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[[File:Saopaulo Chinnery.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ruins of St. Paul's|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in the 19th century by [[George Chinnery]] (1774–1852)]]
[[Macau]] is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] (SAR) of the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. It was leased to [[Portugal]] in
(2010), p. 127.</ref> In 1999 it was handed over to China. Macau was the last extant European territory in continental Asia.
==Early history==
{{Further|Europeans in Medieval China}}
The human history of Macau stretches back up to
During the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC), the region was under the jurisdiction of [[Panyu County]], [[Nanhai District|Nanhai Prefecture]] of the province of [[Guangdong]].<ref name="Macau history in Macau encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.macaudata.com/macauweb/Encyclopedia/html/44907.htm|title=Macau history in Macau Encyclopedia|access-date=12 January 2008|publisher=Macau Foundation|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013210914/http://macaudata.com/macauweb/Encyclopedia/html/44907.htm|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Macau-yearbook">{{cite web |url=https://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/yearbook_pdf/2019/myb2019ePA01CH22.pdf |publisher=Government Information Bureau of the MSAR |title=15: History |quote=Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty) unified China in 221 BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin dynasty (AD 266–420), then Nanhai County during the Sui dynasty (AD 581–618), and Dongguan County in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907). In 1152, during the Southern Song dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.}}</ref><ref name="ethnic-encyclopedia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |first=James B. |last=Minahan |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-018-8 |page=169}}</ref> The region is first known to have been settled during the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Hong Kong University Press| isbn = 978-988-8028-54-2| last = Hao| first = Zhidong| title = Macau History and Society | url = https://
Since the 5th century, merchant ships travelling between Southeast Asia and [[Guangzhou]] used the region as a port for refuge, fresh water, and food.<ref>{{Cite web|last=davide|title=Macau's Early History|url=https://www.portuguesemuseum.org/?page_id=1808&category=3&exhibit=&event=154|access-date=25 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> In
[[Mong Há]] has long been the centre of Chinese life in Macau and the site of what may be the region's oldest temple, a shrine devoted to the [[Buddhist]] [[Guanyin]] (Goddess of Mercy).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ride |first=Lindsay |display-authors=etal |title=The Voices of Macao Stones: The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-209-487-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTLxAQAAQBAJ&dq=mong+H%C3%A1+budhist+goddess+of+mercy+temple&pg=PT64 |pages=42}}</ref> Later in the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644 AD), fishermen migrated to Macau from various parts of Guangdong and [[Fujian]] provinces and built the [[A-Ma Temple]] where they prayed for safety on the sea. The [[Hoklo people|Hoklo Boat people]] were the first to show interest in Macau as a trading centre for the southern provinces. However, Macau did not develop as a major settlement until the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century.<ref name="Brief History of Macau" />
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In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] in [[Tamão]] or [[Tuen Mun]] in 1521 where the Portuguese lost two ships, and [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] in [[Lantau Island]] where the Portuguese also lost two ships, and [[Shuangyu]] in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the [[Dongshan County|Dongshan Peninsula]] in 1549, where two Portuguese junks and [[Galeote Pereira]] were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as [[matchlock]] [[musket]] [[arquebus]]es which they named [[Gun control in China#History|bird guns]] and [[Breech-loading swivel gun#Use|Breech loading swivel guns]] which they named as Folangji ([[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Frankish]]) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)]] and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver [[taels]] to Ming China.<ref>p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA344 The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-521-24333-5}}</ref>
Good relations between the Portuguese and Chinese Ming dynasty resumed in the 1540s, when the Portuguese aided China in eliminating coastal pirates. The two later began annual trade missions to the offshore [[Shangchuan Island]] in 1549. A few years later, [[Lampacau]] Island, closer to the [[Pearl River Delta]], became the main base of the Portuguese trade in the region.<ref>{{citation|first= Roderich |last=Ptak|title=Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao
|journal= Mare Liberum, Revista de História dos Mares |issue= 4|year= 1992|place= Lisbon
|url=http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231338/http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
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After the Portuguese were allowed to permanently settle in Macau, both Chinese and Portuguese merchants flocked to Macau, although the Portuguese were never numerous (numbering just 900 in 1583 and 1200 out of 26,000 in 1640).<ref>Porter, Jonathan. ''Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present''. Westview Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-8133-3749-4}}</ref> It quickly became an important node in the development of Portugal's trade along three major routes: Macau–Malacca–Goa–Lisbon, Guangzhou–Macau–Nagasaki and Macau–Manila–Mexico. The Guangzhou–Macau–Nagasaki route was particularly profitable because the Portuguese acted as middlemen, shipping Chinese silks to Japan and Japanese silver to China, pocketing huge markups in the process. This already lucrative trade became even more so when Chinese officials handed Macau's Portuguese traders a monopoly by banning direct trade with Japan in 1547, due to piracy by Chinese and Japanese nationals.<ref name="TouristGuideHistory">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520084736/http://www.macautouristguide.com/en/history.html|url=http://www.macautouristguide.com/en/history.html|archive-date=20 May 2007 |title=Macau – a unique city|publisher=Macau Tourist Guide|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
In 1637, An English explorer [[John Weddell]] arrive at Macau.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://docslib.org/doc/10663912/the-british-presence-in-macau-1635-1793 | title=The British Presence in Macau, 1635–1793 }}</ref>
Macau's golden age coincided with the [[Iberian Union|union]] of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, between 1580 and 1640. King [[Philip II of Spain]] was encouraged to not harm the status quo, to allow trade to continue between Portuguese Macau and Spanish Manila, and to not interfere with Portuguese trade with China. In 1587, Philip promoted Macau from "Settlement or Port of the Name of God" to "City of the Name of God" (Cidade do Nome de Deus de Macau).<ref>[[C. R. Boxer]], ''Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770''. Martinus Nijhoff (The Hague), 1948. p. 4</ref>
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[[File:Cidade do Nome De Deus Nao Ha Outra Mais Leal.jpg|thumb|The full title awarded to Macau by King [[Joao IV]] is still displayed to this day inside the [[Leal Senado]], though the building and emblem itself date from the 19th century.]]
[[File:Le port de Macao en 1787 expedition La Perouse.jpg|thumb|Macao harbour, 1787]]
[[File:View of the Praya Grande, Macau, unknown artist, Guangzhou, China, c. 1830, oil on canvas - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07303.jpg|thumb|View of the Praia Grande, Macau, unknown artist,
In 1637, increasing suspicion of the intentions of Spanish and Portuguese Catholic missionaries in Japan finally led the ''[[shōgun]]'' to seal Japan off from foreign influence. Later named the [[sakoku]] period, this meant that no Japanese were allowed to leave the country (or return if they were living abroad), and no foreign ship was allowed to dock in a Japanese port. An exception was made for the Protestant Dutch, who were allowed to continue to trade with Japan from the confines of a small man-made island in Nagasaki, [[Deshima]]. Macau's most profitable trade route, that between Japan and China, had been severed. The crisis was compounded two years later by the loss of Malacca to the Dutch in 1641, damaging the link with Goa.
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In 1685, the privileged position of the Portuguese in trade with China ended, following a decision by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of China to allow trade with all foreign countries. Over the next century, Britain, the Dutch Republic, France, Denmark, Sweden, the United States and Russia moved in, establishing factories and offices in [[Guangzhou]] and Macau. British trading dominance in the 1790s was unsuccessfully challenged by a combined French and Spanish naval squadron at the [[Macau Incident (1799)|Macau Incident]] of 27 January 1799.
[[File:Praia Grande, Macau (gravura de W. H. Capone).png|thumb|Macau in the 19th century; ''Praia Grande,'' painted by W. H. Capone]]
Until 20 April 1844 Macau was under the jurisdiction of Portugal's Indian colonies, the so-called "Estado português da India" ([[Portuguese State of India]]), but after this date, it, along with [[East Timor]], was accorded recognition by Lisbon (but not by Beijing) as an overseas province of Portugal.
The [[Treaty of Wanghia|Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between China and the United States]] was signed in a temple in Macau on 3 July 1844. The temple was used by a Chinese judicial administrator, who also oversaw matters concerning foreigners, and was located in the village of Mong Há. The Templo de Kun Iam was the site where, on 3 July 1844, the treaty of Wangxia (named after the village of Mong Ha where the temple was located) was signed by representatives of the United States and China. This marked the official beginning of Sino-US relations. ==1844–1938: The Hong Kong effect==
[[File:Macao Street Scene.jpg|thumb|Street scene in Macau in the 1840s, by [[George Chinnery]].]]
[[File:Situationskärtchen von Kanton, Makao, Hongkong.jpg|thumb|1888 German map of Hong Kong, Macau, and Canton (now [[Guangzhou]])]]
After China ceded Hong Kong to the British in 1842, Macau's position as a major regional trading centre declined further still because larger ships were drawn to the deep-water port of [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mirza, Rocky M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117312614|title=Understanding the global shift, the popularity of Donald Trump, Brexit and discontent in the West : rise of the emerging economies: 1980 to 2018|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4907-9327-6|location=[Bloomington, IN]|oclc=1117312614}}</ref> In
In 1871, the [[Hospital Kiang Wu]] was founded as a traditional Chinese medical hospital. It was in 1892 that doctor [[Sun Yat-sen]] brought Western medicine services to the hospital.<ref name=GovernmentPublication>As published on IACM Macau government publication "Footprints of Painter Gao Jianhu"</ref>
In the 1930s, Macau's traditional income streams related to illegal opium sales dried up, as the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)|Eastern Fleet]] suppressed piracy and smuggling in support of Hong Kong's growing commercial status. Traditional local industries of fishing, firecrackers and incense, as well as tea and tobacco processing, were all small scale, while Macau government income from '[[Fan-Tan]]' gambling was only around US$5000 (about US$100,000 in modern money) per day. So the financially pressed Portuguese government urged the colony's administrators to develop greater economic self-sufficiency. One channel that bore fruit was as a transit point for the new trans-Pacific passenger and postal flights, for competing airlines from the US and Japan – which was at the time engaged in [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|conflict with China]]. In 1935, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan-Am]] secured sea-landing rights in Macau and immediately set about building related communications infrastructure in the enclave, allowing a service from [[San Francisco]] to begin in November that year.<ref name=100mOffer>[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3049322/did-japan-really-offer-portugal-us100-million Did Japan really offer Portugal US$100 million for Macau in 1935?], SCMP by Paul French, 8 February 2020</ref>
[[File:Macau c1870 by W.P. Floyd 3.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Macau harbour c1870 by W.P. Floyd. Different types of boat traffic visible. Some are small and local, others for long distance travel.]]
Intertwined with this economic progress was an alleged and much discussed offer (never officially confirmed) in 1935 by Japan to buy Macau from Portugal, for US$100 million. Concerns were raised by the British, and others. In May, the Portuguese government twice denied that it would accept any such offer, and the matter was closed.<ref name=100mOffer/>
===1848–1870s: Slave trade===
From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of [[coolies]] (or slave labourers) from southern China.
== 1938–1949: World War II ==
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Unlike in the case of [[Portuguese Timor]], which was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 along with Dutch Timor, the Japanese respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau, but only up to a point.<ref name=MacauDailyInterview1/> As such, Macau enjoyed a brief period of economic prosperity, being the only neutral port in South China, after the Japanese had occupied Guangzhou (Canton) and [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. In August 1943, Japanese troops seized the British steamer ''Sian'' in Macau and killed about 20 guards. The next month, they demanded the installation of Japanese "advisors" under the alternative of military occupation. The result was that a virtual Japanese [[protectorate]] was created over Macau.
On June 26, 1942, a [[Hawker Hart|Hawker Osprey III]] (6) of [[Portuguese Naval Aviation|Aeronáutica Naval]] crashed into a residential area in Macau, killing both occupants as well as one person on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident Hawker Ospray III 6 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/215072 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> This is the only fatal aircraft accident to have taken place in Macau.'
Having been neutral during World War II, Portugal was not a signatory to the 1944 [[Bretton-Woods Agreement|Bretton Woods Agreement]].<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=87}} Combined with its geographical location, this meant that Macau was an ideal hub for the illicit gold trade among those seeking to avoid the price controls on gold imposed by the Bretton Woods Agreement.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=87}} Following the 1971 U.S. abandonment of the Bretton Woods System through the [[Nixon shock]], Macau's significance to the gold trade declined, and its illicit gold trade ended in 1974.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=88}}
When it was discovered that neutral Macau was planning to sell aviation fuel to Japan, aircraft from the ''[[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|USS Enterprise]]'' bombed and strafed the hangar of the Naval Aviation Centre on 16 January 1945 to destroy the fuel. American air raids on targets in Macau were also made on 25 February and 11 June 1945. Following Portuguese government protest in 1950, the United States paid US$20,255,952 compensation to the government of Portugal.<ref>p.116 Garrett, Richard J. ''The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons Over 450 Years'' Hong Kong University Press, 1 February 2010</ref>
== 1949–1999: Macau and
When the [[Chinese Communist Party
Following World War II, the United Nations expected its member states to relinquish any colonies. Portuguese Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Antonio Salazar]] sought to resist UN pressure to relinquish Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} In 1951, the Salazar regime eliminated the phrase "colonial empire" from its constitution and sought to re-characterize Macau not as a colony but as an [[Political divisions of Portugal#Former regions|overseas province]] of Portugal, which it viewed as part of a plural-continental but nonetheless unified and indivisible Portuguese state.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}}
▲When the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese communists]] came to power in 1949, they declared the Protocol of Lisbon to be invalid as an "[[unequal treaties|unequal treaty]]" imposed by foreigners on China. However, Beijing was not ready to settle the treaty question, leaving the maintenance of "the status quo" until a more appropriate time. Beijing took a similar position on treaties relating to the Hong Kong territories of the United Kingdom.
During the [[Korean War]], Macau was a major site for the smuggling of arms into China to avoid United Nations mandates.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=82}} After the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice]], Macau became a semi-official gateway for [[North Korea]]'s diplomatic and financial interests, with a Macau trading company serving as North Korea's de facto consulate in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=82}}
During the 1950s and 1960s Macau's border crossing to China [[Portas do Cerco]] was also referred to as ''Far Eastern Checkpoint Charlie'' with a major border incident happening in 1952 with Portuguese African Troops exchanging fire with Chinese Communist border guards.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wordie |first=Jason |year=2013 |title=Macao – People and Places, Past and Present |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Angsana Limited |isbn=978-988-12696-0-7 | pages =6–7 | chapter=1. Portas do Cerco }}</ref> According to reports, the exchange lasted for one-and-three-quarter hours, leaving one dead and several dozens injured on the Macau side and more than 100 casualties claimed on the Communist Chinese side.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 1952 |title=Macao Portuguese Fire Over Border |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49044158 |newspaper=The West Australian |location=Perth |publisher=Perth, W. A. : A. Davidson, for the West Australian, 1879 |access-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref>
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In 1962, the gambling industry of Macau saw a major breakthrough when the government granted the ''[[Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau]]'' (STDM), a syndicate jointly formed by Hong Kong and Macau businessmen, the monopoly rights to all forms of gambling. The STDM introduced western-style games and modernised the marine transport between Macau and Hong Kong, bringing millions of gamblers from Hong Kong every year.<ref name="Macau economy">{{cite book |title=The Macau Economy|last=Chan|first=S. S.|year=2000|publisher=Publications Centre, University of Macau|location=Macau|isbn=99937-26-03-6}}</ref>
Riots broke out in 1966 during the
[[File:12-3 Incident Apology.jpg|thumb|220px|The Portuguese governor of Macau signing a statement of apology under a portrait of Mao Zedong.]]
On 29 January 1967, the Portuguese governor, José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho, with the endorsement of Portuguese prime minister Salazar, signed a statement of apology at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a portrait of [[Mao Zedong]], with [[Ho Yin]], the chamber's president, presiding.<ref name="Maxwell">[https://books.google.com/books?id=99mDi7KYa1oC&dq=kuomintang+macau+1967&pg=PA279 ''Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321220809/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=99mDi7KYa1oC&lpg=PA279&ots=1ElNjmIq6u&dq=kuomintang%20macau%201967&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20macau%201967&f=false |date=21 March 2016 }}, Kenneth Maxwell, Psychology Press, 2003, page 279</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A guerra e as respostas militar e política 5.Macau: Fim da ocupação perpétua (War and Military and Political Responses 5.Macau: Ending Perpetual Occupation) |url=http://media.rtp.pt/descolonizacaoportuguesa/pecas/macau-fim-da-ocupacao-perpetua/ |website=RTP.pt |publisher=RTP |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
Two agreements were signed, one with Macau's Chinese community, and the other with mainland China. The latter committed the government to compensate local Chinese community leaders with as much as 2 million [[Macanese pataca|Macau pataca]]s and to prohibit all [[Kuomintang]] activities in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} This move ended the conflict, and relations between the government and the leftist organisations remained largely peaceful.<ref>{{
This success in Macau encouraged leftists in Hong Kong to "do the same", leading to riots by leftists in Hong Kong in 1967.
After the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] overthrew the dictatorship of [[Marcelo Caetano]], Portugal began a formal process of decolonization.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} Over the next several years, it made two offers to return the Macau and China rejected both.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} In 1979, Portugal and China established formal diplomatic relations and reached a secret agreement to characterize Macau as a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}}
In 1994, the [[Ponte de Amizade|Bridge of Friendship]] was completed, the second bridge connecting Macau and Taipa.<ref name=MacauMuseum/>
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In 1997, the [[Estádio Campo Desportivo|Macau Stadium]] was completed in Taipa.<ref name=MacauMuseum/>
Over a three year period in the late 1990s, as wave of gang violence referred to as the casino wars occurred in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The casino wars were largely attributable to rival [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups who sought to gain control of Macau's illicit industries before Portugal transferred the territory back to China.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The Portuguese authorities of Macau mostly failed to address the violence, which resulted in 122 deaths, or to catch those responsible.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}}
==1999: Handover to the People's Republic of China==
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The PRC has promised that, under its "[[one country, two systems]]" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practised in Macau and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defence affairs until, at least, 2049, fifty years after the handover.
Upon the handover of Macau [[Western imperialism in Asia|European colonisation of Asia]] ended.
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On 12 December 2019, Macau officially opened its first rail transit system: the [[Macau Light Rapid Transit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3041762/macaus-long-delayed-light-rail-service-begins-carrying-passengers|title=Macau's long-delayed light rail or tram service begins carrying passengers|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
Overall, Macau was among the safest places in the world during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Macau|COVID-19 pandemic]], with relatively few infections and a large array of medical, social, and financial response measures.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=298}} Macau's casino-reliant economy was greatly slowed by the pandemic.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=298}}
==See also==
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* Shipp, Steve: ''Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule''
* {{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Cathryn|editor1-first=Bryna|editor1-last=Goodman|editor2-first=David|editor2-last=Goodman|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203125458/chapters/10.4324/9780203125458-18|chapter=The hapless imperialist? Portuguese rule in 1960s Macau|title=Twentieth Century Colonialism and China|edition=1|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.4324/9780203125458|isbn=978-0-203-12545-8}}
{{Macauafter1999}}
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