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In 2007, Vanunu was sentenced to six months in prison for violating terms of his parole. The sentence was considered unusually severe even by the prosecution, who expected a [[suspended sentence]]. In May 2010, Vanunu was arrested again and sentenced to three months in jail on a charge that he had met foreigners, in violation of conditions of his 2004 release from jail. In response, [[Amnesty International]] issued a press release in July 2007, stating that "The organization considers Mordechai Vanunu to be a [[prisoner of conscience]] and calls for his immediate and unconditional release."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGMDE150442007|title=Israel: Mordechai Vanunu sentence clear violation of human rights|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=2 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710201838/http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGMDE150442007|archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>
Vanunu has been characterized internationally as a [[whistleblower]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/17_03_2003.txt|title=Correspondent: Israel's Secret Weapon (transcript)|date=17 March 2003|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/capturing-nuclear-whistle-blower-was-a-lucky-stroke-agents-recall-1.120228|title=Capturing nuclear whistle-blower was 'a lucky stroke', agents recall|work=[[Ha'aretz]]|date=12 November 2006}}</ref> and by Israel as a traitor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/stephens_vanunu.php3|title=The meaning of Vanunu|work=Jewish World Review|date=26 April 2004|access-date=12 November 2006|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155548/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/stephens_vanunu.php3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/21/1082530235940.html?from=storyrhs|title=Vanunu: traitor or prisoner of conscience?|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=22 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/22200/edition_id/448/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Vanunu: Hero or traitor?|work=JWeekly|location=San Francisco|date=23 April 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208161538/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/22425/vanunu-hero-or-traitor/|archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> American whistleblower [[Daniel Ellsberg]] has referred to him as "the preeminent hero of the nuclear era".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-21-oe-ellsberg21-story.html|date=21 April 2004 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Nuclear Hero's 'Crime' Was Making Us Safer |first=Daniel |last=Ellsberg|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> In 1987, he was awarded the [[Right Livelihood Award]] for "his courage and self-sacrifice in revealing the extent of Israel's nuclear weapons program".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Duncan |date=2004-04-16 |title=The Guardian profile: Mordechai Vanunu |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/israel |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
==Early and educational life==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2017}}
Vanunu was born in [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]], the second of 11 children born to an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] family that lived in the city's ''[[mellah]]'', or Jewish quarter. His father, Shlomo, ran a grocery store, and his mother, Mazal, was a housewife. Vanunu studied in an [[Alliance française]] school, and a Jewish religious elementary school, or [[cheder]]. In 1963
Vanunu's father purchased a small grocery store in the town's market area, and the family moved into an apartment. Vanunu's father devoted his spare time to religious studies. He came to be regarded as a [[rabbi]], earning respect in the market. Vanunu was sent to a Yeshiva Tichonit, a religious elementary school on the outskirts of town, which mixed religious and conventional studies.<ref name="Hounam, pg. 31-32">Hounam, pg. 31-32</ref>
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The Israeli government decided to capture Vanunu, but determined to avoid harming its good relationship with [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], and not wanting to risk confrontation with British intelligence, decided Vanunu should be persuaded to leave British territory under his own volition. Israel's efforts to capture Vanunu were headed by [[Giora Tzahor]].<ref>Ronen, Gil [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/157934#.UF3g5FHa98E Agent Who Nabbed Vanunu Killed in Accident] at [[Arutz Sheva]], 17 July 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.</ref>
Through constant surveillance and analysis by Mossad psychologists, the Mossad found that Vanunu had become lonely and eager for female companionship. Masquerading as an American tourist called "Cindy", Israeli Mossad agent [[Cheryl Bentov]] befriended Vanunu, and on 30 September persuaded him to fly to Rome with her on a holiday.<ref name=haretz>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y |title=Capturing nuclear whistle-blower was 'a lucky stroke,' agents recall|author=Yossi Melman |publisher=Haaretz |date=21 April 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221125605/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y|archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> This relation has been perceived as a classic [[Clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting#Love, honeypots, and recruitment|honey trap]] operation whereby an intelligence agent employs seduction to gain the target's trust—a practice which has been officially sanctioned in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kalman, Matthew|title=Mossad's Seductive 'Honey Trap' Is Kosher, Rabbi Finds|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2010/10/04/mossads-seductive-honey-trap-is-kosher-rabbi-finds|work=[[AOL News]]|date=4 October 2010|access-date=30 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113135152/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/10/04/mossads-seductive-honey-trap-is-kosher-rabbi-finds/|archive-date=13 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author= Beam, Christopher |title= The Spy Who Said She Loved Me. Are "honey traps" real?|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2277407|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=9 December 2010|access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sex Condoned for Female Mossad Agents|url=http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/sex-condoned-for-female-mossad-agents|work=Darkgovernment.com|agency=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=13 October 2010|access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Israeli Navy ship INS ''Noga'' was ordered to sail for Italy.<ref>Hounam, p. 78</ref>
The ''Noga'', disguised as a merchant ship, was fitted with electronic surveillance equipment and satellite communications gear in its [[superstructure]], and was primarily used to intercept communications traffic in Arab ports. As the ship was heading from [[Antalya]] in Turkey back to Haifa, the captain was instructed by encrypted message to change course for Italy and anchor off the coast of [[La Spezia]], out of the port in international waters.
Once in Rome, Vanunu and Bentov took a taxi to an apartment in the city's old quarter, where three waiting Mossad operatives overpowered Vanunu and injected him with a paralyzing drug. Later that night, a white van hired by the Israeli embassy arrived, and Vanunu was carried to the vehicle bound to a stretcher. The van drove with Vanunu and the agents to [[La Spezia]]'s dock, where they boarded a waiting speedboat, which reached the waiting ''Noga'' anchored off the coast. The crew of the ''Noga'' were all ordered to assemble
On 7 October, the ship anchored off the coast of Israel between Tel Aviv and Haifa, where it was met by a smaller vessel to which Vanunu was transferred. Vanunu was detained in Israel and interrogated.<ref name=haretz /><ref>Hounam, Peter: ''The woman from Mossad: The story of Mordechai Vanunu & the Israeli nuclear program</ref><ref>Thomas, Gordon: ''Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad'' (2002)</ref> He was detained in a [[Gedera]] prison, in a wing run by Shin Bet.<ref>Cohen, p. 110</ref> On 5 October, the ''Sunday Times'' published the information it had revealed, and estimated that Israel had produced more than 100 nuclear warheads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709033602/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article830147.ece|url-status=dead|title=The Times & The Sunday Times|archive-date=9 July 2009|website=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref>
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==Trial and imprisonment==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2017}}
On 6 January 1987, he began a [[hunger strike]] over his prison conditions. During a visit with his brother Asher and in a letter to his brother Meir, he complained, among other things, of being held in [[solitary confinement]] 23 hours a day. When Judy Zimmet traveled to Israel and asked to visit him in prison, prison authorities said they could only meet in the presence of prison officials and with them separated by a glass barrier. Vanunu rejected these conditions, demanding that he be allowed to meet her face to face.<ref>{{
On 30 August 1987, Vanunu's trial opened. He was charged with treason, aggravated espionage, and collection of secret information with intent to impair state security. The trial, held in secret, took place in the Jerusalem District Court before Chief Justice Eliyahu Noam and Judges Zvi Tal and Shalom Brenner. Vanunu was initially represented by Amnon Zichroni, then by [[Avigdor Feldman]], a prominent Israeli civil and human rights lawyer. The prosecutor was Uzi Hasson.<ref>{{
The [[Capital punishment in Israel|death penalty in Israel]] is restricted to special circumstances, and only two executions have ever taken place there. In 2004, former Mossad director [[Shabtai Shavit]] told [[Reuters]] that the option of [[extrajudicial execution]] was considered in 1986, but rejected because "Jews don't do that to other Jews."<ref>{{
During his trial, Vanunu was brought to court wearing a motorcycle helmet to conceal his face. On 1 September 1987, while being brought into court, Vanunu tried to take off his helmet and started shouting in an apparent attempt to talk to the reporters nearby. His guards stopped him using physical force, and police sirens were turned on to drown out his voice.<ref>{{
Peter Hounam and Frank Barnaby both testified as defense witnesses for Vanunu. Before appearing in court, Hounam was warned that he would be arrested if he reported on the proceedings or his own testimony. He was allowed to report that he "gave evidence" regarding his "relationship" with Vanunu.<ref name=":0">
Vanunu served his
While in prison, Vanunu took part in small acts of defiance, such as refusing psychiatric treatment, refusing to initiate conversations with the guards, reading only English-language newspapers rather than Hebrew ones, refusing to work, refusing to eat lunch when it was served, and watching only [[BBC|BBC television]]. "He is the most stubborn, principled and tough person I have ever met", said his lawyer, Avigdor Feldman. In 1998, Vanunu appealed to the Supreme Court for his Israeli citizenship to be revoked. The Interior Minister denied Vanunu's request on grounds that he did not have another citizenship. He was denied parole because he refused to promise that he would never speak of the Dimona facility or his kidnapping and imprisonment.<ref>{{
▲Vanunu served his sentence at [[Shikma Prison]] in [[Ashkelon]],<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> where he was held in administratively imposed solitary confinement. On 3 May 1989, he appealed his conviction and sentence to the Israeli Supreme Court and was brought from prison in a closed police vehicle to the Supreme Court for an appeal hearing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1989/05/04/archive/vanunu-appeal-opens-in-israel-as-italians-rally-behind-him|title=Vanunu Appeal Opens in Israel As Italians Rally Behind Him|publisher=JTA.org|date=4 May 1989}}</ref> In 1990, his appeal was rejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1990/05/29/archive/high-court-rejects-vanunus-appeal-will-decide-on-publishing-decision|title=High Court Rejects Vanunu's Appeal, Will Decide on Publishing Decision|date=29 May 1990}}</ref> The following year, an appeal to the Supreme Court arguing for better prison conditions was rejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1991/11/05/archive/vanunu-loses-bid-for-better-conditions|title=Vanunu Loses Bid for Better Conditions|date=5 November 1991}}</ref> On 12 March 1998, after having spent over eleven years in solitary confinement, Vanunu was released into the general prison population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/65034.stm|title=BBC News - WORLD - Israel ends 12-year solitary|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
Many critics argue that Vanunu
▲While in prison, Vanunu took part in small acts of defiance, such as refusing psychiatric treatment, refusing to initiate conversations with the guards, reading only English-language newspapers rather than Hebrew ones, refusing to work, refusing to eat lunch when it was served, and watching only [[BBC|BBC television]]. "He is the most stubborn, principled and tough person I have ever met", said his lawyer, Avigdor Feldman. In 1998, Vanunu appealed to the Supreme Court for his Israeli citizenship to be revoked. The Interior Minister denied Vanunu's request on grounds that he did not have another citizenship. He was denied parole because he refused to promise that he would never speak of the Dimona facility or his kidnapping and imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=229406|title=Vanunu to High Court: I no longer want Israeli citizenship|work=JPost.com|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/jun/05/familyandrelationships.israelandthepalestinians|title = Real lives: Our son, the rebel| website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date = 5 June 2002}}</ref>
▲Many critics argue that Vanunu had no additional information that would pose a real security threat to Israel and that the government's only motivation is to avoid political embarrassment and financial complications for itself and allies such as the United States. By not acknowledging possession of nuclear weapons, Israel avoids a US legal prohibition on funding countries that proliferate [[weapons of mass destruction]]. Such an admission would prevent Israel from receiving over $2 billion each year in military and other aid from [[Federal government of the United States|Washington]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/frontpage/story/0,,1970963,00.html|title=Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe|date=13 December 2006|work=The Guardian|location=London, UK|first=Luke|last=Harding|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref> [[Ray Kidder]], then a senior American nuclear scientist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], has said:{{blockquote|On the basis of this research and my own professional experience, I am ready to challenge any official assertion that Mr. Vanunu possesses any technical nuclear information not already made public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nonviolence.org/vanunu/archive2/jan26.html|title=U.S. Expert: It's Safe to Release Vanunu|publisher=Nonviolence.org (from [[Ha'aretz]])|date=26 January 2000}}</ref>}}
==Release, liberties restrictions and asylum applications==
{{multiple issues|section=yes|
{{update-section|date=August 2016}}
{{overly detailed|section|date=February 2024}}
}}
Vanunu was released from prison on 21 April 2004. Surrounded by dozens of journalists and flanked by two of his brothers, he held an impromptu press conference but refused to answer questions in Hebrew because of the suffering he said he sustained at the hands of the State of Israel.
Vanunu said Israel's Mossad spy agency and the [[Shin Bet]] security services tried to rob him of his [[sanity]] by keeping him in solitary confinement. "You didn't succeed to break me, you didn't succeed to make me crazy," he said. Vanunu called for Israel's nuclear disarmament, and for its dismantlement as a Jewish state.
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On 3 June 2015, Minister [[Vidar Helgesen]] said Norway had asked Israel to abolish the restrictions against Vanunu leaving Israel for humanitarian considerations. [[Centre Party (Norway)|Centre Party]] foreign policy spokesman [[Liv Signe Navarsete|Navarsete]] stated, "I would urge the government to make a difference...it would attract international attention if Norway gave nuclear whistleblower asylum or emergency passport – despite the Israeli sanctions against him."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/06/06/free-vanunu-to-norway-international-intervention-required/|title=Free Vanunu to Norway: International Intervention Required|work=The Arab Daily News|date=6 June 2015|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
In September 2015, Vanunu's eighth Petition to remove the restrictions against him was denied by Israel's High Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/08/04/vanunu-mordechais-september-high-court-and-a-kindle-book/|title=Vanunu Mordechai's September: High Court and a KINDLE Book - The Arab Daily News|work=The Arab Daily News|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727065009/http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/08/04/vanunu-mordechais-september-high-court-and-a-kindle-book/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 12 August 2015, Vanunu and his wife applied for family reunification via the Norwegian embassy in Tel Aviv. Vanunu's exit to Norway must be accepted by Israel and his entry approved by Norway. Norway had previously said that they could only issue emergency passports to people who are already on Norwegian soil. However, his wife is a professor at the School of Theology in [[Oslo]], and thus fulfills the requirement that one must be able to provide for their spouse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/08/16/interview-with-eileen-fleming-on-her-new-ebook|title=Interview with Eileen Fleming on her new ebook|work=The Arab Daily News|date=16 August 2015|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref>
On 2 September 2015, Vanunu granted his first interview to Israeli media in a Channel 2 interview regarding the Mossad operative who trapped him in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/09/03/nuclear-whistle-blower-mordechai-vanunu-talks-mossad|title=Nuclear Whistle Blower Mordechai Vanunu Talks Mossad|work=The Arab Daily News|date=3 September 2015|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911070704/http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/09/03/nuclear-whistle-blower-mordechai-vanunu-talks-mossad/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 23 December 2015, Vanunu wrote: "Freedom of speech and Freedom of movement. 2016 Freedom year" in an update to his 30 October 2015 statement regarding his 8th Supreme Court Appeal. On 30 October Vanunu wrote: "I had a court hearing on 26 October 2015. We appealed all the restrictions. I even spoke to the Judges. They gave to the police 90 days to end their investigation for the last arrest, after that they will decide."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/12/23/mordechai-vanunus-christmas-update-and-thirty-year-wait-for-freedom-from-israel|title=Mordechai Vanunu's Christmas Update and Thirty-year Wait for Freedom from Israel|date=23 December 2015|publisher=thearabdailynews.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
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==Arrests and hearings==
{{overly detailed|section|date=February 2024}}
Yossi Melman, an Israeli journalist, wrote in the Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' "Vanunu's harassment by the Israeli government is unprecedented and represents a distortion of every accepted legal norm."<ref name="haaretz.com"/> Vanunu was denied parole at a hearing in May 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/87850.stm|date=4 May 1998|title=Vanunu denied parole|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> Five years later, parole was again refused. At this parole hearing, Vanunu's lawyer Avigdor Feldman maintained that his client had no more secrets and should be freed. The prosecution argued that the imminent [[2003 invasion of Iraq|war with Iraq]] would preclude his release.
After the hearing, Feldman said, "The prosecutor said that if Vanunu were released, the Americans would probably leave Iraq and go after Israel and Israel's nuclear weapons - which I found extremely ridiculous." The real force blocking Vanunu's release, who had been known only as "Y", was exposed in 2001 as Yehiyel Horev, the head of [[Mossad]]'s nuclear and military secrets branch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/2841377.stm|date=16 March 2003|title=Israeli nuclear 'power' exposed|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 October 2008|first=Olenka|last=Frenkiel}}</ref>
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On 6 June that year, the High Court of Justice denied Vanunu's petition to renounce his Israeli citizenship. Vanunu said, "I want them to revoke my citizenship so that I can begin my life."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4239151,00.html|title=Court denies nuke spy Vanunu's petition to renounce cititzenship|work=ynetnews.com|date=6 June 2012|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref>
Vanunu was arrested on 23 April 2015, but it was not reported until six days later, when his attorney Michael Sfard posted on his Facebook page, "Vanunu was in a bookstore near the American Colony Hotel in Jerusalem where he met two tourists and to the amazement of the store's customers, it was raided by seven border police...after hours of interrogation, Vanunu was released." Vanunu was arrested on suspicions he had violated the restriction against his speaking with foreigners for more than 30 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/04/29/comic-relief-in-the-saga-of-mordechai-vanunu|title=Comic Relief in the Saga of Mordechai Vanunu|work=The Arab Daily News|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719132808/http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/04/29/comic-relief-in-the-saga-of-mordechai-vanunu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 25 September 2015, Vanunu reported "Sep. 10- Nine policemen come to my home with a search warrant and arrest warrant, they took all my digitale [sic] stuff, computers, [[iPhone]], memory stick, hard drive, camera, CDs, everything, with all the passwords to all my internet activity. They are still holding all these thing. Sep. 25- I am back on the Internet, after one-week house arrest, and 2 weeks no Internet, all this for giving a TV interview in Hebrew, more than a decade after completing an 18-year jail term."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearabdailynews.com/2015/09/28/mordechai-vanunu-reports-and-the-thomas-merton-connection|title=Mordechai Vanunu Reports and the Thomas Merton Connection|work=The Arab Daily News|date=28 September 2015}}</ref>
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In September 2004, Vanunu received the [[LennonOno Grant for Peace]], a peace prize founded by artist and musician [[Yoko Ono]] in memory of [[John Lennon]], her late husband.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
In December 2004, he was elected by the students of the [[University of Glasgow]] to serve for three years as [[Rector of the University of Glasgow|Rector]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4100119.stm|title=Vanunu elected university rector|date=16 December 2004|publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 22 April 2005, he was formally installed in the post but could not carry out any of its functions as he was still confined to Israel. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'' newspaper launched a campaign for his release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1072&type=P|title=Biography of Mordechai Vanunu|website=Universitystory.gla.ac.uk|date=26 February 2013|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304192950/http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1072&type=P|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2005 he received the Peace Prize of the Norwegian People (''Folkets fredspris'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peacepeople.com/2005/norwegian.html|title=Norwegian Peace Prize for Mordechai Vanunu|date=5 April 2005|publisher=The Peace People|access-date=26 February 2011|quote=Mordechai Vanunu has been awarded the Norwegian People's Peace Prize for 2005 for his treacherous action of betraying the people in Israel.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055720/http://www.peacepeople.com/2005/norwegian.html|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Previous recipients of this prize include [[Vytautas Landsbergis]] (1991), [[Alva Myrdal]] (1982), [[Mairead Maguire]] and [[Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)|Betty Williams]]. On 24 February 2010, Nobel Institute Director, Geir Lundestad, announced that for the second year in a row, Mordechai Vanunu had declined the honour of being nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
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