}}
When it was discovered that neutral Macau was planning to sell aviation fuel to Japan, aircraft from the ''[[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|USS Enterprise]]'' bombed and strafed the hangar of the Naval Aviation Centre on 16 January 1945 to destroy the fuel. American air raids on targets in Macau were also made on 25 February and 11 June 1945. Following Portuguese government protest in 1950, the United States paid US$20,255,952 compensation to the government of Portugal.<ref>p.116 Garrett, Richard J. ''The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons Over 450 Years'' Hong Kong University Press, 1 February 2010</ref>
== 1949–1999: Macau and
When the [[Chinese Communist Party
Following World War II, the United Nations expected its member states to relinquish any colonies. Portuguese Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Antonio Salazar]] sought to resist UN pressure to relinquish Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} In 1951, the Salazar regime eliminated the phrase "colonial empire" from its constitution and sought to re-characterize Macau not as a colony but as an [[Political divisions of Portugal#Former regions|overseas province]] of Portugal, which it viewed as part of a plural-continental but nonetheless unified and indivisible Portuguese state.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}}
▲When the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese communists]] came to power in 1949, they declared the Protocol of Lisbon to be invalid as an "[[unequal treaties|unequal treaty]]" imposed by foreigners on China. However, Beijing was not ready to settle the treaty question, leaving the maintenance of "the status quo" until a more appropriate time. Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom.
During the [[Korean War]], Macau was a major site for the smuggling of arms into China to avoid United Nations mandates.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=82}} After the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice]], Macau became a semi-official gateway for [[North Korea]]'s diplomatic and financial interests, with a Macau trading company serving as North Korea's de facto consulate in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=82}}
During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China [[Portas do Cerco]] was also referred to as ''Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie'' with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wordie |first=Jason |year=2013 |title=Macao – People and Places, Past and Present |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Angsana Limited |isbn=978-988-12696-0-7 | pages =6–7 | chapter=1. Portas do Cerco }}</ref> According to reports, the exchange lasted for one-and-three-quarter hours, leaving one dead and several dozens injured on the Macau side and more than 100 casualties claimed on the Communist Chinese side.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 1952 |title=Macao Portuguese Fire Over Border |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49044158 |newspaper=The West Australian |location=Perth |publisher=Perth, W. A. : A. Davidson, for the West Australian, 1879 |access-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref>
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In 1962, the gambling industry of Macau saw a major breakthrough when the government granted the ''[[Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau]]'' (STDM), a syndicate jointly formed by Hong Kong and Macau businessmen, the monopoly rights to all forms of gambling. The STDM introduced western-style games and modernised the marine transport between Macau and Hong Kong, bringing millions of gamblers from Hong Kong every year.<ref name="Macau economy">{{cite book |title=The Macau Economy|last=Chan|first=S. S.|year=2000|publisher=Publications Centre, University of Macau|location=Macau|isbn=99937-26-03-6}}</ref>
Riots broke out in 1966 during the
[[File:12-3 Incident Apology.jpg|thumb|220px|The Portuguese governor of Macau signing a statement of apology under a portrait of Mao Zedong.]]
On 29 January 1967, the Portuguese
Two agreements were signed, one with Macau's Chinese community, and the other with mainland China. The latter committed the
This success in Macau encouraged leftists in Hong Kong to "do the same", leading to riots by leftists in Hong Kong in 1967.
After the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] overthrew the dictatorship of [[Marcelo Caetano]], Portugal began a formal process of decolonization.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} Over the next several years, it made two offers to return the Macau and China rejected both.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} In 1979, Portugal and China established formal diplomatic relations and reached a secret agreement to characterize Macau as a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}}
In 1994, the [[Ponte de Amizade|Bridge of Friendship]] was completed, the second bridge connecting Macau and Taipa.<ref name=MacauMuseum/>
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In 1997, the [[Estádio Campo Desportivo|Macau Stadium]] was completed in Taipa.<ref name=MacauMuseum/>
Over a three year period in the late 1990s, as wave of gang violence referred to as the casino wars occurred in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The casino wars were largely attributable to rival [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups who sought to gain control of Macau's illicit industries before Portugal transferred the territory back to China.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The Portuguese authorities of Macau mostly failed to address the violence, which resulted in 122 deaths, or to catch those responsible.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}}
==1999: Handover to the People's Republic of China==
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The PRC has promised that, under its "[[one country, two systems]]" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practised in Macau and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defence affairs until, at least, 2049, fifty years after the handover.
Upon the handover of Macau [[Western imperialism in Asia|European colonisation of Asia]] ended.
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In 2002, the Macau government ended the [[Gambling in Macau|gambling monopoly system]] and 3 (later 6) casino operating concessions (and subconcessions) were granted to [[Sociedade de Jogos de Macau]] (SJM, an 80% owned subsidiary of STDM), [[Wynn Resorts]], [[Las Vegas Sands]], [[Galaxy entertainment|Galaxy Entertainment Group]], the partnership of [[MGM Mirage]] and [[Pansy Ho Chiu-king]], and the partnership of Melco and PBL, thus marking the begin of the rise of Macau as the new gambling hub in Asia.
As one of the measures to develop the gambling industry, the Cotai
In 2004, the [[Sai Van Bridge]] was completed, the third bridge between Macau island and Taipa island.<ref name=MacauMuseum/>
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In 2005, the [[Macau East Asian Games Dome]], the principal venue for the 4th East Asian Games, was inaugurated.<ref name=MacauMuseum>As displayed on the official timeline of Macau at the Museum of History in Taipa</ref>
Also in 2005, the Macau government started a wave of social housing construction (lasting until 2013 at least), constructing over 8000 apartment units in the process.<ref>{{cite web | author=Insituto de Habitacao | title=Social Housing | url=http://www.ihm.gov.mo/en/page/index.php?id=102 | access-date=30 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000107/http://www.ihm.gov.mo/en/page/index.php?id=102 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
===2007–2008: The Financial Crisis hits Macau===
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On 12 December 2019, Macau officially opened its first rail transit system: the [[Macau Light Rapid Transit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3041762/macaus-long-delayed-light-rail-service-begins-carrying-passengers|title=Macau's long-delayed light rail or tram service begins carrying passengers|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
Overall, Macau was among the safest places in the world during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Macau|COVID-19 pandemic]], with relatively few infections and a large array of medical, social, and financial response measures.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=298}} Macau's casino-reliant economy was greatly slowed by the pandemic.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=298}}
==See also==
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* Shipp, Steve: ''Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule''
* {{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Cathryn|editor1-first=Bryna|editor1-last=Goodman|editor2-first=David|editor2-last=Goodman|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203125458/chapters/10.4324/9780203125458-18|chapter=The hapless imperialist? Portuguese rule in 1960s Macau|title=Twentieth Century Colonialism and China|edition=1|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.4324/9780203125458|isbn=978-0-203-12545-8}}
{{Macauafter1999}}
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