History of Macau: Difference between revisions

During the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC), the region was under the jurisdiction of [[Panyu County]], [[Nanhai District|Nanhai Prefecture]] of the province of [[Guangdong]].<ref name="Macau history in Macau encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.macaudata.com/macauweb/Encyclopedia/html/44907.htm|title=Macau history in Macau Encyclopedia|access-date=12 January 2008|publisher=Macau Foundation|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013210914/http://macaudata.com/macauweb/Encyclopedia/html/44907.htm|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Macau-yearbook">{{cite web |url=https://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/yearbook_pdf/2019/myb2019ePA01CH22.pdf |publisher=Government Information Bureau of the MSAR |title=15: History |quote=Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty) unified China in 221 BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin dynasty (AD 266–420), then Nanhai County during the Sui dynasty (AD 581–618), and Dongguan County in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907). In 1152, during the Southern Song dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.}}</ref><ref name="ethnic-encyclopedia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |first=James B. |last=Minahan |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-018-8 |page=169}}</ref> The region is first known to have been settled during the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnbCite book| publisher = Hong Kong University Press| isbn = 978-988-8028-54-2| last = Hao| first = Zhidong| title = Macau History and Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&pg=PA15 | date = 2011|ppage = 15}}.</ref> It was administratively part of [[Dongguan Prefecture]] in the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] (266–420 AD), and alternated under the control of Nanhai and Dongguan in later dynasties.<ref name="ethnic-encyclopedia"/><ref name="handbook">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nF-zCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Macao Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook – Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures |publisher=IBP. Inc. |year=2015 |page=32|isbn=978-1-5145-1727-7 }}</ref>

[[File:Macau oldmapin Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Macau Peninsula]], in 1639[[1635]].]]

Good relations between the Portuguese and Chinese Ming dynasty resumed in the 1540s, when the Portuguese aided China in eliminating coastal pirates. The two later began annual trade missions to the offshore [[Shangchuan Island]] in 1549. A few years later, [[Lampacau]] Island, closer to the [[Pearl River Delta]], became the main base of the Portuguese trade in the region.<ref>{{citation|first= Roderich |last=Ptak|title=Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao

[[File:View of the Praya Grande, Macau, unknown artist, Guangzhou, China, c. 1830, oil on canvas - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07303.jpg|thumb|View of the Praia Grande, Macau, unknown artist, c. {{circa|1830}}]]

Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" ([[Portuguese State of India]]), but after this date, it, along with [[East Timor]], was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.

The [[Treaty of Wanghia|Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between China and the United States]] was signed in a temple in Macau on 3 July 1844. The temple was used by a Chinese judicial administrator, who also oversaw matters concerning foreigners, and was located in the village of Mong Há. The Templo de Kun Iam was the site where, on 3 July 1844, the treaty of Wangxia (named after the village of Mong Ha where the temple was located) was signed by representatives of the United States and China. This marked the official beginning of Sino-US relations.

After China ceded Hong Kong to the British in 1842, Macau's position as a major regional trading centre declined further still because larger ships were drawn to the deep-water port of [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mirza, Rocky M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117312614|title=Understanding the global shift, the popularity of Donald Trump, Brexit and discontent in the West : rise of the emerging economies: 1980 to 2018|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4907-9327-6|location=[Bloomington, IN]|oclc=1117312614}}</ref> In an1846, attemptPortugal dispatched [[João Maria Ferreira do Amaral]] to reverseserve theas decline,governor Portugalof declaredMacau.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: aCasino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[freeUniversity of Minnesota portPress]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=81}} He unilaterally declared Macau a Portuguese colony, expelledstopped Chineseannual officialsrent andpayments to China, occupied the nearby Island of [[Taipa]] (which had never been Portuguese soldiersterritory), and thereafterimposed levieda new series of taxes on ChineseMacau residents.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=81}} In 1846, there was a [[Revolt of the Faitiões|revolt of the boatmen]] that was put down.

PortugalWhile continuedsupervising toroad payconstruction, rentAmaral toordered Chinathe untildestruction 1849,of whenChinese tombs in the Portuguesearea. abolishedIn the Chinese[[Passaleão incident|Baishaling incident]], Amaral customswas houseambushed and declaredkilled Macau'sby a group of Chinese villagers he encountered while riding outside the city gates.<ref name="independence:132", />{{Rp|page=81}} The Portuguese responded with a yearsurprise whichattack alsoon sawa nearby Chinese retaliationfort, and finallyforcing the assassinationChinese ofto Govretreat.<ref [[Joãoname=":132" Maria/>{{Rp|page=81}} FerreiraThis dowas Amaral|Ferreiraa domilestone Amaral]] duringin the so-calledPortugal's [[Passaleãoassertion incident|Baishalingof incident]]sovereignty over Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|pages=81–82}} Portugal gained control of the island of Wanzai ([[Lapa, Dom João e Montanha|Lapa]] by the Portuguese and now as Wanzaizhen), to the northwest of Macau and which now is under the jurisdiction of [[Zhuhai]] ([[Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]]), in 1849 but relinquished it in 1887. Control over [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], two islands south of Macau, was obtained between 1851 and 1864. Macau and East Timor were again combined as an overseas province of Portugal under control of Goa in 1883. The Protocol Respecting the Relations Between the Two Countries (signed in Lisbon 26 March 1887) and the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking|Beijing Treaty]] (signed in Beijing on 1 December 1887) confirmed "perpetual occupation and government" of Macau by Portugal (with Portugal's promise "never to alienate Macau and dependencies without agreement with China" in the treaty). Taipa and Coloane were also ceded to Portugal, but the border with the mainland was not delimited. Ilha Verde ({{zh|c=青洲 |j=Ceng1 Zau1 or Cing1 Zau1 |p=Qīngzhōu}}) was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through [[land reclamation]].{{citation needed|date = December 2012}}

From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of [[coolies]] (or slave labourers) from southern China. MostBetween of1851 themand were1874 kidnappedapproximately from215,000 the [[Guangdong]] province andChinese were shipped offfrom inMacau packedoverseas, vesselsprimarily to [[Cuba]], and [[Peru]], orwith othersome Southbeing American portsshipped to work[[The onGuianas|Guiana]], plantations[[Suriname]], orand in[[Costa minesRica]].<ref Manyname=":132" died/>{{Rp|page=82}} onCoolies thewere wayobtained therevia duevariety toof malnutritionsources, disease,including orsome otherwho mistreatment.were Theentrapped ''Deaby delbrokers Mar'' which had set sail to [[Callao]] fromin Macau inthrough 1865loans with 550 Chinese onfor boardgambling, arrivedand inothers [[Tahiti]]who withwere onlykidnapped 162or ofcoerced.<ref themname=":132" still alive./>{{cnRp|datepage=October 202182}}

== 1949–1999: Macau and communistthe People's Republic of China ==

Riots broke out in 1966 during the communist [[Cultural Revolution]], when local Chinese and the Macau authority clashed, the most serious one being the so-called [[12-3 incident]].<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} This was sparkedprompted by thegovernment overreactiondelays ofin someapproving Portuguesea officialsnew towing what wasfor a regularCommunist minorParty disputeelementary concerningschool buildingin permitsTaipa.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} The riotsschool causedboard eightillegally deathscommenced construction. the colonial government sent police to stop the workers, and several people were injured in the endconflict.<ref wasname=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} to eight people were killed, leading also to a total climbdown by the Portuguese government.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC&q=de+facto&pg=PA34 ''Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999''], Carmen Amado Mendes, Hong Kong University Press, 2013, page 34</ref> The event set in motion de facto abdication of Portuguese control over Macau, putting it on the path to eventual decolonization.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84–85}}

Two agreements were signed, one with Macau's Chinese community, and the other with mainland China. The latter committed the government to compensate local Chinese community leaders with as much as 2 million [[Macanese pataca|Macau pataca]]s and to prohibit all [[Kuomintang]] activities in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} This move ended the conflict, and relations between the government and the leftist organisations remained largely peaceful.<ref>{{CitationCite web needed|reasontitle=ReliableMacau source(09/08) needed for|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/macau/101177.htm the whole sentence|access-date=June2024-07-03 |website=U.S. Department of 2018State}}</ref>