History of Macau: Difference between revisions

[[File:View of the Praya Grande, Macau, unknown artist, Guangzhou, China, c. 1830, oil on canvas - Peabody Essex Museum - DSC07303.jpg|thumb|View of the Praia Grande, Macau, unknown artist, c. {{circa|1830}}]]

After China ceded Hong Kong to the British in 1842, Macau's position as a major regional trading centre declined further still because larger ships were drawn to the deep-water port of [[Victoria Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mirza, Rocky M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117312614|title=Understanding the global shift, the popularity of Donald Trump, Brexit and discontent in the West : rise of the emerging economies: 1980 to 2018|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4907-9327-6|location=[Bloomington, IN]|oclc=1117312614}}</ref> In an1846, attemptPortugal dispatched [[João Maria Ferreira do Amaral]] to reverseserve theas decline,governor Portugalof declaredMacau.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: aCasino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[freeUniversity of Minnesota portPress]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=81}} He unilaterally declared Macau a Portuguese colony, expelledstopped Chineseannual officialsrent andpayments to China, occupied the nearby Island of [[Taipa]] (which had never been Portuguese soldiersterritory), and thereafterimposed levieda new series of taxes on ChineseMacau residents.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=81}} In 1846, there was a [[Revolt of the Faitiões|revolt of the boatmen]] that was put down.

PortugalWhile continuedsupervising toroad payconstruction, rentAmaral toordered Chinathe untildestruction 1849,of whenChinese tombs in the Portuguesearea. abolishedIn the Chinese[[Passaleão incident|Baishaling incident]], Amaral customswas houseambushed and declaredkilled Macau'sby a group of Chinese villagers he encountered while riding outside the city gates.<ref name="independence:132", />{{Rp|page=81}} The Portuguese responded with a yearsurprise whichattack alsoon sawa nearby Chinese retaliationfort, and finallyforcing the assassinationChinese ofto Govretreat.<ref [[Joãoname=":132" Maria/>{{Rp|page=81}} FerreiraThis dowas Amaral|Ferreiraa domilestone Amaral]] duringin the so-calledPortugal's [[Passaleãoassertion incident|Baishalingof incident]]sovereignty over Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|pages=81–82}} Portugal gained control of the island of Wanzai ([[Lapa, Dom João e Montanha|Lapa]] by the Portuguese and now as Wanzaizhen), to the northwest of Macau and which now is under the jurisdiction of [[Zhuhai]] ([[Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]]), in 1849 but relinquished it in 1887. Control over [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], two islands south of Macau, was obtained between 1851 and 1864. Macau and East Timor were again combined as an overseas province of Portugal under control of Goa in 1883. The Protocol Respecting the Relations Between the Two Countries (signed in Lisbon 26 March 1887) and the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking|Beijing Treaty]] (signed in Beijing on 1 December 1887) confirmed "perpetual occupation and government" of Macau by Portugal (with Portugal's promise "never to alienate Macau and dependencies without agreement with China" in the treaty). Taipa and Coloane were also ceded to Portugal, but the border with the mainland was not delimited. Ilha Verde ({{zh|c=青洲 |j=Ceng1 Zau1 or Cing1 Zau1 |p=Qīngzhōu}}) was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through [[land reclamation]].{{citation needed|date = December 2012}}

From 1848 to about the early 1870s, Macau was the infamous transit port of a trade of [[coolies]] (or slave labourers) from southern China. MostBetween of1851 themand were1874 kidnappedapproximately from215,000 the [[Guangdong]] province andChinese were shipped offfrom inMacau packedoverseas, vesselsprimarily to [[Cuba]], and [[Peru]], orwith othersome Southbeing American portsshipped to work[[The onGuianas|Guiana]], plantations[[Suriname]], orand in[[Costa minesRica]].<ref Manyname=":132" died/>{{Rp|page=82}} onCoolies thewere wayobtained therevia duevariety toof malnutritionsources, disease,including orsome otherwho mistreatment.were Theentrapped ''Deaby delbrokers Mar'' which had set sail to [[Callao]] fromin Macau inthrough 1865loans with 550 Chinese onfor boardgambling, arrivedand inothers [[Tahiti]]who withwere onlykidnapped 162or ofcoerced.<ref themname=":132" still alive./>{{cnRp|datepage=October 202182}}

== 1949–1999: Macau and communistthe People's Republic of China ==

Riots broke out in 1966 during the communist [[Cultural Revolution]], when local Chinese and the Macau authority clashed, the most serious one being the so-called [[12-3 incident]].<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} This was sparkedprompted by thegovernment overreactiondelays ofin someapproving Portuguesea officialsnew towing what wasfor a regularCommunist minorParty disputeelementary concerningschool buildingin permitsTaipa.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} The riotsschool causedboard eightillegally deathscommenced construction. the colonial government sent police to stop the workers, and several people were injured in the endconflict.<ref wasname=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} to eight people were killed, leading also to a total climbdown by the Portuguese government.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC&q=de+facto&pg=PA34 ''Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999''], Carmen Amado Mendes, Hong Kong University Press, 2013, page 34</ref> The event set in motion de facto abdication of Portuguese control over Macau, putting it on the path to eventual decolonization.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84–85}}

Two agreements were signed, one with Macau's Chinese community, and the other with mainland China. The latter committed the government to compensate local Chinese community leaders with as much as 2 million [[Macanese pataca|Macau pataca]]s and to prohibit all [[Kuomintang]] activities in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=85}} This move ended the conflict, and relations between the government and the leftist organisations remained largely peaceful.<ref>{{CitationCite web needed|reasontitle=ReliableMacau source(09/08) needed for|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/macau/101177.htm the whole sentence|access-date=June2024-07-03 |website=U.S. Department of 2018State}}</ref>