Condoleezza Rice: Difference between revisions

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| deputy = {{Plain list|
* [[Richard Armitage (politician)|Richard Armitage]]<br
* />[[Robert Zoellick]]<br
* />[[John Negroponte]]

Rice was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], and grew up while the South was [[Racial segregation in the United States|racially segregated]]. She obtained her bachelor's degree from the [[University of Denver]] and her master's degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], both in political science. In 1981, she received a PhD from the School of International Studies at the University of Denver.<ref name="faculty/condoleezza">{{Cite news|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/condoleezza-rice|title=Condoleezza Rice|work=[[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]|via=stanford.edu |access-date=April 11, 2018|language=en|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022931/https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/condoleezza-rice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=slate2000>{{cite news |last=Plotz |first=David |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2000/05/condoleezza-rice.html |title=Condoleezza Rice: George W. Bush's celebrity adviser |work=[[Slate.com|Slate]] |date=May 12, 2000 |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022936/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2000/05/condoleezza-rice.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She worked at the [[State Department]] under the Carter administration and served on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] as the [[Soviet bloc|Soviet and Eastern Europe]] affairs advisor to President [[George H. W. Bush]] during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and [[German reunification]] from 1989 to 1991. Rice later pursued an academic fellowship at [[Stanford University]], where she later served as [[Provost (education)|provost]] from 1993 to 1999. On December 17, 2000, she joined the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] as President [[George W. Bush]]'s [[United States National Security Advisor|national security advisor]]. In Bush's second term, she succeeded [[Colin Powell]] as Secretary of State, thereby becoming the first African-American woman, second African-American after Powell, and second woman after [[Madeleine Albright]] to hold this office.

Following her confirmation as secretary of state, Rice pioneered the policy of [[Transformational Diplomacy]] directed toward expanding the number of responsible democratic governments in the world and especially in the [[Greater Middle East]]. That policy faced challenges as [[Hamas]] captured a popular majority in [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems (with U.S. backing). While in the position, she chaired the [[Millennium Challenge Account|Millennium Challenge Corporation]]'s board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcc.gov/about/boardofdirectors/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607012010/http://www.mcc.gov/about/boardofdirectors/index.php|archive-date=June 7, 2008 |title=Board of Directors |publisher=[[Millennium Challenge Account|Millennium Challenge Corporation]]|quote=The Secretary of State is the Chair of the Board ... |access-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref> In March 2009, Rice returned to [[Stanford University]] as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tec.fsi.stanford.edu/people/condoleezza_rice |title=Condi Rice website at Stanford University |work=[[Stanford University]] |via=tec.fsi.stanford.edu |access-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620022444/http://tec.fsi.stanford.edu/people/condoleezza_rice |archive-date=June 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Condoleezza |last=Rice |url=https://www.hoover.org/profiles/condoleezza-rice |title=Condi Rice website at the Hoover Institution |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]] |website=hoover.org |access-date=May 27, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429223043/http://www.hoover.org/bios/rice.html |archive-date=April 29, 2009 }}</ref> In September 2010, she became a faculty member of the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] and a director of its Global Center for Business and the Economy.<ref name="BW1">{{cite web|last=Gloeckler |first=Geoff |title=Getting In Condoleezza Rice To Join Stanford B-School Faculty In September |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2010/08/condoleezza_rice_to_join_stanford_gsb_faculty_in_september.html |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=Bloomberg.com |access-date=September 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007123902/http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2010/08/condoleezza_rice_to_join_stanford_gsb_faculty_in_september.html |archive-date=October 7, 2010}}</ref> In January 2020, it was announced that Rice would succeed [[Thomas W. Gilligan]] as the next director of the Hoover Institution on September 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Condoleezza Rice to lead Stanford's Hoover Institution |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/01/28/condoleezza-rice-lead-stanfords-hoover-institution/ |website=Stanford News |date=January 28, 2020 |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312174712/https://news.stanford.edu/2020/01/28/condoleezza-rice-lead-stanfords-hoover-institution/ |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is on the Board of Directors of [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] and Makena Capital Management, LLC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/about|title=About - Dropbox|website=Dropbox|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705122936/https://www.dropbox.com/about|archive-date=July 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.makenacap.com/team/dr-condoleezza-rice/ |title=Dr. Condoleezza Rice - Makena Capital Management |website=makenacap.com |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035841/https://www.makenacap.com/team/dr-condoleezza-rice/ |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/dropbox-rice-controversy/ |first=Marcus |last=Wohlsen |date=April 10, 2014 |title=Internet Revolt Begins as Condi Rice Joins Dropbox Board |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022946/https://www.wired.com/2014/04/dropbox-rice-controversy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rice was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], the only child of Angelena (née Ray) Rice, a high school science, music, and oratory teacher, and John Wesley Rice Jr., a high school guidance counselor, Presbyterian minister,<ref>{{cite web|first=Sheryl Henderson|last=Blunt|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/september/1.42.html|title=The Unflappable Condi Rice|work=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=March 8, 2012|date=September 1, 2003|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022951/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/september/1.42.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and dean of students at [[Stillman College]], a [[Historically black colleges and universities|historically black college]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]].<ref name="tuscaloosanewshortoneducatorsrecall">{{cite news|last1=Horton|first1=Ebony|title=Stillman College educators recall Rice's ties to town|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20041206/news/606118308/TL/|access-date=January 1, 2018|work=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|date=December 6, 2004|quote=Rice moved from Titusville, near Birmingham, to Tuscaloosa in 1966 when her father, John Rice, became the dean of students at Stillman. The family resided on campus in a brick home behind Hay Residence Hall, while Rice, then 11, attended what is now Central High School.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921120128/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20041206/news/606118308/TL/|archive-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Her name, Condoleezza, derives from the [[Music Terminologyterminology|music term]]<!-- link to redirect intentional. At present "musical terminology" links to a glossary/list with a short introduction about how most of the terms derive from Italian; should an article _about_ musical terminology itself be written here in future, that would be the appropriate destination here, not the list --> {{langnf|it|[[con dolcezza]]|sweetly, softly|paren=left}}, {{Literal translation|with sweetness}}). Rice has roots in the [[American South]] going back to the [[Antebellum South|pre-Civilpre–Civil War]] era, and some of her ancestors worked as [[sharecropper]]s for a time after emancipation. Rice discovered on the [[PBS]] series ''[[Finding Your Roots]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nature.com/news/ancestry-testing-goes-for-pinpoint-accuracy-1.10785 |title=Ancestry testing goes for pinpoint accuracy: Companies use whole genomes to trace geographical origins |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first=Ewen |last=Callaway |date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906041454/http://www.nature.com/news/ancestry-testing-goes-for-pinpoint-accuracy-1.10785 |archive-date=September 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> that she is of 51% African, 40% European, and 9% Asian or Native American genetic descent, while her [[mtDNA]] is traced back to the [[Tikar people]] of [[Cameroon]].<ref name=YGG>{{cite news |work=Your Genetic Genealogist |url=http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2012/04/finding-your-roots-with-henry-louis_30.html |title=Episode 7: Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., DNA |access-date=August 20, 2018 |quote=Dr. Gates' team also ordered an admixture test for Condoleeza. This DNA analysis revealed that her genetic makeup is 51% African, 40% European and 9% Native American or Asian", and "Condoleezza was surprised to learn that her mtDNA traced back to the Tikar people of Cameroon. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329044501/http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2012/04/finding-your-roots-with-henry-louis_30.html |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Finding Your Roots]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/finding-your-roots-samuel-l-jackson-condoleezza-rice-and-ruth-simmons/ |title=Samuel L. Jackson, Condoleezza Rice and Ruth Simmons |date=April 29, 2012 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903064328/https://www.pbs.org/video/finding-your-roots-samuel-l-jackson-condoleezza-rice-and-ruth-simmons/ |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1967, the family moved to Denver, Colorado. She attended [[St. Mary's Academy (Cherry Hills Village)|St. Mary's Academy]], an all-girls Catholic high school in [[Cherry Hills Village, Colorado]], and graduated at age 16 in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Condoleezza Rice, Former US Secretary of State |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-condoleezza-rice-4779269 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref> Rice enrolled at the [[University of Denver]], where her father wasworked thenat servingthe astime.<ref>{{Cite anweb assistant|date=2010-08-27 dean|title=Rice receives outstanding alumna award from DU school of international studies |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2010/08/27/rice-receives-outstanding-alumna-award-from-du-school-of-international-studies/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{citationCite web needed|date=March2010-10-19 2023|title=Condoleezza Rice tells 'Post' of family ties to PM |url=https://www.jpost.com/arts-and-culture/books/condoleezza-rice-tells-post-of-family-ties-to-pm |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1974, at age 19, Rice was inducted into the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society]], and was awarded a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], ''[[cum laude]]'', in political science by the University of Denver. While at the University of Denver she was a member of [[Alpha Chi Omega]], Gamma Delta chapter.<ref name="test">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscaxo.com/dynamic/?Action=show_custom_content&pageid=1688 |title=Famous Alumnae |work=USC Alpha Chi Omega |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017051717/http://www.uscaxo.com/dynamic/?Action=show_custom_content&pageid=1688 |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=September 12, 2018 }}</ref> She obtained a [[master's degree]] in political science from the [[University of Notre Dame]] in 1975. She first worked in the [[State Department]] in 1977, during the [[Carter administration]], as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. She also studied Russian at [[Moscow State University]] in the summer of 1979, and interned with the [[RAND Corporation]] in Santa Monica, California.<ref name="ordinarypeople">{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Condoleezza|title=Extraordinary Ordinary People: A Memoir of Family|publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]]|year=2010|pages=184–8|isbn=978-0-307-88847-1}}</ref> In 1981, at age 26, she received her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in political science from the [[Josef Korbel School of International Studies]] at the University of Denver. Her dissertation centered on military policy and politics in what was then the communist state of [[History of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Condoleezza |last=Rice |title=The Politics of Client Command: Party-Military Relations in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1975. |series=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Denver |year=1981 |oclc=51308999 |url=http://130.253.4.23/record=b2587932~S3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073911/http://130.253.4.23/record=b2587932~S3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 27, 2013 }}</ref>

From 1980 to 1981, she was a fellow at [[Stanford University]]'s Arms Control and Disarmament Program, having won a [[Ford Foundation]] Dual Expertise Fellowship in [[Soviet Studies]] and [[International Security]].<ref name="ordinarypeople" /> Rice was one of only four women – along with [[Janne E. Nolan]], Cindy Roberts, and [[Gloria Duffy]] – studying international security at Stanford on fellowships at the time.<ref name="Janne Nolan obituary">{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |title=Janne E. Nolan, Principled Adviser on World Affairs, Is Dead at 67 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/08/us/politics/janne-e-nolan-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 8, 2019 |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="CISAC 25th Anniversary Celebration">{{cite web |last1=Conteras |first1=Nancy |title=Transcript of CISAC 25th Anniversary Celebration |url=https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/evnts/media/transcript25th.pdf |publisher=Stanford CISAC |access-date=5 May 2021 |date=29 May 2009 |quote=Chip actively brought women into the discussion, starting with what have been called the "4 fellowettes" here at CISAC: Condi Rice, Janne Nolan, Cindy Roberts and me [Gloria Duffy], in 1980-82.}}</ref> Her fellowship at Stanford began her academic affiliation with the university and time in Northern California.

Rice was a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] until 1982, when she changed her political affiliation to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], in part because she disagreed with the foreign policy of Democratic President [[Jimmy Carter]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Balz |first=Dan |title=The Republicans Showcase a Rising Star; Foreign Policy Fueled Rice's Party Switch and Her Climb to Prominence |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 1, 2000 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/01/the-republicans-showcase-a-rising-star/430295bb-7c08-4c39-b7ab-36a0a3de8c57/ |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022954/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/01/the-republicans-showcase-a-rising-star/430295bb-7c08-4c39-b7ab-36a0a3de8c57/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Maki |last=Becker |title=20 Things You Probably Didn't Know About |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/04/04/2004-04-04_20_things_you_probably_didn_.html |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |date=April 4, 2004 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211065013/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/04/04/2004-04-04_20_things_you_probably_didn_.html |archive-date=December 11, 2008}}</ref> and because of the influence of her father, who was Republican. As she told the [[2000 Republican National Convention]], "My father joined our party because the Democrats in [[Jim Crow]] Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did."<ref name="rice at rnc">{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Condoleezza |title=Text: Condoleezza Rice at the Republican National Convention |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/elections/ricetext080100.htm |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 1, 2000 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926004241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/elections/ricetext080100.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rice was hired by [[Stanford University]] as an [[assistant professor]] of [[political science]] (1981–1987). She was promoted to [[associate professor]] in 1987, a post she held until 1993. She was a specialist on the [[Soviet Union]] and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led by [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] professor [[George W. Breslauer]] in the mid-1980s.

At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention of [[Brent Scowcroft]], who had served as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] under [[Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration|Gerald Ford]].<ref name="Baker, 20080403">{{cite journal|last=Baker|first=Russell|date=April 3, 2008|title=Condi and the Boys|journal=[[New York Review of Books]]|volume=55|issue=5|pages=9–11|issn=0028-7504|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/04/03/condi-and-the-boys/|access-date=March 19, 2008|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022946/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/04/03/condi-and-the-boys/|url-status=live}}</ref> With the election of [[Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration|George H. W. Bush]], Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the [[United States National Security Council]]. According to [[R. Nicholas Burns]], President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref name = "Baker, 20080403"/>

Because she would have been ineligible for tenure at Stanford if she had been absent for more than two years, she returned there in 1991. She was taken under the wing of [[George Shultz]] ([[Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration|Ronald Reagan]]'s secretary of state from 1982 to 1989), who was a fellow at the [[Hoover Institution]]. Shultz included Rice in a "luncheon club" of intellectuals who met every few weeks to discuss foreign affairs.<ref name = "Baker, 20080403"/> In 1992, Shultz, who was a board member of [[Chevron Corporation]], recommended Rice for a spot on the Chevron board. Chevron was pursuing a $10 billion development project in [[Kazakhstan]] and, as a Soviet specialist, Rice knew the [[president of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. She traveled to Kazakhstan on Chevron's behalf and, in honor of her work, in 1993, Chevron named a 129,000-ton supertanker SS ''Condoleezza Rice''.<ref name = "Baker, 20080403"/> During this period, Rice was also appointed to the boards of [[Transamerica Corporation]] (1991) and [[Hewlett-Packard]] (1992).

At Stanford, in 1992, Rice volunteered to serve on the search committee to replace outgoing president [[Donald Kennedy]]. The committee ultimately recommended [[Gerhard Casper]], the provost of the University of Chicago. Casper met Rice during this search, and was so impressed that in 1993, he appointed her as Stanford's [[Provost (education)|provost]], the chief budget and academic officer of the university in 1993<ref name = "Baker, 20080403"/> and she also was granted [[tenure]] and became full [[professor]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Condoleezza Rice |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/10/15/crice.html |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=October 18, 2001 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071435/http://www.forbes.com/2001/10/15/crice.html |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rice was the first female, first African-American, and youngest provost in Stanford's history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stanford's New Provost Is First Woman, Black to Hold Position|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-20-mn-37447-story.html|newspaper=LA Times|date=May 20, 1993|access-date=November 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Hennessy, dean of the School of Engineering, named next provost|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/1999/april14/hennessy-414.html|work=Stanford News|date=April 14, 1999|access-date=November 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Condoleezza Rice: U.S. national security adviser |url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2002/black.history/stories/13.rice/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223173824/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2002/black.history/stories/13.rice/index.html|archive-date=February 23, 2002|work=CNN|date=February 2002 |access-date=October 27, 2008}}</ref> She was also named a [[senior fellow]] of the [[Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies|Institute for International Studies]], and a senior fellow (by courtesy) of the [[Hoover Institution]].

During a farewell interview in early December 2008, Rice indicated she would return to Stanford and the [[Hoover Institution]], "back west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] where I belong," but beyond writing and teaching did not specify what her role would be.<ref>{{cite news |first=George |last=Stephanopoulos |author-link=George Stephanopoulos |date=December 7, 2008 |work=[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]] |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/12/112873.htm |title=Interview on ABC's This Week With George Stephanopoulos |via=state.gov |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117023437/https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/12/112873.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rice's plans for a return to campus were elaborated in an interview with the Stanford Report in January 2009.<ref name='stanford_report_2009-01-28'>{{cite web |url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/january28/condiweb-012809.html |title=Condoleezza Rice on returning to campus |work=Stanford Report |date=January 28, 2009 |last=Gorlick |first=Adam |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916043908/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/january28/condiweb-012809.html |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She returned to Stanford as a political science professor and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution on March 1, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krieger|first=Lisa M.|title=Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice returns to Stanford University|work=[[The Mercury News]]|date=March 1, 2009|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/03/01/former-secretary-of-state-condoleezza-rice-returns-to-stanford-university/|access-date=March 2, 2009|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022945/https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/03/01/former-secretary-of-state-condoleezza-rice-returns-to-stanford-university/|url-status=live}}</ref> Condoleezza Rice is currently the Denning Professor in Global Business and the Economy at the Stanford Graduate School of Business; the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution; and a professor of political science at Stanford University.<ref>{{cite web|urlname=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/"faculty/condoleezza-rice"/|title=Condoleezza Rice|last=Rice|first=Condolezza|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201321/https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/condoleezza-rice|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, Rice was appointed special assistant to the director of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] to work on nuclear strategic planning as part of a [[Council on Foreign Relations]] fellowship. In 2005, Rice assumed office as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. Rice played an important role in trying to stop the nuclear threat from North Korea and Iran.<ref name="American Life" />

Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] to President [[George W. Bush]]. Chevron honored Rice by naming an [[Petroleum tanker|oil tanker]] ''Condoleezza Rice'' after her, but controversy led to its being renamed ''Altair Voyager.''<ref>{{cite news |first=Carla |last=Marinucci |author-link=Carla Marinucci |title=Chevron redubs ship named for Bush aide |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Chevron-redubs-ship-named-for-Bush-aide-2922481.php |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=May 5, 2001 |access-date=October 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714170032/http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Chevron-redubs-ship-named-for-Bush-aide-2922481.php |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Marinucci |first=Carla |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Critics-Knock-Naming-Oil-Tanker-Condoleezza-2935114.php |title=Critics knock naming oil tanker Condoleezza |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=April 5, 2001 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823023009/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Critics-Knock-Naming-Oil-Tanker-Condoleezza-2935114.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1992, Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers of [[East Palo Alto]] and eastern [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Condoleezza Rice to visit program she started |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2007/05/22/condoleezza-rice-to-visit-program-she-started |first=Don |last=Kazak |work=Palo Alto Online News |date=May 22, 2007 |access-date=October 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623094833/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2007/05/22/condoleezza-rice-to-visit-program-she-started |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After her tenure as secretary of state, Rice was approached in February 2009 to fill an open position as a [[Pac-10]] Commissioner,<ref name=AP_20090203>{{cite news|access-date=July 8, 2011|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=855740&lang=eng_news|title=Rice not interested in being Pac-10 commissioner|date=February 3, 2009|archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161959/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=855740&lang=eng_news |agency=Associated Press|url-status=dead}}</ref> but chose instead to return to [[Stanford University]] as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the [[Hoover Institution]].

In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], Rice served as special assistant to the director of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].

From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall of [[Berlin Wall]] and the final days of the [[Soviet Union]]), she served in President [[George H. W. Bush]]'s administration as director, and then senior director, of Soviet and East European affairs in the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], and a special assistant to the president for national security affairs. In this position, Rice wrote what would become known as the "[[Chicken Kiev speech]]" in which Bush advised the [[Verkhovna Rada]], Ukraine's parliament, against [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|independence]]. She also helped develop Bush's and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James Baker]]'s policies in favor of [[German reunification]]. She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union."<ref>{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Kettmann |author-link=Steve Kettmann |title=Bush's secret weapon |url=https://www.salon.com/2000/03/20/rice_3/ |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 20, 2000 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022953/https://www.salon.com/2000/03/20/rice_3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1997, she satserved on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender-IntegratedGender–Integrated Training in the Military.<ref>{{citationCite web |title=Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rice-bio.html |website=The White House, President George W. Bush needed|datevia=January[[National 2023Archives]]}}</ref>

During George W. Bush's [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]] campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from [[Stanford University]] to serve as his foreign policy advisor. The group of advisors she led called itself [[the Vulcans]] in honor of the monumental [[Vulcan statue]], which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], [[Alabama]]. Rice would later go on to give a [[s:Remarks by Condoleezza Rice at the 2000 Republican National Convention|noteworthy speech]] at the [[2000 Republican National Convention]]. The speech asserted that "... &nbsp;America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's [[9-1-1|911]]."<ref name="rice at rnc"/><ref name = "Time 20070221 CwT">{{cite magazine |title=Exclusive Interview: Conversation with Terror |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054517,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 11, 1999 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022953/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054517,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gos.sbc.edu/r/rice.html |title=Republican National Convention: Remarks |first=Condoleezza |last=Rice |date=August 1, 2000 |via=sbc.edu |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617133550/http://gos.sbc.edu/r/rice.html |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Condoleezza Rice Colin Powell George W. Bush Donald Rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|Rice, [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]], and [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] listen to [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] speak about the Middle East on June 24, 2002]]

On December 16, 2000, Rice was named as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=254647|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|title=Bush Nominates Rice to Be Secretary of State|date=January 7, 2006|accessdate=November 24, 2021|archivedate=November 16, 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116094509/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=254647}}</ref> upon which she stepped down from her position at Stanford.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 43rd President: The White House Staff; Bush Adviser Gets National Security Post |first1=Richard A. Jr. |last1=Oppel |first2=Frank |last2=Bruni |date=December 18, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/18/us/43rd-president-white-house-staff-bush-adviser-gets-national-security-post.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022955/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/18/us/43rd-president-white-house-staff-bush-adviser-gets-national-security-post.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of "Warrior Princess", reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/MTNG.html |title=#1 Condoleezza Rice |access-date=November 3, 2008 |work=The Most Powerful Women |publisher=[[Forbes]] |first=Tatiana |last=Serafin |date=November 2005 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823023010/https://www.forbes.com/lists/list-directory/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the summer of 2001, Rice met with [[CIA]] director [[George Tenet]] to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. On July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"<ref name = "NYTimes-20061002 Tenet">{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Shenon |author2=Mark Mazzetti |title=Records Show Tenet Briefed Rice on Al Qaeda Threat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/washington/03ricecnd.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 2, 2006 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033848/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/washington/03ricecnd.html |archive-date=October 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an impending [[al Qaeda]] attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] and [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan S. |last=Landay |author2=Warren P. Strobel |author3=John Walcott |author4=Matt Stearns |author5=Drew Brown |title=Rumsfeld, Ashcroft said to have received warning of attack |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24458509.html |work=[[McClatchy]] |date=October 2, 2006 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527091618/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24458509.html |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before the [[9/11 Commission|National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States]] (the [[9/11 Commission]]). The White House claimed [[executive privilege]] under constitutional separation of powers and cited past tradition. Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify so long as it did not create a precedent of presidential staff being required to appear before Congress when so requested.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transcript of Rice's 9/11 commission statement |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/04/08/rice.transcript/ |work=CNN|date=May 19, 2004 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418082544/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/04/08/rice.transcript/ |archive-date=April 18, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Senate report also "suggests Miss Rice played a more significant role than she acknowledged in written testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee submitted in the autumn."<ref name=TheTimes/> At that time, she had acknowledged attending meetings to discuss the CIA's use of torture, but she claimed that she could not recall the details, and she "omitted her direct role in approving the programmeprogram in her written statement to the committee."<ref name="Rice Gave OK">{{cite news| agency = Associated Press| title = As Bush Adviser, Rice Gave OK to Waterboard| publisher = Fox News| date = April 22, 2009| url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/04/22/bush-adviser-rice-gave-ok-waterboard/| access-date = May 8, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604160119/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/04/22/bush-adviser-rice-gave-ok-waterboard/| archive-date = June 4, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref>

In a conversation with a student at [[Stanford University]] in April 2009, Rice stated that she did not authorize the CIA to use the torture. Rice said, "I didn't authorize anything. I conveyed the authorization of the administration to the agency that they had policy authorization, subject to the Justice Department's clearance. That's what I did."<ref name="kess">{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/04/30/rice_defends_enhanced_interrog.html |title=Rice Defends Use Of Enhanced Techniques |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 1, 2009 |page=4 |access-date=August 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623211921/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/04/30/rice_defends_enhanced_interrog.html |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> She added, "We were told, nothing that violates our obligations under the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture|Convention Against Torture]]. And so, by definition, if it was authorized by the president, it did not violate our obligations under the Conventions Against Torture."<ref name="kess"/>

[[File:RICEBUSHSIGN.jpg|thumb|Rice signs official papers after receiving the oath of office during her ceremonial swearing in at the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]. Watching are, from left, [[Laura Bush]], Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], President [[George W. Bush]].]]

On November 16, 2004, Bush nominated Rice to be [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. On January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85–13.<ref name="sworn in as secretary">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Rice sworn in as secretary of state|date=January 26, 2005|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6862922/ns/politics/t/rice-sworn-secretary-state/|work=NBCNews.com|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016213751/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6862922/ns/politics/t/rice-sworn-secretary-state/|archive-date=October 16, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825,<ref name="sworn in as secretary"/> came from Senators who, according to Senator [[Barbara Boxer]], wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism."<ref>{{cite web|author=Boxer, Barbara |title=This is just the beginning |url=http://www.barbaraboxer.com/diary?id=0012 |publisher=PAC for a Change |access-date=January 29, 2013 |date=January 27, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511081726/http://www.barbaraboxer.com/diary?id=0012 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref> Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equating Saddam's regime with [[Islamism|Islamist]] terrorism and some could not accept her previous record. Senator [[Robert Byrd]], a prominent Senate institutionalist<ref>{{cite news|agency=Washington Post|title=President's Jury: 100 Interested Parties|date=January 13, 1999|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/jurors011399.htm}}</ref> who was concerned with executive over-reach, voted against Rice's appointment, indicating that she "has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him."<ref>{{cite press release |title=Standing for the Founding Principles of the Republic: Voting No on the Nomination of Dr. Rice as Secretary of State |publisher=[[Robert Byrd]] |date=January 25, 2005 |url=http://byrd.senate.gov/speeches/byrd_speeches_2005_january/byrd_speeches_2005_january_lis/byrd_speeches_2005_january_lis_0.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409005135/http://byrd.senate.gov/speeches/byrd_speeches_2005_january/byrd_speeches_2005_january_lis/byrd_speeches_2005_january_lis_0.html|archive-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref>

As Secretary of State, Rice traveled heavily and initiated many diplomatic efforts on behalf of the Bush administration;<ref name="reut-trav"/> she holds the record for most miles logged in the position.<ref name="nyt-amplified">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/scare-amplifies-fears-that-clintons-work-has-taken-heavy-toll.html |title=Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton's Work Has Taken Toll |last=Landler |first=Mark |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165655/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/scare-amplifies-fears-that-clintons-work-has-taken-heavy-toll.html%26pagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her diplomacy relied on strong presidential support and is considered to be the continuation of style defined by former Republican secretaries of state [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[James Baker]].<ref name="reut-trav">{{cite news |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/326857/rice_travel_diplomacy_year__up_close_and_personal/ |title=Rice travel diplomacy year&nbsp;– up close and personal |agency=Reuters |date=October 11, 2005 |access-date=September 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420161144/http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/326857/rice_travel_diplomacy_year__up_close_and_personal/ |archive-date=April 20, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

InOn MayMarch 31, Rice met with Vice President [[Mike Pence]] and President Trump at the White House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/31/politics/donald-trump-condoleezza-rice-meeting/index.html|title=Trump meets with Condoleezza Rice|first=Jeremy|last=Diamond|date=March 31, 2017|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/03/31/trump-meets-condoleezza-rice-who-called-his-ouster-october/99877200/|title=Trump meets with Condoleezza Rice — who called for his ouster in October|first=David|last=Jackson|date=March 31, 2017|publisher=USA Today}}</ref> In May, Rice said that alleged Russian [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|hacking of DNC emails]] should "absolutely not" delegitimize [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/condoleezza-rice-u-s-move-russian-election-interference-164409506.html |title=Condoleezza Rice: U.S. should 'move on' from Russian election interference |work=Yahoo News |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194747/https://www.yahoo.com/news/condoleezza-rice-u-s-move-russian-election-interference-164409506.html |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Republican strategist [[Dan Senor]] said on ABC's ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]]'' on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. He based this assessment on her attendance of [[Grover Norquist]]'s [[Americans for Tax Reform]] conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mary |last=Bruce |title=Dan Senor: Condoleezza Rice Is Pursuing the VP Spot |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=April 6, 2008 |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/04/dan-senor-condo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407194621/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/04/dan-senor-condo.html |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |access-date=September 12, 2018 }}</ref> In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice was seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it."<ref>{{cite news|first=Glenn |last=Kessler |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |title=Rice: Still Not Running for VP |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/04/07/rice_still_not_running_for_vp.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 7, 2008 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |quote=[[Sean McCormack|McCormack]] dismissed both as perfectly ordinary. 'I think if you look back at her tenure, in terms of her activities, you will find all of these activities perfectly normal and consistent with the way she has done her job over the past three years or so,' he said. 'If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it.' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326212451/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/04/07/rice_still_not_running_for_vp.html |archive-date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref>

In early December 2008, Rice praised President-elect [[Barack Obama]]'s selection of New York [[United States Senate|senator]] [[Hillary Clinton]] to succeed her as Secretary of State, saying "she's terrific". Rice, who spoke to Clinton after her selection, said Clinton "is someone of intelligence and she'll do a great job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/george/2008/12/rice-on-hillary.html|title=Rice on Hillary: 'She's Terrific'|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|first=George|last=Stephanopoulos |author-link=George Stephanopoulos|date=December 7, 2008|access-date=December 7, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212642/http://blogs.abcnews.com/george/2008/12/rice-on-hillary.html|archive-date=December 8, 2008}}</ref>

Rumors arose once again during the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential race]] that presumptive nominee [[Mitt Romney]] was looking into vetting Rice for the vice presidency. Rice once again denied any such intentions or desires to become the vice president, reiterating in numerous interviews that she "is a policy maker, not a politician."<ref>{{cite web|title=Condoleezza Rice's thoughts on a vice presidency|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6r4mqNmjXo|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-01-13|website=YouTube|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6r4mqNmjXo}}</ref> Speculation ended in August 2012 when Romney announced that Representative [[Paul Ryan]] was chosen as his running-mate.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 11, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney chooses Paul Ryan as running mate |url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2012/08/11/mitt-romney-chooses-paul-ryan-as-running-mate}}</ref> Rice campaigned for the Romney-Ryan ticket in the general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/10/condoleezza-rice-joins-paul-ryan-on-the-campaign-trail|title=Condoleezza Rice Joins Paul Ryan on the Campaign Trail|date=October 17, 2012|first=Shushannah|last=Walshe|publisher=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/10/17/condoleezza-rice-gives-paul-ryan-a-boost/|title=Condoleezza Rice gives Paul Ryan a boost|first=Felicia|last=Sonmez|date=October 17, 2012|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

Rice's policy as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] viewed [[counter-terrorism]] as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. In an interview on December 18, 2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks."<ref>{{cite web |work=U.S. State Department |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/58232.htm |title=Interview on Fox News Sunday With Chris Wallace |date=December 18, 2005 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117024327/https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/58232.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rice has appeared four times on the [[Time 100]], [[Time magazine|''Time'' magazine]]'s list of the world's 100 most influential people. Rice is one of only nine people in the world whose influence has been considered enduring enough to have made the list—first compiled in 1999 as a retrospective of the 20th century and made an annual feature in 2004—so frequently. However, the list contains people who have the influence to change for better or for worse, and ''Time'' has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating on February 1, 2007, that her "accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade" and that she "has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U.S.'s prestige has declined."<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Elaine |last1=Shannon |first2=Romesh |last2=Ratnesar |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1584810,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204074544/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1584810,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2007 |title=Rice's Toughest Mission: How Condoleezza Rice hopes to bring peace to the Middle East - and salvage the Administration's foreign policy |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=February 1, 2007 |access-date=September 12, 2018 }}</ref> In its March 19, 2007, issue it followed up stating that Rice was "executing an unmistakable course correction in U.S. foreign policy."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1597226,00.html |title=Cheney In Twilight |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 19, 2007 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406151439/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1597226,00.html |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2005, American musician, actor, and [[social activist]] [[Harry Belafonte]], who servesserved on the Board of TransAfrica, referred to blacks in the Bush administration as "black tyrants." Belafonte's comments received mixed reactions.<ref name=Tilove />

Black commentators have defended Rice, including [[Mike Espy]],<ref>{{cite news |via=[[Mmegi]] |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2005/October/Tuesday25/825547845951.html |archive-date=March 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303100627/http://www.mmegi.bw/2005/October/Tuesday25/825547845951.html |title=Mrs President |date=October 25, 2005 |access-date=August 16, 2018 }}</ref> [[Andrew Young]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Transcripts |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/ip/date/2005-01-25/segment/01 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=transcripts.cnn.com}}</ref> [[C. Delores Tucker]] (chair of the National Congress of Black Women),{{citation<ref needed|datename=September":0" 2022}}/> [[Clarence Page]],<ref>{{cite news |first = Clarence |last = Page |url = http://jewishworldreview.com/0106/page011006.php3 |title = Why Condi's star is rising |website = Chicago Tribune |date = January 10, 2006 |access-date = July 29, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060506181555/http://jewishworldreview.com/0106/page011006.php3 |archive-date = May 6, 2006 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Colbert King]],<ref name = "King, WashingtonPost2006">{{cite news |first = Colbert |last = King |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27818-2005Jan21.html |title = Why the Crass Remarks About Rice? |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A17 |date = January 22, 2005 |access-date = August 29, 2006 |archive-date = August 23, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200823023046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27818-2005Jan21.html |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Dorothy Height]] (chair and president emerita of the [[National Council of Negro Women]])<ref name = "King, WashingtonPost2006"/> and [[Kweisi Mfume]] (Congressman and former CEO of the [[NAACP]]).<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/auntjemima1121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625034918/http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/auntjemima1121 |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |title=NAACP: Calling Rice 'Aunt Jemima' is wrong |date=November 22, 2004 |access-date=August 17, 2018 }}</ref>

From 2003 to 2017, Rice co-owned a home in [[Palo Alto, California]] with Randy Bean. According to public records, the two initially purchased the home with a third investor, [[Stanford University]] professor [[Coit D. Blacker]], who later sold his [[line of credit]] to the two women. The property arrangement was first revealed in [[Glenn Kessler (journalist)|Glenn Kessler]]'s book ''The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy'' (2007), sparking rumors about the nature of Rice and Bean's relationship. Kessler has stated he "did not know if this meant there was something more to the relationship between the women beyond a friendship."<ref name="realtor.com">{{cite news |first=Claudine |last=Zap |url=https://www.realtor.com/news/celebrity-real-estate/condoleezza-rice-selling-palo-alto-home/ |title=Ex-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice Selling Palo Alto Home for $2.35M |work=[[Realtor.com]] |date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823023042/https://www.realtor.com/news/celebrity-real-estate/condoleezza-rice-selling-palo-alto-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="huffpobean">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-rogers/yes-condi-it-is-relevant_b_64491.html |title=Yes, Condi, it is Relevant |work=[[HuffPost]] |first=Michael |last=Rogers |author-link=Michael Rogers (publisher) |date=September 14, 2007 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202151548/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-rogers/yes-condi-it-is-relevant_b_64491.html |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kessler">{{cite book |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |year=2007 |title=The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0312363802}}</ref><ref name="thegist">{{cite news |url=https://signorile2003.blogspot.com/2007/09/condis-best-friends-yesterday-on-show-i.html |title=Condi's 'Closest Female Friend' |work=The Gist |date=September 14, 2007 |first=Michelangelo |last=Signorile |author-link=Michelangelo Signorile |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912114217/http://signorile2003.blogspot.com/2007/09/condis-best-friends-yesterday-on-show-i.html |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

WhileAlthough Rice ultimately did not ultimately become a professional pianist, she still practices often and plays with a [[chamber music]] group. She accompanied [[cello|cellist]] [[Yo-Yo Ma]] in playing [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Violin Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)|Violin Sonata in D minor]] at [[Constitution Hall]] in April 2002 for the [[National Medal of Arts]] Awards.<ref name=tommasini>{{cite news |first=Anthony |last=Tommasini |author-link=Anthony Tommasini |title=Condoleezza Rice on Piano |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/arts/music/09tomm.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 9, 2006 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408234002/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/arts/music/09tomm.html |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4339319/yo-yo-ma-condoleezza-rice |title=Yo-Yo Ma and Condoleezza Rice perform a duet |website=C-SPAN |date=April 22, 2002 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230236/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4339319%2Fyo-yo-ma-condoleezza-rice |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the age of 15, she played Mozart with the [[Denver Symphony Orchestra|Denver Symphony]], and while Secretary of State she played regularly with a chamber music group in Washington.<ref name=tommasini/> She does not play professionally, but has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, including a performance for [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/3540634/Condoleezza-Rice-plays-piano-for-the-Queen.html |title=Condoleezza Rice plays piano for the Queen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022946/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/3540634/Condoleezza-Rice-plays-piano-for-the-Queen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7759872.stm |title=Rice performs recital for the Queen |work=[[BBC News]] |date=December 2, 2008 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7759872.stm |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and she has performed in public with cellist [[Yo-Yo Ma]] and singer [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/28/AR2010072800122.html |title=Condoleezza Rice, Aretha Franklin: A Philadelphia show of a little R-E-S-P-E-C-T |date=July 29, 2010 |first=Anne |last=Midgette |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113063011/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/28/AR2010072800122.html |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, Rice accompanied [[Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick#cite note-0|Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick]], a 21-year-old soprano, for a benefit concert for the Pulmonary Hypertension Association at the Kennedy Center in Washington.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Lantos-the-master-storyteller-communicator-2626195.php |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |first=Edward |last=Epstein |date=January 1, 2007 |title=Lantos the master storyteller, communicator |access-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022947/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Lantos-the-master-storyteller-communicator-2626195.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/condoleezza-rice-plays-it-again-for-charity-2sz855bkkd7 |location=London |work=[[The Times]] |first=Roland |last=Watson |title=Condoleezza Rice plays it again for Charity |date=June 13, 2005 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022947/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/condoleezza-rice-plays-it-again-for-charity-2sz855bkkd7 |url-status=live }}</ref> She performed briefly during her cameo appearance in the "[[Everything Sunny All the Time Always]]" episode of ''[[30 Rock]]''. She has stated that her favorite composer is [[Johannes Brahms]], because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tommasini |first=Anthony |date=2006-04-09 |title=Condoleezza Rice on Piano |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/arts/music/condoleezza-rice-on-piano.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On a complementary note, Rice has revealed on Fridaymultiple occasions that she enjoys the band [[Led Zeppelin]],<ref>{{Cite Aprilweb 10|date=September 13, 2007 |title=Interview on the Sean Hannity Show with Sean Hannity |url=https://2001-2009,.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/09/92063.htm |website=state.gov}}</ref> and in a 2009 appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno|The Tonight Show]]'' with [[Jay Leno]], she stated that it was her favorite band.<ref>{{Cite isnews [[Led|date=2009-03-25 Zeppelin]]|title=Condi Rice, Too Cool |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/videos/2009/03/25/condi-rice-too-cool-1 |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citationCite web |last=Blabbermouth needed|date=November2009-03-25 2021|title=CONDOLEEZZA RICE Loves LED ZEPPELIN |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/condoleezza-rice-loves-led-zeppelin/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET |language=en}}</ref>

As Secretary of State, Rice was ''ex officio'' a member of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts#Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]. As the end of their tenures approached in January 2009, outgoing President Bush appointed her to a six-year term as aon generalthe trustee,board fillingof atrustees.<ref>{{Cite vacancyweb on|last=Falcone the|first=Michael board|title=LAST-MINUTE GIFTS; Bush Names Aides to Boards |url=https://query.{{citationnytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E4DA1E3BF936A15751C1A96E9C8B63 needed|access-date=November2024-05-30 2021|website=query.nytimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

| {{Flagu|Mississippi}} || '''2003''' || [[Mississippi College School of Law]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)

| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''2006''' || [[Boston College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/06/rice.html |title=Condoleezza Rice to deliver Commencement address|work=bc.edu|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183053/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/06/rice.html|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

| {{Flagu|North Carolina}} || '''2010''' || [[Johnson C. Smith University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcsu.edu/honorary-degrees |title=Johnson C. Smith University&nbsp;– Honorary Degrees |work=jcsu.edu |access-date=August 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725033011/http://www.jcsu.edu/honorary-degrees |archive-date=July 25, 2015 }}</ref>

| {{Flagu|Texas}} || '''2012''' || [[Southern Methodist University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smu.edu/News/2012/commencement-citation-rice-07may2012|title=Condoleezza Rice: Honorary Degree Citation|work=smu.edu|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120085944/https://www.smu.edu/News/2012/commencement-citation-rice-07may2012|archive-date=November 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

|{{Flagu|New York}} || '''2021''' || [[Siena College]] || [[Doctor of Humane Letters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.siena.edu/news/story/former-us-secretary-of-state-to-address-the-class-of-21/|title=Former U.S. Secretary of State to Address the Class of '21|access-date=December 7, 2021}}</ref>

* {{cite journal | last=Alexander-Floyd, | first=Nikol G. "| title=Framing Condi (licious): Condoleezza Rice and the Storyline of '"Closeness'" in USU.S. National Community Formation." ''| journal=Politics & Gender'' | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=4. | issue=3 (| year=2008): 427–449| issn=1743-923X | doi=10.1017/s1743923x08000354 [|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/12284278/alexander-floyd_pubs_framingcondi(licous).pdf online]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* {{cite book | last=Bashevkin, | first=Sylvia. ''| title=Women as Foreign Policy Leaders: National Security and Gender Politics in Superpower America'' (| publisher=Oxford UPUniversity Press, 2018)USA [https://www.amazon.com/Women| publication-Foreignplace=New York, NY | date=Apr 2020 | isbn=978-Policy0-Leaders19-International/dp/0197516971/ 751697-3 excerpt]}}; also [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54801 online review]

* {{cite book | last=Bracey, Christopher| Alanfirst=C.A. ''| title=Saviors orOr Sellouts: The Promise and Peril of Black Conservatism, from Booker T. Washington to Condoleezza Rice'' (| publisher=Beacon Press | year=2008) | isbn=978-0-8070-8375-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeHtVnrZzCMC}}

* {{cite journal | last=Burke, | first=John P. | title=The Contemporary Presidency: "Condoleezza Rice as NSC Advisor: A Case Study of the Honest Broker Role" ''| journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly'' | volume=35# | issue=3 pp| 554–575date=2005 | issn=0360-4918 | doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00264.x | pages=554–575}}

* {{cite book |last1=De Castilla, |first1=Clariza Ruiz, and |first2=Zazil Elena |last2=Reyes García. "|chapter=From sexual siren to race traitor: Condoleezza Rice in political cartoons." in | editor-last=Howard and| editor-first=S.C. | editor-last2=Jackson, eds| editor-first2=R.L. ''| title=Black Comics'': (Politics of Race and Representation | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2013) pp:| 169–88.isbn=978-1-4411-3849-1 | [chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WybNDwAAQBAJ&dq=condoleezza+rice+secretary+of+state&pg=PA169 online]| pages=169–88}}

* {{cite journal | last1=Dolan, | first1=Chris J., and| last2=Cohen | first2=David B. Cohen.| "title=The War About the War: Iraq and the Politics of National Security Advising in the GWG.W. Bush Administration's First Term." ''| journal=Politics & Policy'' | volume=34. | issue=1 (| date=2006): 30–64| issn=1555-5623 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-1346.2006.00003.x | pages=30–64}}

* {{cite journal | last1=Gates, | first1=Henry Louis, and| last2=Rice | first2=Condoleezza Rice.| "title=A Conversation with Condoleezza Rice: On Leadership." ''| journal=Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race'' 12.1| publisher=Cambridge University Press (2015CUP): [| volume=12 | issue=1 | date=2011-03-22 | issn=1742-058X | doi=10.1017/s1742058x11000105 | hdl=1903/24519 |url= https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/24519/conversation_with_Condoleeza_Rice.pdf?sequence=1 online], a primary source}}

* {{cite journal | last=Jones, | first=Jason. "| title=Controlling the discourse: interviews with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice." ''| journal=Critical Discourse Studies'' | volume=7. | issue=2 (| date=2010): 127–141.| issn=1740-5904 | [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/=10.1080/17405901003675448online]17405901003675448 | pages=127–141}}

* {{cite book | last=Lusane, Clarence| first=C. ''| title=Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice: Foreign Policy, Race, and the New American Century'' (| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2006) [| isbn=978-0-313-01519-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/colinpowellcondo00lusa_0/page/n5/mode/2up online]}}

* {{cite book | last=Mann, James| first=J. ''| title=Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet'' (| publisher=Penguin Publishing Group | year=2004) | isbn=978-1-101-10015-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhXlFku4bhoC}}

* {{cite journal | last=Pennington, | first=Dorthy. "| title=The '"Rhetorical Condition'" as Mediator in the Response of African Americans to Perceptions of Terrorism: Condoleezza Rice as Symbol." ''The| journal=Howard Journal of Communications'' | volume=22. | issue=2 (| date=2011):-04-20 123–139.| issn=1064-6175 | [https://doi.org/=10.1080/10646175.2011.567137 online]| pages=123–139}}

* Ditchfield, Christin (2003). ''Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor (Great Life Stories)'' middle school audience [http://www.franklinwatts.co.uk// Franklin Watts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424040303/http://www.franklinwatts.co.uk/ |date=April 24, 2023 }} {{ISBN|0-531-12307-3}}

* Cornwell, Rupert (January 20, 2005). "[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/from-the-axis-of-evil-to-the-outposts-of-tyranny-48738815819.html From the axis of evil to the outposts of tyranny]" {{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. ''The Independent''.

[[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]]